The market size of plant projects in overseas is so large that domestic EPC project contractors are actively seeking the overseas projects and then trying to meet completion plans since successful fulfillment of these projects can provide great opportunities for them to expand into new foreign markets. International EPC projects involve all of the uncertainties common to domestic projects as well as uncertainties specific to foreign projects including marine transportation, customs, regulations, nationality, culture and so on. When overseas project gets off-schedule, the resulting uncertainty may trigger unexpected exceptions and then critical effects to the project performance. It usually require much more time and costs to encounter these exceptions in foreign sites compared to domestic project sites. Therefore, an exception handling approach is required to manage exceptions effectively for successful project progress in foreign project sites.In this research, we proposed a methodology for prediction and evaluation of exceptions caused by risks in international EPC projects based on sensitivity analysis and Bayesian Networks. First, we identified project schedule risks and related exceptions, which may meet during the fulfillment of foreign EPC projects that is performed in a sequence of engineering, procurement, preparatory manufacture, foreign shipping, construction, inspection and modification activities, and affect project performance, using literature review and expert interviews. The impact of exceptions to the schedule delay were also identified. Second, we proposed a methodology to predict the occurrence of exceptions caused by project risks and evaluate them. Using sensitivity analysis, we can identify activities that critically affect schedule delay and need to focus by priority. Then, we use Bayesian Networks to predict and evaluate exceptions. Third, we applied the proposed methodology to an international EPC project example to validate the proposed approach. Finally, we concluded the research with the further research topics. We expect that the proposed approach can be extended to apply in exception management in project management.

Lentinula edodes, shiitake, is a very important non-timber forest product that has been consumed more than 50,000 tons every year in Republic of Korea. However, the rapid increase of imported shiitake media from China has eroded domestic goods’ competitiveness. The domestic shiitake industry has faced this situation and has exerted great efforts to localizing shiitake spawn while encouraging the growers to utilize the domestic shiiake spawn. To address such a challenge, the “Golden Seed Project” was designed, with an objective to expand the market share of domestic spawn and to increase the exports of the domestic spawn within the period of 2013 to 2021. Under the project, two projects and five commissioned sub-projects have been conducted up to now, making some outcomes. Protections of two new varieties (Sanmaru 2-ho and Sanbaekhyang) of shiitake, whose cultivation periods were shortened up to 20 days compared to the existing ones, have been applied. Also, there have been three cases of technology transfers of new varieties to private enterprises, all of which contributed to disseminating domestic spawn. Besides, the research team has held public fairs and presentations of new shiitake varieties in a regular basis, while operating a total of 24 test beds consisting of log cultivation and sawdust bag cultivation. Meanwhile, other research projects have been done to identify fruit-body ingredients and the properties of molecular markers of mating types and to monitor diseases and pests. The second stage of “Golden Seed Project” aims to increase the share of domestic spawn in the domestic market, up to more than 70%.

