The present study analyzed small group interaction in the videoconferencing-mediated English class at a university in South Korea. Adopting the ‘affordance’ construct (van Lier, 2004) as a conceptual framework for interpreting small group work, the goals of the research are to 1) identify the types of linguistic affordances emerging in videoconferencing-mediated small group work and 2) examine learners’ perceptions and responses to the linguistic affordances. Data were collected from two major sources: 40 video recording files of small group observation and post-class interviews with four students. The paper analyzed 13 extracts selected from the transcription of the video recordings. The overall results of the research suggest that a range of linguistic affordances emerged through interaction and participants responded to the affordances they perceived in various ways. Three types of linguistic affordances were observed in the data: technology-generated affordances, learner-generated affordances, and learner-to-learner-generated affordances. The study findings have important implications for providing new insights into the operationalization of the affordance construct as well as advancing the understanding of the affordance perspective of L2 learning.

본 연구의 목적은 노인보호전문기관 중간관리자의 업무수행 어려움을 분석하 기 위해 수행되었다. 본 연구를 위해 노인보호전문기관 중간관리자 중 사회복지 전체 경력 10년 이상, 중간관리자 경력 5년 이상인 5인을 선정하여 총 3회 포커 스 그룹 면담을 진행하고 Colaizzi의 현상학적 이론으로 결과를 분석하였다. 연 구 결과, 노인보호전문기관 중간관리자의 업무수행 어려움에 관한 경험들은 175 개의 의미 있는 진술과 8개의 세부 주제, 2개의 주제 묶음이 도출되었다. ‘개인적 측면’에서는, ‘기관장님과 직원 사이에서 역할의 어려움’, ’자신의 감정을 표출하 지 않음‘, ’일과 가정 양립의 불균형‘으로 나타났고, ’조직적 측면‘에서는, ‘책임의 광범위성’, ‘과중한 행정업무 담당’, ’민원인 응대‘, ‘인력 부족‘, ‘직원들의 잦은 이 직’으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 노인보호전문기관 중간관리자의 업무수행 어려움에 대하여 실제적으로 이들을 이해하고 개입할 수 있는 제도를 모색해 보고 이들을 지원하기 위한 실천적, 정책적인 함의를 조망했다는 데 의의가 있다.

2022년 1월 ｢중대재해 처벌 등에 관한 법률｣이 시행되고 건설업계에서는 안전에 대한 중요성이 매우 강조되고 있다. 특히, 작년 6월 광주지역 아파트 철거건물 붕괴 사고와 관련하여 안전사고의 원인 중 하나로 불법 재하도급이 거론되었다. 즉, 재 하도급으로 인한 과도한 공사비 삭감이 부실시공을 불러왔다는 것이다. 이에 정부는 2021년 8월 재하도급 근절을 위한 대책을 내놓았지만, 실제 건설현장에서 불법적인 재하도급이 근절되거나 줄어들었는지는 미지수이다. 하수급인은 공사를 직접 수행 하는데서 오는 부담과 비용 없이 일정 수수료를 챙길 수 있고, 재하수급인은 하도급 공사를 수주하기 위한 경쟁과 영업비용 등을 절감할 수 있어 재하도급이 건설현장 에서 계속 발생하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 그 외에는 전체 공사를 종합관리 하는 수급인의 무관심과 하수급인 등 이해관계자들이 건설 생산유형에 따른 재하도급에 대한 판단법리의 이해 부족으로 발생하는 경우도 있을 것으로 본다. 본 연구에서는 ｢건설산업기본법｣ 상 재하도급에 대한 기본적인 판단법리를 살펴보고 건설공사 현장 실무 유형별로 재하도급에 대한 해석기준을 제시함과 더불어 입법적, 실무적 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다.

