The inhabitation environments and growth conditions of Machilus thunbergii community in the Pyonsanbando located at southwestern area in Korea were examined and analyzed to provide some practical data to be used to establish measures for long term succession monitoring, protection and sustainable management. The Machilus thunbergii community are located at Kyokpo-ri, Pyonsan-myon, Puan-gun(35˚35′24"N~35˚ 42′30"N, 126˚28′18"E~126˚40′40"E). Within the Pyonsanbando area the mean temperature is 12.4℃, the warmth index 101.5℃.month, the coldness index -12.3℃ month and the annual precipitation 1,016mm. The soil within the community is silt loam or clay loam and so fertile. 30 species and 1 varieties of 21 families inhabited at the community. There were 18 grown trees and 131 saplings of Machilus thunbergii within the community. The mean basal diameter, mean height, and crown width of grown trees was measured to be 57.4cm, 7.4m and 9.0~9.8m respectively. And 9 trees were full flowering, 2 trees small flowering here and there, and 7 trees non flowering in 1998. The mean branch growth length was 8.3cm, mean leaf area 18.3 cm2, mean inflorecence length 9.3cm, mean fertilization 14.5％ and mean seed diameter 7.6mm. Further rich management measure and investigation were recommended such as sapling protection, signboard construction, soil erosion controlling and regular monitoring within the community.

온도조건이 벼멸구(Nilaparvate lugens Stal)의 발육과 산란에 미치는 영향을 정밀하게 조사하여 벼 포장에서의 온도변화에 따른 벼멸구의 발육경과를 예측함으로서 방제적기를 포착하는데 필요한 기초자료를 얻고자 정온과 변온의 식물 생장조정항온기 내에서 벼멸구의 발육속도 및 산란력을 측정하는 실험을 수행한 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 정온조건에서의 발육 및 산란 벼멸구 난의 부화율은 에서 가장 높았으며 그 이하나 이상의 온도로 변함에 따라 낮아지는 경향이었다. 난기간은 에서 가장 짧았으며 온도가 낮아짐에 따라 난기간이 길어지는 경향이었고 이상의 고온에서도 난의 발육이 지연되었다. 우화율은 에서 가장 높았고 온도가 낮아짐에 따라 낮아져 와 에서는 전혀 우화하지 못하였다. 약충기간은 와 에서 가장 짧았으며 온도가 낮아짐에 따라 길어지는 경향이었다. 우화성충의 수명은 온도가 낮아짐에 따라 길어지는 경향이었고 수컷은 에서 수명이 가장 짧았다. 산란전기는 에서 가장 짧았으며 온도가 낮아짐에 따라 길어져 에서는 에서보다 약 6.5배에 달했다. 산란수는 에서 가장 많았으며 그 이하나 이상의 온도로 변함에 따라 적어지는 경향이었다. 2. 변온조건과 정온조건에서의 발육 및 산란 같은 유효적산온도에서, 난의 부화율은 정온 조건에서보다 변온조건에서 약 10% 정도 높았으나 난기간은 큰 차이가 없었다. 우화율은 동일 유효적산온도 조건의 경우 변온에서 약 8% 정도 높았으나 동일 유효적산온도의 경우 반대로 정온조건에서 약 8% 정도 높았다. 약충기간은 정온조건에서보다 변온조건에서 약 일 정도 길었다. 같은 유효적산온도에서, 성충의 수명과 산란수는 성충기의 온도가 정온인 것보다 변온인 것에서 길었으며 산란수도 많았다. 한편, 난기에서부터 약충기까지 노출시켰던 온도를 고려해 보면 약충기까지 정온에서 노출시켰던 구에서 각 온도 공히 성충의 수명이 길어져 성충의 수명은 약충기의 온도에 영향을 받았다. 산란전기에는 약충기와 성충기의 온도가 함께 영향을 주었으며 산란수에는 성충기의 온도가 큰 영향을 주었다. 3. 각 발육단계별 발육임계온도 및 유효적산 온도 본 실험결과 계산된 발육임계온도는 난기에서 , 약충기에서 , 성충기에서 , 산란전기에서 로 나타났다. 각 발육단계별 유효적산온도는 난기에서 141.25 온일도(Degree-Day), 약충기에서 167.83 온일도, 성충기에서 349.64 온일도, 그리고 산란전기에서 58.60 온일도 이었다.