이 연구는 국가연구개발사업에 국민을 참여시킨 X-프로젝트를 분석, 국민이국가연구개발사업에 적극적인 관심을 갖게 하는 과정과 실제적 참여, 그리고 사회적 효과와한계는 무엇인지 논의한다. X-프로젝트는 2015년 12명의 민간 위원이 추진하고 미래창조과학부가 후원하며 과학기술정책연구원이 지원한 사업이다. 국민은 일상에서 겪는 아픔이나문제를 반영한 6,212개의 질문을 제기했으며, X-프로젝트 위원, 학계와 출연연 전문가, 정부정책담당자가 모여 50개 질문으로 국민의 요청을 연구과제화하고 연구팀을 공모했다. 대학, 정부출연연 연구자뿐 아니라 고등학생, 대학원생, 일반인, 기업인 포함 310개 연구팀이 신청했고 최종 54개 연구팀이 선정됐다. X-프로젝트 참여자, 비참여자 및 전문가 인터뷰 등을 통해 이 연구는 첫째, 국민참여형 국가 연구개발 사업의 필요성과 의미에 대해 광범위한 사회적 공감대를 발견했다. 대중의 아픔, 불편을 해결하기 위한 과학기술 연구의 필요성은 물론 이 연구에 대중의 직접 참여가 가능함을 발견했다. 둘째, 시민들이 생산한 지식이 전문가들의 시각에서도 유용하다는 발견이다. 전문 연구자들은 국민이 제기한 질문이 매우 참신하고 유용하다고 평가했다. 셋째, 국민참여형국가연구개발 사업의 실행으로 시민들이 과학기술 발전의 수혜자가 아닌 발전에 기여하는주체로 생각할 수 있는 기회를 인식했다는 발견이다. 그러나 국민의 참여를 지속적으로 이끌어 낼 수 있는 다양한 동기 부여, 국가 연구개발 사업의 아이디어 제기부터 연구에 이르는 전과정에 쉽게 참여할 수 있는 방법의 개선, 일반인 연구자와 전문 연구자가 협업할 수 있는 방법 및 제도의 개선은 앞으로의 과제로 지적되었다.

It is important to complete the project within the specified time period and the limited budget in the current rapidly changing business environment. It is difficult to predict the cost of the project in early stage because of the large-scale trend. Budget shortfall due to the failure of cost prediction serves as a higher risk of success. Most previous studies to prevent the risk such as budget shortfall have investigated the direct costs. However, research on the overhead costs are insufficient in terms of both quality and quantity. Direct costs are easily computed for each basis of calculation. But overhead costs that include indirect costs except indirect material cost(IMC) are necessary reasonable and efficient management because they are changed in accordance with the rate of overhead costs. In this paper we introduce an analysis method of overhead costs applied for a Space Launch Vehicle R&D Project.

The Korean architect Chung Guyon(1945∼2011) is the translator of the Korean edition of Gourna: A Tale of Two Villages(1969) written by the Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy(1900∼89). This fact, along with the facts that Chung changed the topic of his graduation thesis(1983) for UPA no.6 in Paris and that he became a supporter of earth architecture after he returned to Korea in 1986, confirms that Chung was strongly influenced by Fathy’s architecture in Gourna project. Therefore, the present paper aims at extracting didactic characteristics of Fathy’s architecture from the book and comparing them with those of Chung’s architecture. The categories of the characteristics extracted from the book (or his architectural activities in the Gourna project) are: clay/earth architecture; communicative and cooperative architecture; and critical stance towards society, and these are commonly found in Chung’s architecture, too, not without differences from Fathy’s owing to the gap between the two architects’ contexts. Reviewing these characteristics, this paper argues that Fathy and Chung tried to improve society in each context, working as both architect and social activist.

This paper examines the effects of student-centered collaborative project programs using digital media for the EFL university students. To compare the effectiveness of a digital storytelling project program (127 students) and a topic-research presentation program (126 students) we used pre- and post-TOEIC English speaking tests. We also administrated a survey on students’ attitude towards their learning, interviewed students and observed the programs. The results showed that there was a significant improvement of the students’ English speaking ability in the two programs. The score of the topic-research presentation program improved more than that of the digital storytelling program. However, the students in the digital storytelling program were more motivated to engage in the collaborative project than those of topic-research presentation program in terms of interest and participation. Based on the results of the two programs, this paper suggests the educational implications for those who want to develop and implement collaborative projects using digital media for the EFL university students.

