Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) has caused severe agricultural damage in Asian regions. To clarify genetic relationships among different populations of R. pedestris in Korea, 294 COI sequences were generated from 294 individual samples collected in 42 local regions. In total, 36 haplotypes were detected from the 294 COI sequences, and the genetic distances among the 42 local populations ranged from 0.00 % to 1.50 %. In the AMOVA results, a variability of more than 98 % was observed within populations, and the median joining (MJ) networks revealed that R. pedestris has expanded by crossing the nine geographical groups. Most of the samples shared one haplotype, H2; however, some samples obtained from the same regions displayed slight genetic differences. These results indicate that R. pedestris have undergone a series of genetic variations.

Soft power is an important part of national comprehensive strength, many countries has taken all kinds of measures to improve the level of soft power, but there are big differences of efficiency. Important reason lies in the cultural communication strategy. This paper takes China and Republic of Korea as examples to sum up the influence of cultural communication strategy on soft power. The common characteristics of the two countries is the importance of government. However, due to differences in cultural industrialization and dissemination content, there are still great differences in the effect of cultural transformation into soft power. Overall, Republic of Korea has more successful experiences and China is in the process of development.

Biodiversity has globally declined because of various drivers, and the loss of biodiversity encroaches ecosystem services resulting in more serious socio-economic and environmental problems in low-income or underdeveloped countries where local livelihood is highly dependent on ecosystem services. Official Development Assistance (ODA) from developed countries may help address the negative drivers of biodiversity loss. However, little researches on ODA related to biodiversity issues in the Republic of Korea are available. This study was conducted to review the current status of ODA related with biodiversity issues provided by Korea. We used ‘Green ODA’ guided by the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) and ’Creditor Reporting System (CRS)’ code of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to identify and analyze biodiversity-related ODAs. As a result, ODAs for biodiversity provided by Korea were belonged to two of five categories of the Green ODA. The total amount of the overall ODAs and Green ODAs have increased steadily since the 2000s. However, the amount of biodiversity-related ODAs had greatly changed over time, and its proportion to overall ODA budgets had remained low. This may be largely because the ODAs for biodiversity had been implemented on a short-term basis, not for systematic long-term projects. In order to meet the global trend for biodiversity conservation, it is necessary to expand the total amount of ODAs for biodiversity, establish long-term plans, and maintain the continuity of biodiversity-related ODA projects.

베트남은 3,444 가 넘는 해안선, 수천 개의 섬 그리고 길이 4260 이상인 2,360개의 강과 수로가 있는 해양국이다. 선박 에 의한 유류수송의 빈도와 수송량이 증가하면서 기름유출사고의 가능성이 과거 어느 때보다 높아지고 있다. 해상에서의 연료유 및 화 물유의 유출은 해양생태계, 연안자원 및 인간건강은 물론 사회 경제에 대하여 광범위하고 장기적인 영향을 미친다. 본 연구는 20년 동안의 기름유출사고 건수와 유출량과 같은 베트남의 해양기름유출 현황 그리고 기름유출대응(OSR)에 대한 국가체제 등과 같은 국가 대응체계에 관한 전반을 보여줄 뿐만 아니라, 특히 베트남과 한국 사이의 국가기름유출대응체제를 비교함으로써 기름유출사고에 대응 하여 베트남의 국가역량을 강화하기 위한 권고안을 제시하고자 한다. 그 결과, 베트남의 해양기름유출사고 건수와 유출량은 한국의 하 락 추세와는 대조적으로 상승 추세를 보였다. 이는 베트남의 연안 해역에서 실제적 기름유출 가능성이 높다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 베트남의 국가기름유출대응역량을 강화하기 위한 3가지 주요 권고안을 다음과 같이 제안한다. 즉 OPRC협약의 수락 · 이행 그리고 유류오염으로 인한 피해 및 손실을 보상하는 국가기금의 조성과 같은 기름유출사고에 대비하고 대응하기 위한 법률제도를 포함한 국 가기름유출대응 시스템을 강화하기 위한 방안의 개발; 일관된 보고, 경보 및 모니터링 시스템의 강화; 표준 교육과정 내용으로 구성된 교육 및 훈련 프로그램의 개발을 제안하고자 한다.

Hallasan is an elliptical volcano on Jeju Island and is the highest mountain in South Korea. A survey was carriedout to investigate soil Gamasina mite composition in the Hallasan National Park during 2016-17. Soil samples were collectedvarious microhabitats from Baekrokdam and Muljangori. We found these eight species; Euparholaspulus primori, Gamasholaspisbrowningi, G. communis, Parholaspulus bregetovae, P. hiasmaticus, P. maturovae, P. orientalis and P. paradichaetes fromsoil. Among these species, Parholaspulus bregetovae, P. hiasmaticus, P. maturovae, P. orientalis and P. paradichaeteswere first records from Baekrokdam and Muljangori, Halla National Park, South Korea.