본 실험은 끝동매미충의 온도와 일장조건에 따른 발육도 및 증식능력을 조사하여 실내 대양사육에 적합한 온도와 일장의 범위를 밝히고 나아가 온도와 발육속도와의 함수관계를 유도하는데 필요한 기초자료를 얻고자 수행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 비교적 고온조건인 와 에서 약충의 발육이 빠르a 우화율이 높았으나 변온처리(와 각 12시간)에서는 발육이 지연되었다. 2. 성충의 산란력은 고온)에서 약충기를 거친 성충은 산란수가 매우 적었으나 에서 우화한 성충은 고온에서 많은 산란을 하였다. 3. 에서의 일장은 약충의 발육 및 우화율에 큰 영향을 미치지 못했다. 4. 약충의 발육속도는 까지는 온도가 상승함에 따라 직선적으로 빨라졌으나 고온에서는 증가율이 둔화되는 결과를 얻었다. 5. 이상의 결과로 적합한 사육조건은 약충기에 , 성충기에 인 것으로 생각된다.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of low temperature and low radiation conditions on the yield and quality of hot pepper at an early growth stage in Korea. In plastic greenhouses, low temperature, low temperature with covered shading treatments were set 17 to 42 days after transplanting. The pepper growing degree days decreased by 5.5% due to the low temperature during the treatment period. Radiation decreased by 74.7% due to the covered shading. After commencing treatments, pepper plant growth decreased with low temperature and low radiation. Analysis of the yield showed that the first harvest was delayed by low radiation. The cumulative yields of 119 days after transplanting were 1,956, 2,171, and 2,018 g/m2 for control, low temperature, and low temperature with low radiation respectively. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin concentrations in pepper fruit decreased with low temperature and low radiation. To investigate the photosynthetic characteristics according to the treatment, the carbon dioxide reaction curve was analyzed using the biochemical model of photosynthesis. Results showed that the maximum photosynthetic rate, Vcmax (maximum carboxylation rate), J (electric transportation rate), and TPU (triose phosphate utilization) decreased at low temperatures; the maximum photosynthetic rate, J, and gm (dark respiration rate) were reduced by shading. These results indicate that low temperature and low radiation can retard early growth, yield, and quality, but these can also be recovered 119 days after planting. Based on the results, the yield and quality of pepper can recover from abiotic stresses with proper cultivation.

본 연구는 국내 특산식물이며 신 관상식물로 기대되는 산꼬리풀[Veronica rotunda var. subintegra (Nakai) T.Yamaz.]의 효과적인 재배법을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 플러그 육묘는 파종용기와 파종량을 달리하였다. 재배는 묘의 소질, 식재용기, 토양종류 및 차광정도를 달리하여 처리하였다. 묘의 소질은 162, 200 및 288구 트레이를 이용하여 육묘한 묘를 사용였으며, 파종량은 1, 2, 4 및 6립을 파종하여 생산된 묘를 사용하였다. 본 연구에서 산꼬리풀의 육묘 시 트레이 종류는 162구가 적절하였으며, 셀 당 1립씩 파종할 경우 각 개체의 생육이 증가하였으나 4립 파종 시에는 전체 식물의 생육에 유리하였다. 묘의 소질에 따른 실험은 162구 트레이에서 생산된 묘와 4립씩 파종하여 생산된 묘에서 각기 우수한 생육을 보였다. 산꼬리풀 재배 시 식재용기의 용적량이 커질수록 지상부 및 지하부의 생육이 증가 하는 경향이었으며, 용기의 재질에 따른 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 토양조건별 생육은 원예상토에서 가장 왕성하였으며, 혼용토에서는 피트모스에 비해 마사토의 함량이 높은 조건에서 양호한 생육을 나타냈다.

Background : Lentinula edodes (Shiitake mushroom) is a common edible mushroom with a number of potential therapeutic and nutritional applications. However, the growth of Lentinula edodes were classified in accordance with nutrients have no differences in seemingly. The growth characteristics of L. edodes were difficult to find out influenced about between oak and medium. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful tool to analyze the mechanisms underlying the biosynthetic pathways of these substances. Methods and Results : A gene encoding amylase AMY was successfully isolated from the L. edodes using RT-PCR. The putative amino acid sequence encoded by AMY showed the highest the homology with the sequence of glycoside hydrolase family 13. We compared the amylase activity and levels of gene expression in L. edodes grown on different breeding materials (oak, and medium), strains from oak (Chunbaegko, and Mori 290), and strains from medium (Tanong, and Carrefour), respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR utilizing pairs of primers specific for AMY gene expression shows that the expression of AMY was induced polysaccharide, and increased during the process of fruiting body formation in L. edodes by medium compositions. Conclusion : This result indicates that amylase may play an important role of growth in morphogenesis of medium condition growth mushroom. The present work will contribute to RT-PCR studies in L. edodes.