Use of ICT in Government has ability to improve service delivery to its citizens, and yet many developing countries have lagged behind in the implementation of e-Government. Many e-Government initiatives also failed to achieve their objectives in developing countries. This paper therefore aims to identify critical failure or success factors in Kenya, using Heeks’ Factor Model. A survey questionnaire was developed and data were collected and analyzed from officials and interested citizens. The analysis results enabled to highlight seven specific success and failure factors, and their constituent elements in Kenya. The Kenyan overall e-Government implementation score belongs to the Zone of Improvement (3.52 of total 5.0), which means partial success or failure. The enablers of e-Government projects are good strategy formulation, and internal and external drive, whereas main failures of e-Government are weak ICT infrastructure. The areas for improvement are project management, design, competencies and funding. Data analysis highlights both strengths and weaknesses for each factor or variable. In particular, Kenyan government excels at the drive for change by top to bottom government officers as well as external stakeholders, while the government officers who are using e-Government are satisfied with the availability of vision, strategy and plan of e-Government implementation. Both technologies and e-transactions laws were the worst of all the variables in e-Government implementation. Two areas should be improved using immediate corrective action. In-depth study reveals that government officers and citizens can’t fully use their laptop and mobile devices due to the lack of both ICT network and its operating technology, and legal system associated with the transaction of business information. Finally, the study ends up with recommendations for policy makers to shape the future of e-Government system in both developing and developed countries.

Many organizations have transformed their business in order to survive and compete in the future. They generate projects by creating a vision, using strategies and objectives with funds aligning strategies and make efforts to complete them successfully because project success leads to business success. All projects have triple constraints such as scope, time, and cost to be completed. Project cost performance is a key factor to achieve project goals and which is mostly related with risks among various cost drivers. Projects require a cost estimation method to complete them within their budget and on time. An accurate budget cannot be estimated due to the uncertainties and risks. Thus some additional money should be funded in addition to the base budget as a contingency reserve for identified risks and a management reserve for unidentified risks. While research on contingency reserve for identified risks included in project budget baseline have been presented, research on management reserve for unidentified risks included in total project budget is still scarce. The lack of research on estimation method and role of the management reserve have made project managers little confidence to estimate project budget accurately with reasonable basis. This study proposes a practical model to estimate budgets including contingency and management reserves for not only project cost management but also to keep the balance of organization’s total funds to maximize return on investments for project portfolio management. The advantages of the proposed model are demonstrated by its application to construction projects in Korea and the processes to apply this model for verification are also provided.

The project schedule risk in the engineering and facility construction industry is increasingly considered as important management factor because the risks in terms of schedule or deadline may significantly affect the project cost. Especially, the project-based operating companies attempt to find the best estimate of the project completion time for use at their proposals, and therefore, usually have much interest in accurate estimation of the duration of the projects. In general, the management of projects schedule risk is achieved by modeling project schedule with PERT/CPM techniques, and then performing risk assessment with simulation such as Monte-Carlo simulation method. However, since these approaches require the accumulated executional data, which are not usually available in project-based operating company, and, further, they cannot reflect various schedule constraints, which usually are met during the project execution, the project managers have difficulty in preparing for the project risks in advance of their occurrence in the project execution. As these constraints may affect time and cost which role as the crucial evaluation factors to the quality of the project result, they must be identified and described in advance of their occurrence in the project management. This paper proposes a Bayesian Net based methodology for estimating project schedule risk by identifying and enforcing the project risks and its response plan which may occur in storage tank engineering and construction project environment. First, we translated the schedule network with the project risks and its response plan into Bayesian Net. Second, we analyzed the integrated Bayesian Net and suggested an estimate of project schedule risk with simulation approach. Finally, we applied our approach to a storage tank construction project to validate its feasibility.

