Recently, ice-on-coil type ice storage system has become a very popular issue in application to electric powered air conditioning systems. An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the ice making characteristics of an ice-on-coil type ice storage system. The ice storage system used two rectangular tank, one is 900 ℓ with a thermal capacity 3,300 kcal/h and the other is 3,000 ℓ with a thermal capacity 9,900 kcal/h. An experimental data has been measured as the variation of a ice making time. The results indicate that the ice making rate increase due to variation of ice making time gradually, and is high in case of the smaller refrigerant coil from 5 hour but larger refrigerant coil after this.

본 연구에서는 2006년 1월부터 2009년 2월까지 자연 상태에서 만들어진 솟는 고드름(n=107)을 관측, 분석하여 실험실에서 솟는 고드름을 재현할 수 있는 실험 장치를 개발했다. 이 장치를 이용하여 동영상 관측과 실험(531개의 솟는 고드름 생성)을 통해 그 생성과 성장 원리를 연구했다. 용기의 아래 부분이 위쪽 보다 더 차가운 상태에서 용기 바닥과 물 표면에서부터 얼음이 얼기 시작하는데, 표면에서 얼음이 얼지 않는 부분을 숨구멍이라고 하며 이곳으로부터 솟는 고드름이 만들어지기 시작한다. 솟는 고드름이 만들어지기 시작한 후 계속 성장하기 위해서는 용기 하부의 물이 얼음으로 변할 때의 부피 팽창 효과와 숨구멍을 통해 올라오는 과냉각수의 빠른 빙결 효과 등이 관련된다. 실험 장치에서 아이스 트레이 큐브에 증류수를 넣고, -12- -13˚C의 온도를 약 1시간 30분 정도 유지시키면 수면에 살얼음과 숨구멍이 생기기 시작한다. 숨구멍으로부터 생기기 시작한 솟는 고드름은 10-30분 동안 성장하고, 끝이 막히면서 성장을 멈춘다. 솟는 고드름의 형태는 7가지로 분류되며 자연 상태에서는 꼭지형과 기운형이 많았고, 실험실에서는 수직형이 가장 많았다.

This study was carried out to evaluate the genotoxicity of the gamma-irradiated (0, 5 and 10 kGy) milk and ice cream. The Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay was performed using S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535 and TA1537 as tester strains. The number of revertant colonies were not increased in both milk and ice cream, compared with negative controls with or without metabolic activation. There were no significant differences among the irradiation doses. These results indicate that the gamma-irradiated milk and ice cream do not show any genotoxic effect under these experimental conditions, and that they may be safe genotoxically.

A long-term in situ observation was carried out in the Ice-valley at Milyang in order to explain the factors and processes associated with the summertime ice formation. The variation of temperature inside Ice-valley in relation with ice formation in summer time was found to depend on precipitation rate in spring and cold air sinking in autumn and winter. The rate of temperature rising tends to correspond to sensible heat release depending on the precipitation amount at the freezing location. The reason of the cold air accumulation in a talus in the Ice-valley is the cold air sinking over the surface of talus due to the occurrence of outside clod air mass and the accumulated cold air from autumn to spring flow outside at the bottom of talus. The out-flowing cold air can result in the ice formation in the hot summer.

The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) is an integral component of ship navigation equipment, that enables mariners to view Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC). Recently, it has become possible to transport freight and energy resources via the Northern Sea Routes (NSR) as global warming has been accelerating. However, ice can impact all types of ships and the potential danger that ice poses is significant. Until now, ice, consistently proven to be one of the most dangerous threats impacting navigation in ice-covered regions, has its detailed standard in the specification of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) for ECDIS. The investigations described in this paper were conducted to assess the advantages and problems of the display of ice objects on ECDIS. The experiments were conducted by using the Geographic Information System (GIS) to perform ice objects with their corresponding colors and symbols. Implementation of the standardized appearance of ice objects can enable mariners to access the ice condition of seas in a short time before navigating a safe passage through potentially treacherous waters. However, remain issues that must be overcome for data on ice to be fully compatible with an ECDIS system.

