The concept of „Sustainability‟ has become as major concern and it used by consumers and corporations to convey the concept of taking care of the environment. Environmental concern has led to sustainable consumption in a variety of product categories, such as electricity, textiles, apparel, food, and grocery products (Chan, 2001; Harrison, Newholm, & Shaw, 2005; Vermeir & Verbeke, 2006a, 2006b). Interest of the negative environmental impacts are rapidly increasing in present fashion business and consumer behavior has become a rising concern of the consumption and fashion supply chain to apply sustainable consumption (Birtwistle & Moore, 2007; Fineman, 2001). The environmental and social concern recognized in fashion industry from 1990‟s. However, the complexity of conceptual definition of sustainability and ecologically responsible consumer generates different and mistaken perception to consumer. In addition, in fashion industry, the terms of „eco-fashion‟, „environmentally friendly fashion‟,„green fashion‟, „ethical fashion‟, and „sustainable fashion‟ are frequently used interchangeably to describe the same concept. These interchangeable terminology is leading to confusion of the readers by the non-unified terminology (Choi et al., 2012). Also, consumers seem to have narrow scope and little understanding of sustainable fashion. In general, consumers focuses on environmental aspect not the wide-range of complexity of environment, social, and economical concern (Cervellon, Hjerth, Ricard, & Carey, 2010). The growing number of fashion brands are leveraging on green branding initiatives. Green marketing is increasing rapidly in corporate aspects and for a consumer perspective, global consumers are recognizing a personal accountability to take responsibility for social and environmental issues. Despite the fact many of individuals‟ willingness to purchase green products has increased in the last few years, however, there is limited studies suggest that purchase of green or sustainable products. Consumer research on sustainable fashion has mainly focused on consumer behaviors towards sustainable fashion products (SFPs); however, relevant studies that examined the whole process of the predicting proenvironmental behavior cross nationally value and the eWOM are still scarce. The purposes of research model are 1) to identify the determinants of eWOM intention on consumers' purchase intentions, 2) to examine the information adoption process as precursors of purchase intention of sustainable fashion, and 3) to testify different message types effects to information adoption process.

본고는 1972년 미국 닉슨 대통령의 중국방문을 다룬 존 아담스(John Adams)의 오페라 《닉슨 인 차이나》(Nixon in China)를 미디어적 관점에서 분석한 연구이다. 《닉슨 인 차이나》는 동시 대 사건을 다룬 뉴스를 오페라 무대 위에서 재현했다는 점 때문에 세간의 주목을 끌었다. 그러나 미디어와의 이러한 표면적 연관성은 오히려 작품이 가진 보다 본질적이고 심층적인 미디어와의 연 관성에 대해서는 간과하도록 만들었다. 본 연구는 이러한 점에 착안하여 《닉슨 인 차이나》를 미 디어이론의 틀에서 접근한 새로운 해석을 시도하였다. 즉 본 작품의 내용과 형식에서 모두 미디어 적 속성이 반영되고 있으며 이를 통해 미디어가 현실에 영향력을 끼치는 모습을 작품 속에서 드러 내고 있음을 밝히고자 하였다. 미디어와의 다층적인 연관성이 《닉슨 인 차이나》의 리브레토, 음악, 연출에서 어떻게 나타나는 지 분석하여 현대사회 속 미디어의 모습을 반영하는 오페라로서의 본 작품을 고찰하였다. 분석의 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이 작품의 내용은 닉슨의 중국방문이 아니라, ‘미디어에 비친’ 닉슨의 중국방문이라는 점을 핵심으로 한다. 등장인물들은 TV를 시종일관 인식하고 있으며 이에 따라 대조적인 모습을 보여주어 현대인의 삶과 미디어의 연관성을 포착한다. 둘째, 내용을 담는 작품의 형식을 보면, 뉴스나 쇼 등 구체적인 텔레비전 프로그램의 모방이 나타날 뿐 아니라 패스티시와 플로우 등 텔레비전이 취하는 전형적 구성형식을 취하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이러한 특성은 《닉슨 인 차이나》에서의 파편적 극 구성과 음악구성, 긴장과 이완의 호흡을 고려하여 시종일관 관객의 시선을 놓치지 않도록 하는 배열 등에서 나타난다. 셋째, 내용과 형식을 통해 드러나는 작품의 주제는 미디어적 현실에 대한 비판적 반성으로 볼 수 있다. 이에 사로잡힌 현대인의 모습을 《닉슨 인 차이나》에서는 정신분열증과 노 스탤지어를 통해서 포착한다. 통전적인 인식을 방해하는 미디어의 영향력은 분열된 자기의식, 기표 의 언어유희인 정신분열증을 통해 나타난다. 노스탤지어는 현실도피를 위한 상품화된 가상인데 《닉슨 인 차이나》에서는 노스탤지어 속에서도 이미 자리 잡고 있는 미디어의 모습을 통해 그 무 한 소급적 위력을 드러낸다. 미디어의 막강한 영향력은 하이퍼리얼리티의 생산에서 절정을 이룬다. 이는 현실보다 더 현실 같은 가상과 원본 없는 이미지의 유통을 의미하며 《닉슨 인 차이나》에서 는 극중극 장면에서 첨예하게 나타난다. ‘낯설게하기’는 이러한 주제를 구현하기 위한 효과적 극적 장치로 사용되어 미디어의 영향력에 대한 객관적 거리를 확보하게 한다. 이러한 분석을 근거로, 《닉슨 인 차이나》는 현대사회 속 미디어의 모습을 매개(mediate)하는 역할을 하는 오페라로서 독해가능하며 바로 이 점이 《닉슨 인 차이나》가 지닌 동시대적 오페라로 서의 진정한 지위와 가치를 보장해 주는 것이라고 할 수 있다.