일탈에 대한 연구의 출발은 혁신의 경우 프로세스의 일탈에서 수반된다는 주장(Dougherty & Heller, 1994)으로부터 시작되었으며 이를 통해 긍정적 측면의 건설적 일탈(constructive deviance)로 개념화 되 었다. 조직을 둘러싼 환경변화는 조직구성원들로 하여금 창의적인 사고와 이를 통한 문제해결 및 선제적 인 행동을 요구하는데 건설적 일탈의 개념이 혁신과 변화 그리고 선제적 행동 측면에서 조직의 규정과 규범을 어기면서까지 더욱 적극적인 행동의 의미를 갖는다는 점에서 건설적 일탈행동의 선행변수의 규명 은 필요하다. 본 연구는 건설적 일탈행동의 선행변수로 임파워링 리더십의 영향력을 살펴보고자 하며, 이 들 변수들 간의 관계에서 어떠한 과정과 맥락으로 영향력이 나타나는지를 규명하려는 목적으로 수행되었 다. 건설적 일탈행동의 선행변수로 임파워링 리더십을 설정하였으며 직무열의를 매개변수로 설정하였으며, 직무열의가 건설적 일탈행동에 미치는 영향력에 있어서 위험감수성향의 조절효과도 살펴보았다. 또한 매개와 조절을 모두 반영한 조절된 매개효과도 살펴보았다. 건설적 일탈행동은 대인관계와 조직도전으로 구성하였다. 관련 변수들에 대한 문헌을 토대로 연구가설을 설정하였는데 직접효과, 매개효과, 조절효과 그리고 조절된 매개효과 가설을 설정하였으며 광주광역시 소재 제조업 15개, 서비스업 30개 기업에서 근 무하는 조직구성원들을 대상으로 설문을 활용하여 연구가설을 검증하였다. 동일방법편의 문제의 해결을 위해 상사와 조직구성원들로 응답원을 나누었으며 총 404부의 설문지를 최종분석에 활용하였다. Hayes(2018)의 프로세스 매크로를 활용한 실증분석 결과를 살펴보면 첫째, 임파워링 리더십은 건설적 일 탈행동: 대인관계, 건설적 일탈행동: 조직도전에 정(+)의 영향력이 나타났다. 또한 임파워링 리더십은 직 무열의에도 정(+)의 영향력이 나타났다. 둘째, 직무열의는 건설적 일탈행동: 대인관계와 건설적 일탈행동: 조직도전에 직접적으로 정(+)의 영향력이 나타났다. 또한 임파워링 리더십과 건설적 일탈행동: 대인관계, 건설적 일탈행동: 조직도전과의 관계를 매개하고 있었다. 셋째, 위험감수성향은 직무열의와 건설적 일탈 행동: 대인관계, 건설적 일탈행동: 조직도전과의 관계를 조절하고 있었다. 즉, 직무열의가 건설적 일탈행 동에 미치는 정(+)의 영향력은 위험감수성향이 높은 경우 더욱 확대되고 있었다. 마지막으로 직무열의의 매개효과는 위험감수성향이 높은 경우 매개효과가 더욱 높게 나타나고 있어 조건부 간접효과가 나타나고 있음을 확인하였다. 조직구성원들의 건설적 일탈행동을 높이기 위해서 임파워링 리더십 발휘가 필요하다 는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 이들 사이의 관계에서 직무열의가 매개하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 직 무열의가 건설적 일탈행동에 미치는 영향력에 있어서 위험감수성향이 높은 경우 영향력의 확대가 이루어 지고 있다는 것도 알 수 있었다. 임파워링 리더십과 건설적 일탈행동과의 관계에서 직무열의의 매개도 위험감수성향이 높은 경우가 큰 의미를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과를 토대로 임파워링 리더십과 건 설적 일탈행동과의 관계에서 어떠한 과정과 맥락으로 영향력이 나타나는지를 규명하였다는 점에서 이론 적 의의 뿐만 아니라 실무적 의의도 갖는다.