최근 유가의 급락으로 인하여 세계경기 뿐만 아니라 해양플랜트산업도 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 특히 대형 프로젝트의 최종투자결정 지연, 금융 공급 중 단, 해양플랜트의 용선취소는 국내 조선소, 중공업, 건설사 등에 막대한 경제적 손실을 초래하고 있다. 대형 프로젝트의 안정적인 운영을 위해서는 복잡하고, 다양한 프로젝트 생산설비들의 적기 공급 및 생산이 필수적이며, 이와 관련된 위험관리체계의 구축은 매우 중요하다. 이러한 측면에서 피보험자는 보험목적 물의 인도지연에 따른 다양한 간접손해를 담보하여 안정적인 공급관리체계를 유지하기 위하여 프로젝트화물보험이 필요하다. 특히 프로젝트화물보험은 제약조건이론에 따라 보험목적물의 종류에 따른 담보위험 및 면책위험을 구분하여 피보험자에게 합리적인 보험료로 다양한 위험을 담보할 수 있는 유용한 보험이 다. 그럼에도 불구하고 여전히 실무자들은 프로젝트화물보험약관의 내용이 난 해하고 복잡하여 보험사고 발생시 적절한 대처를 못하고 있다. 그리고 피보험 자는 전문지식과 경험이 부족하여 비싼 보험료를 납입함에도 불구하고, 일방적 으로 보험자에 의해서 모든 위험을 담보하는 보험약관을 수용하고 있는 실정이 다. 따라서 이 논문은 프로젝트화물의 개념과 특징, 주요 약관에 대해서 해석론 적으로 검토하였고, 이를 바탕으로 관련된 주요 법적 쟁점사항에 대한 법적 검 토 및 개선방안을 제시하였다.

이 연구에서는 대학생들이 지역사회에 참여하여 해당 지역에 실질적으로 도움이 되는 서비스를 제공하는 프로젝트를 실시하고 프로젝트 수행 과정에서 참여 학생들의 지리학 개념 이해 및 지리공간기술 이용 능력이 향상되는지 살펴보았다. 학생들은 관악산의 등산로를 개발하였는데 이 과정에서 지오투어리즘 논의, 관악산 관련 지형학 이론, 지역사회 참여 지리학 등의 개념을 적용하고 GIS, GPS, Google Earth와 같은 지리공간기술을 이용하였다. 프로젝트 수행 결과, 등산로를 따라 주요 지형경관에 대한 사진·동영상·설명, 환경 놀이, 경로 난이도 정보 등이 포함된 결과물이 산출되었다. 학생들은 프로젝트와 관련된 지리적 개념 이해에 대한 자신감을 높이고 지리공간기술을 효과적으로 활용하는 모습을 보였다. 지역사회의 관계자들 역시 본 연구의 결과에 긍정적인 반응을 보였다.

In this paper, scale efficiencies and relative efficiencies of R&D projects in Industrial Technology Program, sponsored by Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Korea, are calculated and compared. For the process, various DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) models are adopted as major techniques. For DEA, two stage input oriented models are utilized for calculating the efficiencies. Next, the calculated efficiencies are grouped according to their subprograms (Industrial Material, IT Fusion, Nano Fusion, Energy Resources, and Resources Technology) and recipient types (Public Enterprise, Large Enterprise, Medium Enterprise, Small Enterprise, Lab., Univ., and etc.) respectively. Then various subprograms and recipient types are compared in terms of scale efficiencies (CCR models) and relative efficiencies (BCC models). In addition, the correlation between the 1st stage relative efficiencies and the 2nd stage relative efficiencies is calculated, from which the causal relationship between them can be inferred. Statistical analysis shows that the amount of input, in general, should increase in order to be scale efficient (CCR models) regardless of the subprograms and recipient types, that the 1st and 2nd stage relative efficiencies are different in terms of the programs and recipient types (BCC models), and that there is no significant correlation between the 1st stage relative efficiencies and the 2nd stage relative efficiencies. However, the results should be used only as reference because the goal each and every subprogram has is different and the situation each and every recipient type faces is different. In addition, the causal link between the 1st stage relative efficiencies and the 2nd relative efficiencies is not considered, which, in turn, is the limitation of this paper.