엥겔계수에 의하면 1980년 이전까지는 빈곤단계에 해당한다. 이 시기의 특징은 기본적인 배고픔을 충족하기 위한 양식소비가 증가하고 식물성 소비 중심의 단일성을 그 특징으로 한 다. 개혁·개방 이후 1980년대 초반부터 1995년까지가 대체로 원바오 단계에 해당한다. 이 단 계는 알류, 수산물, 조류(가금육), 소고기, 양고기의 소비량이 양적으로 늘어나는 특징을 갖고 있다. 반면 양식, 채소 등 식물성 식품의 소비량은 양적으로 감소하고 있다. 이 단계에 다원 화가 시작되는 추세가 나타난다. 샤오캉 단계에도 우유, 조류, 소고기, 양고기, 과일, 수산물, 알류의 소비량이 양적으로 늘어 나는 추세가 심화되고 있다. 양식, 채소 등 식물성 식품의 소비량이 양적으로 감소하는 추세 도 원바오 단계와 마찬가지로 샤오캉 단계에도 계속되고 있다. 다원화 추세가 양적으로 심화 되고 있는 것이다. 지출 금액 기준에서 보아도 이와 유사한 결과이다. 샤오캉 단계에서 지출 금액이 높은 항목은 우유·유제품, 수산물 등이다. 지출 금액 기준의 외식비 통계를 보면 샤오 캉 단계에 우유·유제품, 수산물에 이어 세 번째로 증가율이 높다. 반면 지출 금액 기준으로 증가율이 낮은 항목 가운데 하나는 양식이라는 점에서 양적 기준의 결과와 유사하다. 부유단계는 양적 기준에 의하면 조류, 우유, 수산물에 증가율이 높다. 조류, 수산물의 소비량 증가는 가공(냉동가공 포함)을 통해 상품화되기 용이한 식품이다. 하지만 부유단계에서도 양적으로 양식, 채소, 돼지고기의 소비량이 여전히 가장 높은 품목이다. 지출금액 기준으로 보아도 역시 유사한 연구결과이다. 우유·유제품과 육류·조류·가공제품의 증가율이 높다. 특히 부유단계에는 외식비의 비중을 가장 늘린다는 사실도 확인되었다. 증가율이 낮은 항목은 역 시 기본식품인 양식이다. 소득 수준별로 보아도 위와 유사한 결과를 보인다. 고소득층은 지출금액면에서 수산물과 우유·유제품의 소비량을 더욱 늘리고 양식의 소비량을 줄인다.