When picking up cargo, workers manually load and unload the cargo. Workers have different intensity of work depending on the amount and weight of cargo. In particular, as the intensity of manual work increases, workers are exposed to cumulative traumatic diseases. A manual for picking safety work for workers cargo handling in the distribution center is required. In this study, the worker’s picking safety work based on the cargo volume and weight was presented as an experimental design model. Like the research results, the disease begins when the worker feels the number of pains presented by the model.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to perform traffic flow characteristics analysis for each point of the long-term work zones and to propose an estimated capacity method to support the establishment of traffic flow management strategies for the long-term work zones. METHODS : The study explained the difference in traffic flow characteristics between the short-term and the long-term work zones, and estimated the capacity of the long-term work zones. The analysis data were collected from five points of long-term work zones of the twolane highway. And VDS and DSRC data were applied to validate data. RESULTS : The characteristics of traffic flow at each measurement point in the long-term work zones showed some differences, among which the capacity was estimated as the starting point to be 1,200 pcphpl and the ending point, 1,400 pcphpl. The delay length was estimated by applying the queuing theory based on the capacity of the start point where the bottleneck starts. As a result of verifying the congestion length based on space diagram map analysis, it was determined that the capacity calculation value and estimation methodology presented in this study were appropriate. CONCLUSIONS : The long-term work zones are mixed with different characteristics of roads, so as the capacity values depending on the analysis location. Therefore, it is necessary to select analysis points and methodologies for estimating capacity and delay depending on the purpose of the analysis, such as estimating the maximum queue length or analyzing the maximum travel time. Through this study, it is expected that by providing accurate information on congestion in advance, road users can detour to other roads, and construction officials can adjust the construction plan to minimize congestion in the construction section.

PURPOSES : Sleeping hours are an critical factor that influences the lives of office workers. As for sleep characteristics, it is crucial to spend a lot of time; however, it is also important to ensure satisfactory sleep. This study attempted to analyze the factors affecting sleep in terms of time and satisfaction. METHODS : Sleep duration, which is a quantitative component of sleep, was composed of a continuous variable, and multiple regression analysis was employed. For the qualitative component of sleep, sleep time satisfaction was used, satisfaction was composed of binary type, and binary logistic regression analysis was used. Transportation characteristics, including personal and work characteristics, and other factors were used as independent variables. RESULTS : As a result of the analysis, various influencing variables were derived for both sleep duration and satisfaction. The higher the satisfaction with commuting time and commuting fee, age group, health level, and leisure time, the higher the sleeping hours and satisfaction. However, the higher the income or the choice of long-distance transportation, the lower both sleeping hours and satisfaction. Moreover, if they choose a car, have a high academic background, or have children, sleeping hours decrease, but satisfaction is high. Males, singles, and office workers with fewer than five employees had longer sleep hours but lower satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS : Commuting time and work characteristics have varying effects on sleep activity. Therefore, an alternative solution that can enhance both sleeping hours and sleeping hour satisfaction is proposed through the results of this study.

Purpose: This study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding by analyzing and exploring the work experience of infection control nurses (ICNs) in response to the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data were collected from 14 ICNs, (two in in-depth interviews and 12 in groups of six) from February 19, 2021, to March 20, 2021, and were analyzed according to the content. Results: In the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic, ICNs took the lead in responding to infectious diseases, where they felt pressure in doing everything. In addition, they were confused by a lack of workforce and undetailed job plans. ICNs have been exhausted by insufficient support and system, such as the lack of support in the hospital, communication with health authorities, and difficulties with patients and visitors. However, ICNs settle with the help and encouragement of those around them. For example, pride in the work that only ICN can do, change in the cooperation of hospitals, and development of ICNs’ unique method of perseverance. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, ICNs experienced structural, physical, and mental difficulties at work. Nevertheless, the study found that a driving force enabled ICNs to endure, and that to efficiently respond to new infectious diseases in the future, it is necessary to secure ICNs and strengthen them.

