This study was designed to develop a scale to measure primary school English teachers’ professionalism based on affective factors. The Swailes' (2003) scale was used to best reflect the local context where teachers in primary schools teach English to young learners. Three surveys were sent to a total of 1,008 primary school English teachers. Three different focus groups were used to refine the survey items in the modification process from the first to the third survey. The data were analyzed using exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analysis. These results showed the validity of fifteen items for investigating primary English teachers’ professionalism: four items related to 'professional commitment', three related to 'professional autonomy', three items related to professional belief in public service, three items to profession as referent, and two items to professional regulation. It is hoped that the scale items developed in this study can be used to identify the standard of professionalism of primary English teachers and provide policy makers or school decision makers with data that can be used to enhance professionalism within the community of primary English teachers.

The present study investigates affective factors which affect primary English teachers' professionalism. For the analysis of the study, quantitative data was obtained from 576 primary school English teachers who responded to a questionnaire. Qualitative data was also collected from three different focus group interviews and ten individual interviews. A quantitative data analysis shows that collective teacher-efficacy is the best predictor of primary school English teachers' professionalism among the three factors of self-efficacy, organization-based self-esteem, and collective self-efficacy. This result is consistent with interview data which shows that more positive than negative comments are observed in regards to collective teacher-efficacy. Pedagogical implications have been discussed.

현재 전 세계적으로 설계단계에서 부식 생성물과 방사성 핵종의 양을 예측하는 프로그램에 대해서는 개발되거나 개발중인 프로그램이 다양하다. 그러나 원자력 발전소 해체 시 발생하는 방사화 부식생성물의 양을 평가하는 코드에 대한 개발은 이 루어지지 않고 있어 정확한 산정에 어려움이 있다. 원자로 용기, 원자로 구성품 및 인접 구조물에서의 특성 원소의 중성자 조 사로 인한 방사화재고량을 평가하기 위해서는 원자로의 고정된 구조물을 대표하는 모든 영역에서의 평균 중성자속과 구조 물의 물질조성 및 원자로 운전이력 등을 이용하여 평가해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 설계단계에서 사용되는 1차 계통의 부식생 성물과 방사성 핵종의 양을 예측하는 CORA, PACTOLE, CRUDSIM, CREAT 및 ACE 코드를 분석하였다. 향후 연구에서는 제 염해체 폐기물 발생량 평가에 대한 사용가능성과 개선점을 찾아 부식생성물량 산정에 정확성을 높이고자 한다.

In industrial situation, electronic and electro-mechanical systems have been using different type of batteries in rapidly increasing numbers. These systems commonly require high reliability for long periods of time. Wider application of battery for low-power design as a prime power source requires us knowledge of failure mechanism and reliability of batteries in terms of load condition, environment condition and other explanatory variables. Battery life is an important factor that affects the reliability of such systems. There is need for us to understand the mechanism leading to the failure state of battery with performance characteristic and develop a method to predict the life of such battery. The purpose of this paper is to develope the methodology of monitoring the health of battery and determining the condition or fate of such systems through the performance reliability to predict the remaining useful life of primary battery with load condition, operating condition, environment change in light of battery life variation. In order to evaluate on-going performance of systems and subsystems adopting primary batteries as energy source, The primitive prototype for performance reliability analysis device was developed and related framework explained.

Primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) associated with dental osseointegrated implants is very rare. We experienced two patients who had received dental implant surgery before they were diagnosed with OSCC. We report these cases to emphasize the importance of differential diagnosis of malignant lesions associated with dental implants. Additionally, we also suggest that bone graft materials around implants can serve as a potential inducer of invasiveness in cancer cells.

We would like to report a case of leiomyoma of the ovaries in a dog. Leiomyoma is commonly seen in the vagina in dogs. However, it is a very rare neoplasm in the ovaries. As there have only been a few reported cases, this report provides valuable information on veterinary medicine and pathology. Masses found in the ovaries need to be differentiated from other ovarian tumors. Therefore, we describe the gross, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features of a case of ovarian leiomyoma in a 10-year-old female Yorkshire Terrier dog. The mass on the right of the uterus was found accidentally by pelvic ultrasonography. Laparatomy revealed a large multi-nodulated ovarian mass. Grossly, cut surfaces of the mass showed multiple firm whitish nodules in the cortex and bloody loose connective tissue in the medulla. Histopathologically, the cortex of the mass was composed of spindle cells forming interlacing fascicles. The cells had elongated, blunt-ended nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm as detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunohistochemical stained sections were immunoreactive for α-smooth muscle actin and desmin but negative for vimentin and S-100. Therefore, differential diagnosis confirmed leiomyoma based on morphology and positive staining for α-smooth muscle actin and desmin.