본 연구는 우리나라 주요 국제항에 출입하는 중국기원 선박의 선박평형수내 환경 및 부유생물의 특성을 파악하여 선박평형수처리장치(BWTS)와 관련된 면제 협상을 위한 기초자료를 확보하고자 하였다. 조사된 37척의 선박 중 평형수의 보관 기간은 발해만을 포함하는 북부지역(지역 “A”)에서 평균 3.91 ± 4.61 days로 가장 짧았다. 총부유물질의 농도는 1.80 ~ 266 mg L-1의 범위를 보였고, 용존성 및 입자성 유기물질은 각각 1.09 ~ 5.79 mg L-1, 0.17 ~ 3.65 mg L-1의 범위를 나타내었다. 영양염 농도는 양자강 유역을 포함한 지역 “B”에서 높았고, 홍콩을 포함하는 지역 “C”에서 낮은 평균값을 보였다. 엽록소-a 평균 농도는 0.67 ± 1.15 μg L-1로 나타났고, 1 μg L-1 이상의 높은 값은 지리적으로 우리나라와 가까운 지역 “A”에서 7척 중 3척이 집중되었다. 식물플랑크톤의 개체수가 > 10,000 cells L-1의 선박평형수는 37척 중 6척으로 나타났고, 이 중 3척이 지역 “A” 기원으로 파악되었다. 특히, 홍콩항에서는 유해미세조류로 잘 알려진 와편모그룹의 종이 높은 밀도로 관찰되었다. 본 연구 결과, 중국과의 BWTS 면제권 협상은 신중하게 접근할 필요성이 있다고 판단된다.

The variants of references in dictionary reflect many characteristics of particular regions and era. These variants are also the key points to the research of characters’ dissemination and application. This paper based on the Access of xinzidian, reorganized all the references to Liji, and then made a comparison between the references and Liji. As a result, we found 100 variants, and summarized them as five types.　Then on this basis, we attempt to discuss the features and laws of Korea’s characters.

In modern society, the financial system has grown in importance. The financial system interchanges according globalization. China financial market is popular because it is great potential and has a large of customer. And Korea’s bank gets through china. It has trouble with going to china because of china’s regulation. But after joining WTO, china relaxes regulation. However, Korea banks have different thing some unique due to Korea bank’s customer has only business. So they emphasize service. Service includes not only kindness and high-quality job performance but also differentiation of space. Thereby, space is composed of simple moving line and easy business handling. This research studies about Architectural Planning Characteristics of Korean bank in China. In future this research would be basic material in architecture.

The Chinese ecosystem (especially in traditional markets) has been completely subverted by on-line stores such as Taobao and JingDong after 2010. This research is to understand how to improve traditional markets since 92.5% practitioners in the retail industry conduct business in traditional markets. By the mean time Korean traditional markets attract more customers. In this research the multi-group analysis is used to analyze the difference between Chines customers and Korean customers upon customer equity in traditional markets. The research objectives are: First, to understand the relationships among service quality, customer equity drivers and customer satisfaction in Chinese and Korean traditional markets; Second, find out how to improve the three drivers of customer equity through these variables mentioned above in traditional markets. In this study the relationships among service quality, the drivers of customer equity, customer satisfaction and customer lifetime value were studied based on the analysis of the data which were collected in Chinese and Korean traditional markets.