Aedes albopictus is an important vector for yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya fever and Zika virus. This mosquitohas been exposed to organophosphates and pyrethroids in Republic of Korea for a long time. Using the direct contactmortality bioassay, susceptibility strain and two field populations of Ae. albopictus from Busan, and Damyang. Insecticidalproperty were indicated to RR ratio values (Resistant ratio to strain of susceptibility) of LC50 (Midian Lethal concentration)to organophosphats and pyrethroids. Genomic DNA was used for Allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) genotyping of the acethylcholineesterase to detect Gly119Ser mutations and kdr gene to detect Phe1534Cys mutations. Detoxification enzyme activitiesof Ae. albopictus from Busan and Damyang were assessed using microplate enzyme activity assays. Activities of fourdetoxification enzymes eg., glutathione S-transferase(GST), Non specific esterases (α-naphthyl acetate and β-naphthyl acetate),and cytochrome C oxidase were determined for each Ae. albopictus strain. This study might suggest that Ae. albopictuscontrol programs should be prepared for the management of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticide resistance.

The intracellular endosymbiont bacterium Wolbachia is currently known to be the most common in arthropods. It mayleads to male-killing, cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis and feminization of genetic males with large impacton host ecology and evolution in mosquitoes. Mosquitoes was collected in four areas with various ecological conditionsusing black light traps and Wolbachia detection from the collected mosquitoes was carried out by PCR using WSP andFtsZ genes primers. A total of 385 individual mosquitoes were screened. 213 mosquitoes (55.3%) belonging to four specieswere positive for Wolbachia infections. Aedes albopictus showed the highest infection rate (100%). Wolbachia infectionand type were firstly reported in Aedes in Korea.

The activities of three class, five acaricides (Permethrin, Deltamethrin, Fenitrothion, Chlorpyrifos, Imidacloprid) againstHaemaphysalis longicornis nymph, a major vector for Severe Fever with Thrombo cytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) and Lymedisease. The ticks distribute at vast open fields and various kind of habitats. Five acaricides were applied to ticks collectedform four areas(Gapyeong, Paju, Chuncheon, Wonju) to confirm the effect of acaricide. This areas was the area whereSFTS disease occurred and a large nember of ticks were collected. As a result, All areas is the most acaricidal effectto Deltamethrin. And two areas(Gapyeong, Paju) has the lowest acaricidal effect to Imidacloprid and two area(Chuncheon,Wonju) has the lowest acaricidal effect to Permethrin. Futher study will need to compare the acaricidal efficacy of theremaining seven province.

A climate change has been reported as the most important issue related with vector borne diseases eg. Zika and Denguemainly transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. In 2016, 24 imported Zika virus disease cases and > 300 cases of Dengue feverwere reported in the Republic of Korea (ROK). In the ROK, the control of disease vectors has been mainly carried outusing chemicals, which resulted in high insecticide resistance. Many studies and projects in Korea Center for DiseaseControl & Preventionfor overcoming the insecticide resistance of disease vectors have been carried out and some nationaldisease vector management systems for effective vector control are established throughout the ROK. In this presentation,the national vector management systems and studies will be addressed.Key words : Disease vectors, National management, the Republic of Korea, climate change

Suillus granulatus is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that is associated with pine roots. S. granulatus is edible mushroom and known as the weeping bolete. S. granulatus is similar to S. luteus, but S. granulatus has a ringless stalk. We investigated in the growth characteristics of the 4 strains of S. granulatus with growth medium, temperature, and cellulase enzyme activities. NIFoS 1211 and 2701 showed the highest growth on PDA and NIFoS 1997 produced abundant mycelia on MMN. NIFoS 2615 was grown well on SDA. In spite of same species, the optimal media were different according to habitat of fruit body. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth of all strains was 25oC and NIFoS 2615 was also grown well at 30oC. All of strains on MMN liquid medium were typically grown at pH ranges from 5.8 to 6.2. The dry weights of S. granulatus strains were measured according to different inorganic nitrogen sources. All strains showed the highest dry weight on MMN and showed little difference on none contained nitrogen source, ammonium and nitrate media. We measured cellulase activity on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) agar plates, and determined clear zone according to pHs. The 4 strains of S. granulatus showed the positive reactions in cellulase activity. All strains formed the height clear zone at pH 6.

For centuries, Lentinula edodes called “Pyogo” in Korea has been cultivated as a high-grade edible mushroom in Asia. This is known as medicinal mushroom for cold prevention in oriental medicine. In the world market, this mushroom of Lentinula edodes is introduced as representative edible and medicinal mushroom in Asia. As consumer interest increases, Asian Lentinula edodes market is also growing. There is a record that Korea has already been used as a gourmet food on the royal meal table for the king in the 15th century Joseon Dynasty. In Korea's famous oriental book, it is cooked with many traditional foods because of the pharmaceutical efficacy of this mushroom. For long time ago, difference in cultivation as well as in mushroom growth of Lentinula edodes has studied in Korea. Recent advances in cultivation of selected high quality mushroom studied from substrate optimization using log and sawdust of oak tree. Cultivation of Lentinula edodes strain research controlled the production of large quantity of various substrate conditions. This mushroom mycelia and fruit-body were cultivated in log of oak tree and sawdust substrate cultivation in types of bioreactors. According to compared cultivation method, it presented the optimistic condition for the amount production of various Lentinula edodes strain in Korea.