A cell line of bovine origin was immortalized to isolate foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The immortalization was performed by infection of bovine primary epithelial cells with a recombinant retrovirus that overexpressed the human telomerase (hTERT), after primary culture of fetal bovine kidney tissue and removal of fibroblasts. After cloning the immor- talized cell line into single cells, the cloned cell lines were named JNUBK-1, JNUBK-2, JNUBK-3 and JNUBK-4, according to their characteristics. To confirm the epithelial phenotype of the cell lines JNUBK-3 and JNUBK-4, which showed stable proliferation capability over 35 generations after immortalization, the expression of cytokeratin and fibronectin was measured. Finally, the FMDV titer in the JNUBK-3 and JNUBK-4 cell lines was measured and was 800∼2,000 times higher than that of the currently used cell line IRBS-2. In conclusion, more sensitive isolation and production of FMDV became possible through the use of the immortalized JNUBK-3 and JNUBK-4 cell lines.

A lab-scale Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) was applied to treat a primary sludge taken from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. In this experiment, acidogenic reaction was promoted by operating the ABR with short hydraulic retention time (HRT) to produce sufficient volatile fatty acids (VFA) instead of production of methane. The performance of ABR on the VFA production and total solids reduction was observed with different operating conditions with 2, 4, 6, and 8 days of HRT. Corresponding organic loading rates were 6.7, 3.4, 2.2, and 1.6 kgCODcr /m3·day. As HRT increased the removal rate of TCOD was also increased (82.5, 84.2, 96.9, and 95.9 % in average for HRT of 2, 4, 6, and 8 days, respectively) because the settlement of solids was enhanced in the baffle by the decrease of upflow velocity. At HRT of 2 days the average concentration of VFA in the effluent was measured at 1,306±552 mgCOD/L corresponding to 107 % increment as compared to the VFA concentration in the influent. However, as HRT increased VFA concentraiotn was decreased to 143±552 mgCOD/L at HRT of 8 days. The reduction rates of total solids were 12.2, 26.5, 24.8, and 43.0 % for HRT of 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. As HRT increased the hydrolysis of organic particulate matters in the reactor was enhanced due to the increasing of solids retention time in the baffle zone with low upflow velocity in long HRT condition. Consequently, we found that a primary sludge became a good source of VFA production by the application of ABR process with HRT less than 4 days and the 12-26 % of total solids reduction was expected at these conditions.

홍콩 교육당국은 90년대부터 적극적으로 정보통신기술을 이용한 학습을 추진 하였다. 그러나 전자학습이 소학교 학생들의 연필을 잡고 한자를 쓰는데 있어 어 떤 영향을 미칠 것인가에 대해서는 여전히 많은 논쟁이 있다. 전자교재를 교육의 보조도구로 활용하는 방안은 이미 20년을 넘도록 추진되고 있으나, 오직 학자들만 이 가끔씩 이 변화가 가져오는 이익과 손해에 대해서 관심을 가지고 있을 뿐이다. 본 연구는 두 개의 소학교에 있는 네 개 반의 5학년 학생 80명을 연구 대상으로 삼아, 녹화와 분석을 통해 학생들의 한자쓰기를 상하구조, 좌우구조, 전포위구조, 반포위구조 등으로 분류하고, 계량화하였다. 이 때 비교실험군(전자학습반)과 통 제군(전통학습반)으로 나누고 학생들의 한자 쓰기 필순의 습관과 틀리게 쓰는 상황이 각기 다르게 나타는 상황과 한자 쓰기 퀴즈와 면담의 내용 까지도 실험 내용 에 포함시켰다. 연구를 통해 우리는 대조군과 실험군에서 암묵적으로 사용하는 한자쓰기와 필 순에 별다른 차이가 없음을 발견하였다. 하지만 실험조의 낮은 수준의 학생들은 암묵적 쓰기에 있어서 대조군의 낮은 수준의 학생에 비해 현격하게 낮은 결과를 나타내었다. 교사 심층 면담을 통해 전자학습이 학생들의 한자 쓰기에 부정적 영 향을 미치고 있으며, 합리적인 한자교육의 운용과 평가, 학교 공부를 통해 이를 감소시키거나 없앨 수 있음을 알았다. 반대로 얘기하자면 보조적인 교수 학습 전 략이 부족하다면 낮은 수준의 학생들은 한자를 학습하는데 부정적인 영향이 계속 될 가능성이 있으며, 학습에 부담을 증가시킬 수 있다는 것이다. 때문에 교사는 전자학습의 보조적인 전략을 운영할 때에도 많은 주의를 기울여야 한다