Introduction The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between site features toward ecommerce and consumer attitude. For completion of this study, 598 online shopping experience for consumers participated in Guangzhou, Zhengzhou, Shenyang and conducted questionnaires. All data were analyzed by using the experimental method and By means of SPSS Ver 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 program to identify the relationship between site features toward ecommerce, User satisfaction, Use attitude towards the site and reuse intention in China. The results were followings: among site features toward ecommerce, Easy of use, Interaction, Information and executive ability influenced user satisfaction in China. User satisfaction have significant influence on use attitude toward the site. User satisfaction have significant influence on reuse intention. Use attitude toward the site have significant influence on reuse intention. And relation between site attributes toward online store and user satisfaction a portion moderated by e-WOM. Theoretical Frameworks With the use of the Internet and the popularization, the countries all over the world with the rapid expansion of scale, e-commerce application field of the economy in China has gradually been fully applied, more related to our life brought new development business services, the network shopping as a necessary to modern one of consumer behavior, and gradually developed into a new fashion. Under this background, the consumer online shopping, shopping website feature dimension has become an important factor that influence the online consumer behavior by academic circles in recent years. Literature, website characteristic dimension is discussed（Khaled Hsanein, 2007；Ying-Feng Kuo, 2012；Marie-Odile Richard, 2015；Jill Mosteller, 2014）, user satisfaction, use the site attitude and intention to use consumer experience for shopping website features dimension problem, enrich the theory of shopping website feature dimension system. But concluded, abroad, especially in the United States consumer market based on shopping website feature dimension effect on user satisfaction research conclusion of the path itself is not the same. For example: Featherman ＆ Pavlou(2003)；Pavlou(2003); O`Cass＆Fenech(2003)according to a study of cognitive useful online shopping intention have significant direct impact to the user the study of cognitive usability has a significant effect on shopping intention, but (Jinsoo Park ea al, 2004; Rong-An Shang, 2005)cognitive usefulness influence on shopping intention was not significant. Again, as a result of the above research mostly in foreign consumer market is given priority to, to foreign consumers research conclusion. But due to the difference of consumption culture between China and America, values differences, perceived shopping website characteristics, motivation, habit is also different, foreign research conclusions are not always suitable for the situation of the Chinese consumer market. for example, Jarvenpaa, etc.(1999) the study found that cognitive users to the website shopping risk to them from the online store shopping will have no effect. Teo&Yeong(2003) under Internet environment are studied by structural equation model of consumer purchase decision process, found that perceived risk and consumer negatively correlated to the general attitude towards online transactions. But (Zhao Chongzhi,2002) based on the domestic consumer market research found that shopping site safety cognition to the website for user functionality have a significant impact on interests and security interests. And (Cha Jin Xiang, Wang Lisheng,2006) of the study also found that consumer perception of shopping website service quality (including network security) and customer expectations of website for shopping website satisfaction have positive significant impact. The different research conclusions in different consumption market, Rachel Smith; George Deitz et al(2013) study because the result of different consumption culture. So according to the Chinese consumer market environment impact on consumer behavior under shopping website feature dimension is necessary for further research. Which shopping website feature dimension is main motivations affecting user satisfaction? Shopping site feature dimension can affect users through user satisfaction and willingness to use? Finally, some problems in the network shopping market in China, such as part of the electricity business enterprises lack of integrity led to false information, shopping website users with network information leakage weaken consumer trust and the shortage of electricity business logistics service ability, these problems have become the bottleneck of restricting network retail market sustained and rapid development. For consumers, before to make online shopping decisions, consumers need to compare goods search, information independently, price negotiation, customer feedback, and meantime consumers to comment on network level of recognition greatly affects the consumers' purchase intention (Wang Yuanhuai et al,2013). Especially for experiential service product, due to the consumers to buy before it is difficult to make an accurate evaluation the quality of the content(Litvin,2008), therefore, more comments need to refer to a large number of e-WOM in order to reduce the decision risk. So in this paper, the network comment information as regulating variable, confirm the shopping website feature dimension and the role of user satisfaction, etc., in this paper, the above problem is trying to answer. H1: Shopping site feature dimension positively related with satisfaction. H1-1: Shopping site feature dimension the ease of use and the use of satisfaction were positively correlated. H1-2: Shopping site of the interactive feature dimension was positively correlated with satisfaction. H1-3: Shopping site feature dimension informational was