Laboratory testing to simulate the drying of spent fuel is most often done using a cooling rate of approximately 5°C per hour because there are so many restricted test conditions like R&D project duration limit, budget and temporary electronic supply blackout at laboratory building. However, in a real dry cask storage system, the fuel cools much slower. Early data from KAERI on unirradiated, pre-hydrided cladding has shown that slower cooling may result in more brittle behavior than is currently observed based on these short-term tests. Given the potential safety and future handling implications of failed fuel, it is important to determine if the material properties of spent fuel cladding measured in these laboratory tests are the same as would be observed on fuel that has undergone a much longer, slower cooling, which may provide more time for hydrides to precipitate in the radial direction. KAERI and PNNL have started a collaborative I-NERI R&D project on this topic and each organization will perform tests on unirradiated & irradiated cladding under various hoop stress and cooling rate combinations. Scope of collaborative work is to evaluate long-term cooling (slow cooling rate) on hydride reorientation and subsequent material properties of cladding to determine if past and current research activities on spent nuclear fuel are bounding. The results will be used to direct future testing and help predict cladding performance over a wide range of burnups during extended storage and transportation.

비인격적인 상사는 조직을 괴롭히고 직원들의 웰빙에 영향을 주는 심각하고 점점 더 큰 문제가 되고 있다. 이 연구는 비인격적인 상사가 인도네시아의 조직적 맥락에서 반생산적인 과업행동에 미치는 영향 에 대한 개요를 제공했다. 본 연구는 직원들의 감정적 고갈의 매개 효과와 상호 작용 정의의 조절 효과를 조사함으로써 비인격적인 상사에 대한 연구를 확대한다. 인도네시아 기업의 120명 응답자의 자료에 대한 회귀 분석 결과, 비인격적인 상사가 역효과를 내는 업무행태와 긍정적인 상관관계가 있으며, 직원들의 감 정적 고갈이 비인격적인 상사와 반생산적인 과업행동의 관계에 매개 효과를 가지고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌 다. 또한 본 연구는 상호 작용적인 정의가 비인격적인 상사와 직원들의 감정적 고갈 사이의 관계에 조절 영향을 미친다는 것을 발견했다. 상호 작용적 정의의 조절 효과가 상호 작용적 정의가 높았을 때 비인격 적인 상사와 감정적 고갈 사이의 더 강한 관계가 존재한다는 것과 같은 예기치 못한 패턴을 보인 것은 놀라운 일이다. 이러한 조사 결과는 , 비인격적인 상사, 직원들의 감정적 고갈 그리고 반생산적인 과업행 동 사이의 관계가 더 강하기 때문에 비인격적인 상사를 피하는 것이 더 심각하게 여겨져야 한다는 것을 보여주었다.

Work, leisure, and subjective well-being are inextricably linked. Both work and leisure affect subjective well-being to varying degrees. Thus, seeking a balance between work and leisure to improve the quality of life has always been a social issue that scholars are concerned about. In the 21st century, the development of science and technology has not shortened working hours and gave rise to the “leisure society” expected by scholars. Moreover, the increase in material wealth has not brought about an increase in happiness in some developed countries and emerging economies. These situations make people start to reexamine the relationship between working time, leisure time, and subjective well-being. The purpose of this research is to explore whether overtime work has an impact on subjective well-being and to verify whether leisure activity time can moderate the effect of overtime work on subjective well-being. Cross-sectional data from the 2017 Chinese General Social Survey were utilized and twelve types of physical activity were included in statistical testing. The results found a negative linear relationship between overtime work and subjective well-being. Reading activities in leisure time moderated the negative impact of overtime work on subjective well-being to a certain extent. Especially, as the working time became longer, the more frequently female workers participated in reading, the stronger their subjective well-being would be. The results have implications for reducing the negative impact of overtime work on physical and mental health and improving the quality of life of Chinese workers.

Since the competitive environment, work overload among employees has been increasing. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of work overload on safety behavior and its intermediating mechanisms. In specific, this paper delves into the mediating effect of job stress, as well as the moderating effect of job crafting in the association between work overload and job stress. To empirically test the hypotheses, this study utilized survey data from 168 Korean employees by conducting structural equation modeling(SEM) analysis. The results demonstrated that work overload has a positive (+) influence on job stress, which has a negative (-) influence on safety behavior. Moreover, job stress mediated the association between work overload and safety behavior. Furthermore, job crafting moderated the work overload-safety behavior link.