비탈면 붕괴의 한 요소로 동절기 및 해빙기 과정에서 동결-융해에 따른 풍화, 수축-팽창 등의 영향으로 비탈면 안정성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 실제 국내외에서 해빙기 시기에 비탈면 붕괴사고가 빈번히 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 해빙기 비탈면의 안전 확보를 위하여 해빙기 비탈면 유지관리 방안을 제시하였다. 외관조사 및 자료조사를 통한 상세 점검을 바탕으로 고도화된 위험성 평가 여부를 결정하고, 위험성 평가에서도 위험성이 높다고 판단되는 경우, 전기비저항 등을 통해 위험단면을 선정하여 실시간 모니터링을 경제적으로 실시할 수 있도록 유지관리 프로세스를 계획하였다.

Recently, the slope failure, which is frequently happened in Ice-melting season, attracts attention in South Korea. The increasing trend in frequency of freezing-thawing process has regarded as major reason of slope failure. However, the time and check level are not reflected at the safety assessments and inspection guidelines. Therefore, the characteristics of slope in ice-melting season should be considered to improve the slope stability in ice-melting season. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of the potential risk factors on the slope stability for development of the slope checklist reflecting the timing and check level based on the slope inspection checklist which is provided by the recent research.

Present study investigates whether the syntactic constraints of English reflexives and pronouns originally proposed in Standard Binding Theory (SBT; Chomsky 1980, 1981, 1986) are well-reflected in written corpus data in British English by using the ICE-GB corpus. Four linguistic factors including structural relations between the reflexives/pronouns and their antecedents were used to analyze 1,000 sentences (400 reflexives and 600 pronouns) extracted from the ICE-GB corpus. The results demonstrated the following: i) The linguistic factors related to binding conditions showed structural differences between reflexives and pronouns in English; ii) English reflexives showed more cases of discourse binding (i.e., binding outside the sentential boundary) than the original expectation of SBT; iii) With the domain of sentential binding, structural constraints such as c-commanding and binding domain (Governing Category: SSC and TSC) were nearly violated with reflexives.

Purpose: The present study was designed to improve interpersonal relationships between team members and to clarify team members' roles for the enhancement of team processes and functions in a college ice hockey team through the team building intervention. Methods: Twenty five ice hockey players participated in the team building intervention program. The program consisted of ten sessions which were based on previous research and was conducted once a week at the athlete’s dormitory for ten weeks. The questionnaires (Interpersonal Relationship Questionnaire, Role Perception Questionnaire), the experience report, and the in-depth interview were used as measures to verify the effects of the team building intervention. The paired t-test and the inductive analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The level of the interpersonal relationships tended to increase. However, only two factors, satisfaction and sensibility, were statistically significant. In general, the level of the role clarification was statistically non-significant. Only the role conflict factor tended to decrease whereas two factors (role ambiguity, role over load) tended to increase. Intriguingly, the role overload factor was significantly increased. Moreover, the formation of a climate of positive interactions within the team, the establishment of positive interpersonal relationships among teammates, the enhancement of team coordination, and the clarification of the team members' roles were revealed through the experience-report and the in-depth interview. Conclusion: In conclusion, the team building intervention helped team members establish positive interpersonal relationships among teammates, especially seniors and juniors, and clarify team members' roles in the team. Ultimately, it could enhance team processes and functions as well as optimal team performance.

Observations were conducted in Uiseong Binggye-ri Ice Valley of Korea, where a low temperature talus is located. The talus temperature at Ice Hole near the lower end of the talus remained at 0°C until summer or autumn and averaged -0.3°C over 2 years. The talus temperature at Warm Hole was much higher than the external air temperature during autumn and winter. The outflow of warm air at Warm Hole begins in the late summer of fall. The direction of airflow through the talus surface was determined by the relationship between talus temperature and external air temperature. Annual variations in talus temperature and air exchange between the talus and the external environment can be divided into four periods. It was found that the airflow directions at Warm Hole and Ice Hole were not necessarily opposites. The outflows from the talus at Ice Hole and Warm Hole can occur simultaneously.