positively correlated with satisfaction. H1-4: Shopping site feature dimension performance was positively correlated with satisfaction.H1-5: Use the usefulness of feature dimension and shopping website satisfaction positively correlated. H2: user satisfaction positively related with the attitude of using the web. H3: user satisfaction and user intention to use present positive correlation. H4: use the website attitude positively related with user intention to use. H5 E-WOM in the website feature dimension and user satisfaction has significant intermediary role H5-1 E-WOM on the web site features in the dimension of usability and user satisfaction has significant intermediary role H5-2 The interactive E-WOM in the website feature dimension has significant intermediary role and user satisfaction H5-3 E-WOM in the website feature dimension of informational and user satisfaction has significant intermediary role H5-4 E-WOM in the website features dimensions and user satisfaction has significant intermediary role H5-5 E-WOM on the web site features dimension performance and user satisfaction has significant intermediary role Methods This research selected research object for the consumers of had online shopping experience, because these consumers to shopping website contact is more, the use of the functions of related websites have certain experience. Out 650 questionnaires, 598 valid questionnaires. Before the formal experiment, this study first preliminary experiments. Preliminary experiments in guangzhou, zhengzhou, shenyang, etc on the use of shopping website (Tmall, jingdong, Su Ningyi purchase, etc.) of the consumer as the research object, the actual 87 effective questionnaires were taken back. Preliminary experimental results show that the experimental measurement of each variable has a good reliability and validity, suitable for an official survey. Are test was started in February 17, 2015 ended on May 27, 2015, is still in the region were investigated. Market environment in our country according to the 2014 China's online shopping industry annual monitoring report Jane edition of C2C, the B2C shopping website ranking selection of shopping website: taobao, Tmall, jingdong, purchase, tencent Su Ningyi electricity online (QQ), etc., in view of the above in shopping website to buy related products, related use experience of man-made objects were investigated. Results in the overall sample run AMOS 20.0 software, to calculate the estimates of the model fitting index and the path coefficient. Analysis results show that the fitting of indicators of structural equation model is: x squared = 553.937, (df = 187, p = 0.000), GFI = 0.927, AGFI = 0.901, CFI = 0.920, IFI = 0.921, RMR = 0.067, RMSEA = 0.057. Results show that the indicators have reached the high level, the model with data fitting degree is high. As shown in (table 1) model of each path coefficient of relationship between variables in the statistical analysis of results. From which it is easy to find shopping website features ease of use, interactive, informative and usefulness has significantly effect on user satisfaction, but the ability to execute on user satisfaction without significant effect. And user satisfaction of users use shopping site attitude and intention to use also show significant effect, the final users use attitude for the user to use intentions also has a significant effect. In addition, the network comment information in the website is part feature dimension and user satisfaction. As shown in (table 2) moderated regression analysis of relationship between variables in the statistical analysis of results. First, network review information in the website feature dimension and user satisfaction has significant intermediary role. Second, the interactive network review information in the website feature dimension has not significant intermediary role and user satisfaction. Third, network review information in the website feature dimension of informational and user satisfaction has significant intermediary role. Fourth, network comment on the usefulness of information in the website features dimensions and user satisfaction has significant intermediary role. Fifth, network review information on the web site features dimension performance and user satisfaction has significant intermediary role. (see Table 1, Table 2). Discussion In this paper, the research conclusion of electricity enterprise management practice also has important reference value and enlightenment, mainly reflected in the following four aspects. First, the electricity business enterprise through the web site provides service should be reasonable combination of design and site features, meet the demand of consumers mutiple level, enhance user satisfaction. Second, the electric business enterprise should pay attention to improve consumers' perceived value and satisfaction, enhance the user use the site attitude and intention to use. Online store users satisfied with the attitude to users to use the site, the user to use intentions have made a significant positive correlation. Third, to provide online shopping electric business enterprise should touch the consumers actively, positive attitude, get the user to use choice intention and behavior. Fourth, the electricity business enterprise in the marketing practice of the business, to formulate the corresponding management system supporting effective incentives to encourage consumers to actively participate in product e-Wom, efforts to improve the quality and quantity of comments, fully excavate and make use of the effective information in the network comments, and according to these information, timely adjust enterprise product strategy, marketing strategy, service strategy, to adapt to the change of consumer demand, is expected to improve the satisfaction of consumer, to further cultivate customer loyalty, thus to obtain competitive advantage in the fierce market competition.