A Cultivation method to minimize the damage caused by high temperatures was studied by investigating the effects of groundwater cooling treatment on the growth, yield, and quality of strawberries. In the groundwater cooling treatment, the daily average temperature of the rhizosphere was reduced from 26.9°C to 24.9°C . The root length increased by 0.3–9.2 cm, depending on the cultivar and growth period. The leaf number, leaf area, leaf length, leaf diameter, and plant height also increased, especially in the cultivars ‘Seolhyang’ and ‘Maehyang’, resulting in higher fresh and dry weights. The number of fruit per plant increased from 7.7 to 12.5 in ‘Seolhyang’, and the fruit weight increased by 0.3 g in ‘Seolhyang’ and 1.3 g in ‘Maehyang’. The fruit hardness increased, but no significant difference in fruit coloration was observed. The sugar content of the fruit was improved by 0.2–0.3 °Brix. Therefore, groundwater cooling of the rhizosphere was effective in improving the growth and productivity of strawberries under abnormally high temperature conditions and can be considered a cost-efficient cooling system.

Background : This study was carried out to secure technology for stable production of ginseng by developing technology to reduce the high temperature in response to climate change. Methods and Results : Polyethylene film (PE film), scattering film and blue-white double-sided film (85% shading rate) were tested for ginseng rain-shielding materials. The shading materials used were a black shading net (90% shading rate) in the first, and an aluminum screen (40% shading rate) in the second. The first shading materials were installed on April 10 with PE film + black light shielding net, and scattering film + black light shielding net. As the treatment for high temperature injury relief, an aluminum screen was installed under a scattering film + black light shielding net and a blue-white double-sided film at a high temperature. The amount of transmitted light was 12.9% at scattered film, 14.5% at double sided film, and 12.5% at PE film when the primary rain-shielding material was covered. In secondary shading, scattering film + aluminum screen and blue-white double-sided film + aluminum showed 8.6% and 7.6% of light transmitting, respectively. In the case of temperature, the average temperature was lower than the outside temperature at the scattering film + aluminum screen, clear double sided film + aluminum screen and PE film recovery. The differences among the cultivars were significant in plant height, stem height, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area. There were significant differences in the plant height, stem height, leaf length, and leaf width between treatments, but there was no interaction effect between varieties and treatments. The interactions between treatments were found only in the number of brach root. Conclusion : High temperature damage was influenced by the amount of irradiation in the facility rather than the temperature, which was presumed to be due to the accelerated aging of the ginseng leaf as the light transmittance increased.

For rapid production of freesia ‘Shiny Gold’ shoots by using a bioreactor, several culture conditions were investigated. Young shoots (< 1 ㎝) obtained from freesia corm section in vitro were used as plant materials for this experiment. As a basic experimental environment, 20 young shoots were inoculated into a 5 L balloon type bubble reactor which contained 1 L 1/2 strength MS medium supplemented with 30 g sucrose (3%), and the aeration was 0.1 vvm (vessel volumes per minute). The bioreactors were placed in a growth room with 23℃ temperature, 60% relative humidity and 60 μmol·m-2·s-1 light condition (16 h/8 h, day/night). The concentrations of MS media were set with 1/4, 1/2, 1 strength, medium volume 10, 20, 40%, sucrose concentration 3, 6, 9%, and aeration 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 vvm. After 4 weeks of cultivation, the growth indexes including the fresh and dry weight, and plant height were evaluated. At the same time, the consumption, pH, and EC of medium were estimated 4 weeks after incubating. The best results were achieved when 40 young shoots were incubated in a bioreactor in which 1 L of 1/2 strength MS medium supplemented with 6% sucrose was used for the rapid production of freesia shoots. The shoots were 17 cm in plant height and 1.0 g in fresh weight only 4 weeks after incubation which could be a good plant material suitable for corm enlargement i