본 논문에서는 한국 제조기업들을 대상으로 역동적인 환경 하에 공급사와 구매 사의 신제품 개발 기술협력이 구매기업의 신제품 개발 프로젝트의 운영성과에 미치는 영향 에 관하여 고찰하였다. 한국생산성본부와 지식경제부가 공동으로 조사한 2012년도 한국 600 개 제조기업 조사 자료를 기반으로 회귀분석 방법을 사용하여 분석하였다. 독립 변수로 구매 사와 구매사의 주요공급사와의 신제품 개발에서의 기술협력을 사용하였고 종속변수로 구매 사의 신제품 개발 프로젝트의 품질달성률(quality), 비용절감(cost), 개발일정준수률(time)의 세 가지 운영 성과를 사용하였다. 환경의 역동성을 조절 변수로 사용하였다. 실증분석 결과 공급사와 구매사간의 기술협력이 신제품 개발 프로젝트 품질 달성율 제고에 긍정적인 영향 을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 예상과 달리 환경의 역동성은 오히려 공급사 구매사의 기 술협력의 신제품개발 프로젝트 성과에 모두 부정적으로 작용하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 환경의 역동성이 높은 산업(통신기기산업)과 낮은 산업(조선산업)으로 분리하여 사후분석을 실 시하였다. 사후분석결과, 역동성이 낮은 산업에서는 구매사-공급사의 기술협력이 신제품 개 발 프로젝트 운영성과에 긍정적인 작용을 하지만 역동성이 높은 산업에서는 구매사-공급사 의 기술협력이 구매사의 신제품 개발 프로젝트의 운영성과에 부정적인 영향을 주고 있음을 발견하였다. 역동성이 높은 산업은 새로운 기술이 요구되는 경우가 많아 기존에 지속적으로 거래를 하고 있는 특정 공급업체와의 협력을 통한 축적된 학습효과 및 시너지를 누리기가 어 렵고 이에 주공급업체와의 협력이 프로젝트 운영의 효율성으로 연결되지 못하는 것으로 보 인다. 반면에 환경의 역동성이 낮은 환경에서는 기존의 공급업체와의 협력을 통한 축적된 협 력 역량 프로젝트 운영성과 향상에 긍정적으로 작용하는 것으로 보인다. 이는 신제품 개발 프로젝트의 속성과 횟수는 기업이 처한 환경과 밀접히 관련되어 있고 주 공급업체와의 기술 협력의 효과는 환경에 따라 다르게 나타나고 있음을 시사한다.

한국과 프랑스에서 새로운 예술운동이 태동하던 1980년대에 활동했던 한국의 두렁과 프랑스의 아르 크로쉬는 예술의 발생과 소통의 장소가 기존의 예술제도와는 다른 점을 보여준다. 이 상이한 지점이 새로운 예술의 가능성을 내포하고 있었으며, 그것들은 2000년대 이후 양국의 제도예술현장에서도 더러 발견되어지고 있다. 따라서 예술 그 자체를 고정된 형식과 내용을 바라보지 않고 그 범주와 존재방식에 대해 문제제기했던 두 집단의 노력은 후대의 예술가들에게 예술개념 자체에 대한 도전적 질문으로서 많은 영감을 주고 있다. 본 논문은 80년대 한국과 유럽에서 대두된 새로운 예술운동이 2000년대 이후 한국의 예술현장과 어떠한 연관성을 맺고 있는 가를 한국의 ‘두렁’, 프랑스의 예술스쾃 ‘아르 크로쉬’를 비교분석하면서, 2000년대 이후 등장한 오아시스프로젝트의 사례를 통해 고찰하고자 한다. 이는 예술 그 자체를 혁명적으로 변화시키고자 했었던 양국의 예술가들에 의한 운동이 현재는 어떠한 모습으로 예술계와 사회에 현현하고 있는지를 살펴보는 노정이 될 것이다.

Productivity is the essential comparative advantage in high tech industry company in 21 century. These company endless endeavor for low cost production. Low cost production can be led by low facility operation cost and low labor cost. But reducing facility operation cost arise much investment. Thus many high tech company drive reduction of labor cost. These article suggest model for reducing labor cost and prove a effect by example of some company.