The current study identified risk factors associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection on pig farms in the Republic of Korea using a multinomial logistic regression model to evaluate the PCV2 infection status of pigs at different growth stages. Compulsory disinfection of visitors (odds ratio [OR]: 0.019, 95% confidence interval [CI]: <0.001–0.378, p=0.0095), compulsory registration of visitors (OR: 0.002, 95% CI: <0.001–0.184, p=0.0070), regular blood testing (OR: 0.012, 95% CI: <0.001–0.157, p=0.0007), and running on-farm biosecurity learning programs for workers (OR: 0.156, 95% CI: 0.040–0.604, p=0.0072 and OR: 0.201, 95% CI: 0.055–0.737, p=0.0155, respectively) were identified as factors which could reduce the risk of PCV2 infection. However, visitation by a regular veterinarian (OR: 32.733, 95% CI: 3.768–284.327, p=0.0016) was associated with PCV2 infection.

This study was aimed to find yield prediction model of Italian ryegrass using climate big data and geographic information. After that, mapping the predicted yield results using Geographic Information System (GIS) as follows; First, forage data were collected; second, the climate information, which was matched with forage data according to year and location, was gathered from the Korean Metrology Administration (KMA) as big data; third, the climate layers used for GIS were constructed; fourth, the yield prediction equation was estimated for the climate layers. Finally, the prediction model was evaluated in aspect of fitness and accuracy. As a result, the fitness of the model (R2) was between 27% to 95% in relation to cultivated locations. In Suwon (n=321), the model was; DMY = 158.63AGD –8.82AAT +169.09SGD - 8.03SAT +184.59SRD -13,352.24 (DMY: Dry Matter Yield, AGD: Autumnal Growing Days, SGD: Spring Growing Days, SAT: Spring Accumulated Temperature, SRD: Spring Rainfall Days). Furthermore, DMY was predicted as 9,790±120 (kg/ha) for the mean DMY(9,790 kg/ha). During mapping, the yield of inland areas were relatively greater than that of coastal areas except of Jeju Island, furthermore, northeastern areas, which was mountainous, had lain no cultivations due to weak cold tolerance. In this study, even though the yield prediction modeling and mapping were only performed in several particular locations limited to the data situation as a startup research in the Republic of Korea.

The purpose of this monitoring is to survey the geographical distribution of tick species using dry ice bait traps and flagging methods at each ten provinces (GangwonⅠ,GangwonⅡ, Gyeonggi, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam and Jeju area) and one Metropolitan area in the Republic of Korea for eight months from April through November, 2016. A total of 65,339 ixodid ticks (8,200 females, 1,988 males, 31,453 nymphs and 23,698 larvae) was collected, belonging to three genera (Haemaphysalis, Ixodes and Amblyomma). Haemaphysalis longicornis was the most commonly collected species, which is represented for 96.88% of all the collected ticks and followed by H. flava (2.69%), I. nipponensis (0.35%), A. testudinarium (0.05%) and H. japonica (0.03%) in the Republic of Korea for the study period. Haemaphysalis longicornis was a dominant species observed in these eleven areas.

As the malaria surveillance agency, the Korean Center for Control and Prevention (KCDC) has been monitoring malaria vector mosquito density and Plasmodium vivax infection since 2009. Anopheline mosquitoes were collected at 35 sites in Incheon, northern Gyeonggi and northern Gangwon Province using black light trap daily from April to October 2015. P. vivax infection of malaria vector mosquitoes tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In 2015, a total of 57,926 malaria vector mosquitoes were collected among 138,119 mosquitoes. Three P. vivax positive pools were detected among 1,556 pools (13,745 individuals) and its minimum infection rate was 0.22. According to the monitoring result of malaria vector mosquitoes, early summer (June-July) could be an appropriate time for a malaria elimination campaign until September.

The squid Todarodes pacificus is a commercially important fishery species in East Asia. As East Asians consume raw or lightly cooked squids, there has been growing concern about parasitic infections associated with squid consumption. In the current study, five squids caught in the East Sea were sampled for parasitological research from the biggest fishery market in Seoul, Republic of Korea. They were dissected and examined for parasites using a light microscope. Proteocephalus sp. was isolated and identified using field emission scanning electron microscopy, PCR, and sequencing. Given that Proteocephalus spp. can be affected by water temperature and geographical characteristics, further research on Proteocephalus spp. with respect to changes in water temperature in the East Sea is important.