The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on growth and photosynthesis of soybean (Glycine max Merr.) were investigated to predict its productivity under elevated CO2 levels in the future. Soybean grown for 6 weeks showed significant increase in vegetative growth, based on plant height, leaf characteristics (area, length, and width), and the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter value (SPAD value) under elevated CO2 conditions (800 μmol/mol) compared to ambient CO2 conditions (400 μmol/mol). Under elevated CO2 conditions, the photosynthetic rate (A) increased although photosystem II (PS II) photochemical activity (Fv/Fm) decreased. The maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) was higher under elevated CO2 conditions than under ambient CO2 conditions, whereas the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) was lower under elevated CO2 conditions compared to ambient CO2 conditions. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis shifted significantly by approximately 3°C under the elevated CO2 conditions. With the increase in temperature, the photosynthetic rate increased below the optimal temperature (approximately 30°C) and decreased above the optimal temperature, whereas the dark respiration rate (Rd) increased continuously regardless of the optimal temperature. The difference in photosynthetic rate between ambient and elevated CO2 conditions was greatest near the optimal temperature. These results indicate that future increases in CO2 will increase productivity by increasing the photosynthetic rate, although it may cause damage to the PS II reaction center as suggested by decreases in Fv/Fm, in soybean.

This research was carried out to investigate the germination and seedling growth characteristics of the halophyte Suaeda asparagoides under various salt concentrations, temperatures, and the presence or absence of light S. asparagoides has a non-endospermic dicotyledonous seed structure that is go stone-shaped with a dark brown color and covered by a star-shaped perianth. Germination within the temperature range 5~40°C varied from 8% to 65%. The highest germination occurred at 15°C. In seeds exposed to salt concentrations in the range 0~400 mM, the highest germination occurred at 0 mM, and the germination progressively decreased as the salt concentration increased. When the perianth of the seed was removed, the germination increased significantly. In the presence or absence of light, germination under white light was 5~20% higher than that under darkness, which varied according to salt concentrations in the range 0~300 mM. The plant growth of S. asparagoides, evaluated by plant height, branch number, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight, was higher in the concentration range 50~100 mM, and it decreased in the other concentrations. In conclusion, the seeds of S. asparagoides showed higher germination in fresh water at low temperature of approximately 15°C under light when the perianth was removed, and the plant growth was higher at salt concentrations of 50~100 mM.

This study was conducted to elucidate the photosynthetic response to the environment and establish optimum cultivation conditions for the Korean endemic plant, Aster koraiensis. Photosynthetic characteristics according to growth stage, light, CO2, and soil water potential were investigated. During the first year of transplanting, photosynthetic rates were drastically increased until June, after which they slowly declined, During the second year, photosynthetic rates declined throughout the entire growth period. The highest level of light compensation point was shown the early growth stage. Photosynthetic rates affected by intercellular CO2 concentration were maintained or decreased over the CO2 saturation point. The lowest CO2 compensation point was 16.1 μmol･mol -1 during March. The morphological changes of leaves were observed due to shading with chlorophyll contents increasing. Photosynthetic rates were higher at 0% and 50% shading treatments than at 75%. There were rarely any morphological changes of leaves due to soil moisture, however, changes to leaf compactness were observed. Photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum yield, and respiration rate increased, whereas water use efficiency decreased over -25 kPa of soil moisture.

The present study aimed to compare and investigate the morphological characteristics and yield components according to ploidy level of diploid and tetraploid Platycodon grandiflorum under vinyl-greenhouse and open field conditions. Plant height of diploid and tetraploid P. grandiflorum was 51.3 ㎝, 54.0 ㎝, respectively. The results revealed that the plants grown in the vinyl-greenhouse showed significantly higher growth compared to those grown in the open field. Regardless of the growing place, diploid and tetraploid of P. grandiflorum showed the rapid elongation of internodes after 4 and 3 internodes respectively and elongation tends to be decreased as entering the flower-bud differentiation period. The starting day of flowering in vinyl-greenhouse cultivation was found to be faster than that of the open field cultivation by 2∼ 3 days and tended to be delayed by about 5∼6 days in tetraploid P. grandiflorum compared to diploid. Fresh weight of roots from the vinyl-greenhouse cultivation showed a high quantity as 34.2g and 49.4g in diploid and tetraploid P. grandiflorum, respectively and especially tetraploid P. grandiflorum was found to be increased by approximately 44.4% compared to other plots.