The purpose of this study is to verify the structural relationship between job crafting and job enthusiasm, informal learning, social support, and positive psychological capital, and to investigate the effect of informal learning, social support, and positive psychological capital on job crafting through job enthusiasm. A survey was conducted on 451 safety workers at large domestic companies, and the collected data were analyzed for model suitability, influence relations between variables, and mediating effects with AMOS 23.0 using SPSS 23.0. Through research, we found five important results. First, the structural model of job crafting, job enthusiasm, informal learning, social support, and positive psychological capital properly explained the empirical data. Second, social support and positive psychological capital had a positive effect on job enthusiasm, but informal learning did not significantly affect job enthusiasm. Third, informal learning and positive psychological capital had a positive effect on job crafting, while social support did not significantly affect job crafting. Fourth, job enthusiasm had a positive effect on job crafting. Finally, job enthusiasm was found to mediate the relationship between social support and positive psychological capital and job crafting. These suggest that continuous environmental efforts and systematic management measures are needed to promote job crafting of safety workers so that informal learning, social support, positive psychological capital, and job enthusiasm can be expressed. Therefore, the necessity of developing various sub-factors of informal learning that can promote job crafting of safety workers was suggested as a follow-up study.

In this study, the appropriate unit cost in grassland establishment was redeveloped by the grassland establishment method and work criteria. The grassland establishment method was divided into tillage establishment (all logging) and no-tillage establishment (all logging and partial logging). The price for the work criteria by the establishment method was presented for each permission/authorization and establishment work. In permission/authorization for grassland establishment, the cost of each work criteria was of environmental impact (small scale environmental impact) assessment, disaster impact assessment, cadastral serving fee, forest survey, and connection fee for control of mountainous districts. In establishment was of logging, cleaning/gruffing, plowing/soil preparation, seeding, fertilization, livestock manure compost, seed, herbicide, labor cost (fertilizer, seed and herbicide), soil consolidation, cattle trail, and fence. The unit cost of grassland establishment was KRW 115,894,212 for the tillage establishment, and KRW 110,281,572 and KRW 106,680,122 for the all and partial logging of the no-tillage establishment, respectively. The current study redeveloped the establishment method, work criteria, and estimation of the unit cost of grassland establishment. It can be usefully used to carry out government projects to support related to establishment and maintenance of grassland.

이 논문은 포스트모더니즘에 대한 책들을 간결하게 검토하는데, 이 작 업은 예이츠와 그의 포스트모던한 작품의 면모를 읽는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다 . 그런데, 모더니즘 혹은 포스모더니즘은 무엇인가? 한마디로 정의할 수 있는가? 아마도 어렵지 않을까? 나에게 이 질문을 던지면 나 역시 쉽게 답하지 못할 같다. 그래서 이 문제를 안고 책 몇권을 뒤적인다. 그래서 결국 이와 관련하여 제안을 하고 싶은데, 낭 만주의, 모던니즘, 포스모더니즘 등 -주의, 혹은 -이즘 대신에 문학사적으로 운동을 시 기(시대)구분 하는 것은 어떨까?

Recently, as the level of treatment at animal hospitals has improved, there has been tremendous growth in the number and types of laboratory tests for accurate diagnosis. Laboratory testing is critical for disease diagnosis, follow-up, and appropriate treatment implementation in veterinary hospitals. It occupies an important aspect not only in the diagnostic aspect but also in the income of hospitals. Accordingly, the role of veterinary nurse in conducting clinical pathological tests is emphasized, and they must be performed in the quality control and accurate methods of various laboratory equipment, and maintain a safety laboratory environment, medical waste treatment, quality control of test value, and record keeping. Institutions that train veterinary nurse should focus on nursing and medical assistance and other hospital management tasks such as guardian counseling, management of supplies, drug management, waste management, and various clinical pathological tests to help diagnose, so increase their treatment efficiency of animal hospitals and veterinarians.