neighbors separated by a narrow strip of water, China and Japan have periodic rises and falls in their diplomatic relationship, but there are many things the two countries share in common. China experienced great social upheaval and Japan went through World War II, but despite these different historical traumas, both resolved to assign priority to economic development. Yet how will the dramatic social changes and the fading away of tradition affect the Chinese and Japanese people, especially the thought and values of their young people. Amid dramatic social changes and turbulence in values, what are the characteristics of their young people’s attitudes and behavior? Focusing on such problems, the author of this paper spent four years carrying out indepth investigations and research on college students’ understanding of nature, ecological and environmental issues, etc. The college students in this study came from nearly 20 universities in Japan and 20 universities in China. This paper will undertake a detailed comparative analysis of the ideological and value orientations of young people in China and Japan.

In 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping put forward to build “Silk Road Economic Belt”and "21st Century Maritime Silk Road”(One Belt One Road). “One Belt One Road” would also directly contribute to the continues growth of China's FDI. FDI is one of the key issues in the process of economic development all around the world. With the rapid development of China-Korea economic, the FDI between Korea and China is particularly attracting extensive attention. In this paper, by using South Korea to China's FDI as a carrier, the determinants of FDI from South Korea to China has been studies under conditions of both practical evidences and experience. In the aspect of practical evidence, green data KTL is introduced timely along with the use of PANELDATA data, which is the product with the development of global green economy, knowledge and technological innovation has been imported to econometric model as determinants. On the other hand, the FDI from China to Korea has been analyzed while with its successful experience. Results shows that GDP (market and the scale of economies), TIEC (Industrial clusters and regional attraction), WAGE (cost and factors), KTL (knowledge innovation and technology) are the determinants of South Korea to China's FDI. Selecting the target stage by stage, implementation of the Chinese localization, taking resource-oriented and making reasonable choice of business focus, concentrating its attention to technology innovation and patent protection is South Korea's successful experience to outward FDI.

2014년말에 중국인민은행은 <예금보험조례의의견고>를 공포하였다. 이것은 중국이 은형보험에서 현형보험으로 전환하는 이정표라고 볼 수가 있다. 2015년 3월에는 국무원이 정식적으로<예금보험조례>를 반포하였 다. 이 조례는 예금보험제도 및 중국의 예금보험의 관한 운영을 총23조 로 규정하고 있다. 2015년 5월 1일부터 정식적으로 시행하고 있는데 최 고 배상금액은 인민폐 50만원이다. 중국은 예금보험제도를 준비하는데 21년이라는 과정을 거쳤다. 예금보험제도의 설계목적에 의하여, 현대국가 금융안전망의 한 방면으 로서, 은행이 책임을 이행할 수 없을때, 대부분 중소예금자들이 즉시 배 상을 받을 수 있다. 하지만 예금보험제도를 반포하고 나서 예금자들에게 자금을 은행에 저축하는 것이 최고 보장이라고 할 수 없게 되었다. 왜냐 하면 예전에는 중국에서 모든 은행은 국가가 신용으로 담보하고 금융기 구가 파산하면, 중국중앙은행과 지방정부가 배상책임을 졌기 때문이다. 그런데 수만억의 재정부담은 금융시스템의 예금안전에 대한 리스크가 될 수 있다. 예금보험제도의 반포로 정부가 은형담보하는 위험으로부터 벗 어나게 되었다. 이제는 은행기구가 자신들이 운영리스크에 대해 책임을 져야한다. <예금보험조례>는 이미 발표되었지만 현재은행의 주주구조를 보면, 단기간으로 이 목적을 실현하기가 쉽지 않다.

본 연구는 중국 다롄(大连) 도시가구의 주택금융 이용실태에 관한 연구로 다롄 도시가구의 주택금융 이용실태에 관한 분석과 함께 베이징(北京) 지역 도시가구의 모기지 대출 행위와의 차이점에 대해서도 비교 분석하였다. 조사결과 다롄의 표본조사 대상 가구 중에서 대출을 받은 가구의 비율이 총 75%로 나타나 베이징 지역의 모기지론 대출이용가구 비율보다 훨씬 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 다롄 도시가구의 모기지 대출 진행 결정에 영향을 미치는 변수 중 통계적 유의성이 있는 변수로 ‘구매 주택 유형’, ‘주택 가격’, ‘주택공적금 가입여부’로 추정되었고, 베이징 지역과 공통적으로 추정되는 변수로는 ‘주택 가격’, ‘주택공적금 가입여부’로 나타났다. 다롄 지역의 모기지 대출 가구의 모기지대출금 비중에 영향을 미치는 설명변수 중 통계적 유의성이 있는 변수로는 ‘구매 주택 유형’과 ‘주택공적금 가입여부’로 추정되었다.