We examined the effects of light colors (wavelength) and light quantities on the yield ratio and quality of cultivated cowpea sprouts. All light colors resulted in a lower cowpea sprout yield ratio compared to the untreated condition (darkness), but were similar in hard seed ratio. All light colors promoted the growth of the epicotyl and root when compared to the untreated condition, but limited the growth of the hypocotyl. White light (458 nm) significantly improved grade by increasing the lightness of the cotyledon and the hypocotyl and the yellowness of the hypocotyl. The Fe content of cowpea sprouts was higher in those grown under red light (632 nm), and the total amino acid content was higher for those grown under yellow light (560 nm), white light (458 nm), and blue light (460 nm) compared to plants grown in the untreated condition (darkness). The yield ratio of cowpea sprouts was lower in the yellow light condition (560 nm) at lower light quantity, but no differences were observed at other light colors and quantities. The lightness and yellowness of cowpea sprouts was higher in the yellow light (560 nm) and red light (632 nm) at lower light quantity, redness was lower. No significant differences were observed in the content of normal and inorganic components according to the light quantities of each light color, except that Fe content was higher in sprouts grown under red light (632 nm) as light quantity increased. Total amino acid content was slightly higher in sprouts grown under white light (458 nm) and blue light (460 nm) as light quantity increased.

Buckwheat sprouts are a vegetable; a functional food should provide health benefit and enhance performance as high nutritionally important substances. Buckwheat noodles are the major buckwheat food in Japan, Korea and China. In addition, Buckwheat as preventive medicine has undergone a great advancement in the last decade. Comparison of the functional properties distribution and utilization in tatary buckwheat is required of understanding the metabolites. The study was conducted to identify the sorts of phenolic compounds and metabolites in tatary buckwheat seedling at 4, 7, and 10 days seedling under the different combinations of lightemitting diode (LED) such as blue, red, mix (red, blue, and white), dark, and natural lights in stem and leaves. After breaking the dormancy, buckwheat seeds were grown in culture room under lights for 14 hrs and the dark condition for 10 hrs, at 25ºC for 10 days. Length of buckwheat was gradually increased under all of the conditions. Using HPLC, rutin was highest at 7 days under mix and natural light in stem and leaf, respectively. Quercetin was highest at 4 and 7 days under natural light in both. Chlorogenic acid was highest at 7 days under mix and natural in stem and leaf, respectively. Taken Together, this study indicates that phenolic compounds and metabolites present in those plants could be helpful for the human health and nutritional additive.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of high temperature and deficit irrigation on growth and yield of hot pepper. Hot pepper was subjected to four irrigation treatments: fully irrigation (FI), 10, 20, and 30 days deficit irrigation (DI) combination with high temperature treatment. Control plants were grown natural environment and conventional culture methods. The plant height treated with high temperature was significantly higher than that of control plant. At FI combination with high temperature treatment, growth parameters such as stem diameter, leaf area, fresh and dry weight were the greatest. The yield was the greatest (2,036 kg/10a) under control, DI combination with high temperature treatment decreased by approximately 42% compare with FI combination with high temperature treatment. The number of abnormal fruits was approximately 38/plant under control, which was the smallest and that of 30 days DI combination with high temperature was higher 3.3 times compare with control. Flower abscission and calcium deficiency induced by DI treatments, especially those physiological disorder promoted by increasing DI treatments period. Results indicated that yield of hot pepper reduced by DI treatments, these results suggest that the growers should irrigate to proper soil moisture for preventing reduction of total fruit yield.

원료곡인 동부의 침종, 포화, 노화 조건이 동부나물 생산량과 생장반응에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과, 흡수량은 침종 초기 2시간까지는 급속히 증가하다 이후에는 완만히 증가하였으나, 발아력과 나물 생산수율 및 잔뿌리 발생량은 침종기간(1~6시간)이 길어질수록 낮았다. 5일간 포화(수분 96±1%, 20℃)처리가 무처리나 1, 3일간 포화처리에 비해 발아력과 나물 생산수율 및 잔뿌리 발생량이 높았다. 고온 노화처리에 따른 발아력과 나물 생산수율은 무처리에 비해 낮았는데, 이상의 결과로 동부나물 재배를 위한 원료곡 전처리 방법은 5일간 포화(수분 96±1%, 20℃)처리하고 세척하여 재배하는 것이 좋은 것으로 판단된다.