2000년대 중반부터 커뮤니티를 기반으로 시작된 예술프로젝트는 커뮤니티 아트라 불리며 서울, 경기, 인천, 충남 등의 문화재단과 지자체의 재정으로 진행되고 있다. 지역안의 구성원인 주민들과 예술가들에게 지역사회를 소재로 참여적 프로그램을 기 획하여 지역 발전을 유도하게 한다. 또한 공동체의 사회문제, 구성원의 갈등을 해결하 고 통합하기 위해 기획된 예술프로젝트로서 예술 내부의 특정한 흐름이 정책적으로 선택되며 강화되어지고 있다. ‘커뮤니티 아트(community art)'라는 용어는 커뮤니티와 아트가 결합된 단어로 공 동체 기반 예술 혹은 공동체의 이해에서 출발한 공동체 예술로 해석되기도 한다. 이 는 커뮤니티 구성원들의 참여가 반드시 필요로 하며, 예술 내부의 새로운 가치를 발 견하고 예술의 선구조를 마련해가는 문화예술 활동이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 2012년도부터 경기문화재단과 안양문화예술재단이 커뮤니티 기반으로 진행하고 있는 우리동네예술프로젝트 중 박수갈채 프로젝트 사례를 중심으로 논하고 자 한다. 지역사회 구성원인 주민들이 관람자에서 참여자와 실천가인 주체로 변화되 고 예술과 생활이 하나 되는 과정을 살펴보는 것을 통해 커뮤니티 아트에 있어 의미 있는 기초 작업이 될 것이다. 최근 지역문화진흥법이 통과되면서 지역문화에 대한 관 심이 높아졌지만 그에 비해 여전히 문화와 예술은 커뮤니티 안에서는 추상적인 단어 일 뿐이다. 문화 자체가 삶의 총체가 되고. 예술이 되는 과정 속에 주체자인 주민들이 참여적인 과정을 통해 문화예술이 스스로를 행복하게 만들 수 있다는 것, 삶과 예술 의 일부분이 될 수 있다는 것을 인식할 수 있는 새로운 패러다임을 모색되어야 할 것 이다.

The purpose of this research is to initiate discussion to simplify existing tools and methods for managing projects which make project management a harder job to perform and a tougher task to handle. Additionally, summarizing the definitions of “project” that have been found from reviewing the relevant literature, it deliberates on revising the duties and responsibilities of project manager and proposes performance expectancy triangle explaining a relationship among accountability, responsibility and authority – the Tri-butes. It sheds light on several factors critical to the success of projects. Finally, we propose a function indicating that customer demands or desires greatly affect project complexity.

This research discusses the characteristics and the implementation strategies for two types of quality metrics to analyze innovation effects in six sigma projects: fixed specification type and moving specification type. Zst, Ppk are quality metrics of fixed specification type that are influenced by predetermined specification. In contrast, the quality metrics of moving specification type such as Strictly Standardized Mean Difference(SSMD), Z-Score, F-Statistic and t-Statistic are independent from predetermined specification. Zst sigma level obtains defective rates of Parts Per Million(PPM) and Defects Per Million Opportunities(DPMO). However, the defective rates between different industrial sectors are incomparable due to their own technological inherence. In order to explore relative method to compare defective rates between different industrial sectors, the ratio of specification and natural tolerance called, Ppk, is used. The drawback of this Ppk metric is that it is highly dependent on the specification. The metrics of F-Statistic and t-Statistic identify innovation effect by comparing before-and-after of accuracy and precision. These statistics are not affected by specification, but affected by type of statistical distribution models and sample size. Hence, statistical significance determined by above two statistics cannot give a same conclusion as practical significance. In conclusion, SSMD and Z-Score are the best quality metrics that are uninfluenced by fixed specification, theoretical distribution model and arbitrary sample size. Those metrics also identify the innovation effects for before-and-after of accuracy and precision. It is beneficial to use SSMD and Z-Score methods along with popular methods of Zst sigma level and Ppk that are commonly employed in six sigma projects. The case studies from national six sigma contest from 2011 to 2012 are proposed and analyzed to provide the guidelines for the usage of quality metrics for quality practitioners.