To compare the configuration space in traditional gardens of Korea, China and Japan has important implications for understanding the differences and clarify the identity of our gardens and architecture. Korea, China, and Japan are all han-character culture country. Though they have very strong affinity on culture and thinking, the three gardens respectively show their own cultural characteristics of the countries. The most outstanding characteristic of a Korean garden is the composition well-attuned to nature, which not only respects the beautiful natural environment with high mountains and splendid streams but also incorporates the artificial. The Chinese garden is characterized by the epitomization of grand nature through imitation of natural scenes such as valleys, caves, and waterfalls, and creation of an environment that’s like an abode of immortality. What is characteristic of the Japanese garden is the emphasis on the beauty created through artificial composition of nature and artificial transformation of trees based on interpretation of nature from the perspective of Zen Buddhism. Specifically, it seeks an ideal combination of natural and artificial.

This paper deals with architectural activities related to Korean society in Jichang district in North East China, focused on the articles of Manseon-ilbo published there during the Japanese colonial period. Construction-related contents in the area closely connected with topical interest, publicity, and enlightenment as a local media source provide positive grounds about pending issues in colonial situations. This paper handles with articles issued in the 1940's newspapers just before the Pacific War. At that time Japanese enter in the Chinese continent, and construct a stable basis in the intimate association with Germany and Italy, countering against the United State. Among articles regarding architecture, most of contents are based on healthcare and public facilities, and urban planning. Overwhelmingly the most popular articles are about new constructions of educational facilities and residential matters. The shortage of goods and the excessive concentration of population resulted in urban and house problems, which were particularly much more serious in Korea society. Such social atmosphere made all activities regarding building constructions, in particular educational facilities, in civil level rather than the helps of the Japanese colonial government. Thus, through education and house matters we can read a slice of Korean society to survive in the colonial environment of Jichang district.

The purpose of this study is its residential spaces through the analysis of exterior space and interior space at Wu-lin Village(烏林屯) in Jiao-he, China. The method of this study is to search for documentation, interview, residents, make a survey of these villages about immigration history, surroundings, topographical keynotes, administration system, residential number, residential style, site composition, etc. The residents moved from Yen-bien and Jiao-he in China etc. The ancestor moved from North of Gyeong-Sang Province in South of Korea, North of Ham-Gyeong Province in North of Korea etc. The main road divides the village into two parts: the north quarter, Wu-lin Village, typified by the Chinese house, and the south quarter, You-Yi Village(友誼村), typified by the Korean-Chinese house. The houses is compose of main building and an accessory building. The main building looking south. The vegetable garden is around main buildings. The main building is compose of an On-dol room(a hot-floored room) and a kitchen, a corridor etc.

This study intends to investigate the urban system based on the population present days and to try to present a place where orientation of the urban system for the balanced development of the region and the direction of the urban system in China. The urban population of China, reforming and opening policy since the 1980s, the population began to concentrate mainly in the eastern coastal areas. Accession to the WTO in 2001, the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008, the proportion of the population in urban and rural areas has been reversed. Urban system in China According to Zipf's city-rank size rule based on the population indicates top cites show primate distribution and lower cities show the regional weakened association distribution. That urban systems show increasing economic dependence on foreign and inefficient use of resources. That undermines the balanced development of the country causing an imbalance in the small towns and rural areas. Orientation of urban system is modified in order to develop a balanced national land, that plan is network urban system. The orientation of China's cities will be converted into stable and horizontal network type polynuclear structure of Chinese urban system. The metropolitan areas perform the function of a central and small cities will have to find ways to strengthen the competitiveness of the region through regional specialization.