This report describes a rare case of primary rectal mature teratoma in a 56-year-old woman. She was referred to the outpatient clinic with a large pedunculated rectal mass, which was found during a regular health check-up. Polypectomy was performed and microscopic findings showed various structures derived from all three germ cell layers. Epidermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, eccrine glands, and apocrine sweat glands, with some scattered melanophages and lymphocytes were present as ectodermal derivatives. Smooth muscle fibers, blood vessels, and fibrous and adipose tissues were found as mesodermal derivatives. In addition, thyroid follicles, mucinous glands, and bronchial respiratory epithelium with peribronchial glands were detected as endodermal derivatives. She is healthy and has shown no evidence of recurrence or distant metastasis for 25 months post-surgical resection. Primary rectal teratomas are generally benign and primarily affect women. Therefore, minimally invasive surgical procedures, such as endoscopic polypectomy for a pedunculated polyp and segmentectomy for a larger mass, are satisfactory in most cases. Induction of primary rectal teratomas has been suggested to occur mainly by errors in a single germ cell after the end of meiosis I; in addition, it has also been suggested that the difference in gender incidence may be associated with differences in sex chromosomes between males and females rather than with anatomical proximity between ovary and rectum.

본 연구는 식물성 플랑크톤의 1차 생산력에 대한 N:P ratio의 영향을 분석하기 위해 “영양염 첨가실험(NEBs)”을 실시하였다. 영양염 첨가실험(NEBs)에 의한 N:P Ratio의 영향은 대청호에서 측정된 수질데이터와 비교분석하였다. 단기 영양염 첨가실험 결과, 인 (P)을 첨가한 처리군들 (N:P Ratio=5, 15, 20, 30)에서의 1차 생산력의 반응이 대조군 (Control)과 인(P)을 첨가한 처리군 (N:P Ratio=80, TV), 질소(N)를 첨가한 처리군(N:P Ratio=150, TVI)에서보다 높았다. 또한 질소 (N)를 처리한 처리군에서는 대조군과 모든 처리군에서보다 1차 생산력의 반응이 유의하게 작았다. 영양염 첨가실험의 결과, 식물성 플랑크톤의 성장에 인이 제한영양염으로 작용하고 있었으며, 질소첨가 (Spiking N)는 식물성 플랑크톤의 성장을 억제한 것으로 사료된다. 대청호의 영양염 변이 분석 결과, 최소 N:P Ratio에서 엽록소-a의 최대농도가 나타났고, N:P Ratio는 식물성 플랑크톤의 성장에 대한 핵심 조절자로 사료되었다. 본 연구결과를 종합해 볼 때, N:P Ratio가 식물성 플랑크톤의 성장을 조절하는 핵심 인자로 작용 할 것으로 사료된다.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) developed into sperms through spermatogenesis have been utilized as a useful tool in the field of regenerative medicine and infertility. However, a small number of highly qualified SSCs are resided in the seminiferous tubule of testis, resulted in developing effective in-vitro culture system of SSCs for solving simultaneously quantitative and qualitative problems. Presently, SSCs can be enriched on testicular stromal cells (TSCs), but there are no systematic researches about TSC culture. Therefore, we tried to optimize culture condition of TSCs derived from mouse with different strains. For these, proliferation and viability were measured and compared by culturing ICR outbred or DBA/2 inbred mouse-derived TSCs at 35 or 37℃. In case of ICR strain, primary TSCs cultured at 37℃ showed significantly higher proliferation and viability than those at 35℃ and significant increase of proliferation and viability in sub-passaged TSCs was detected in the 35℃ culture condition. Moreover, sub-passage of primary TSCs at 35℃ induced no significant effects on proliferation and viability. In contrast, in case of DBA/2 strain, significantly improved proliferation were detected in the primary TSCs cultured at 35℃, which showed no significant difference in the viability, compared to those at 37℃. Furthermore, sub-passaged TSCs cultured at 37℃ showed no significant differences in proliferation and viability, compared to those at 35℃. However, with significant decrease of proliferation induced by sub-passage of primary TSCs at 35℃, no significant effects on proliferation and viability were resulted from sub-passage of primary TSCs at 37℃. From these results, culture temperature of primary TSCs derived from outbred and inbred strain of mouse could be separately optimized in primary culture and subculture.

The present study aims to seek ways of activating teaching consulting by investigating how primary and secondary English teachers perceive consulting. A survey was conducted to investigate the current state of English teaching consulting at schools and to identify needs to be met for effective consulting. 157 primary and 107 secondary English teachers took part in the survey using a questionnaire. The major findings from the data analysis are summarized as follows: (1) teaching consulting is not widely accepted as significant in professional development yet, and teaching consulting is not likely to be done voluntarily; (2) there is lack of professional consultants; (3) the administration process involved in consulting needs to be truncated and made simple; (4) the evaluation of consulting needs to be fed back in improving teaching and professional learning; and (5) teachers’ voluntary involvement in consulting and cooperative professional development are considered to be important to activate and sustain consulting. Some measures are suggested to vitalize consulting in English teaching at schools and directions for future research are discussed.

바다목장해역의 해수 유동모델과 저차생태계 모델을 이용하여 저차생태계의 환경요인의 시공간적으로 변화를 파악하였다. 울진 주변해역에서 POM 모델을 이용하여 4대 분조(M₂, S₂, K₁, O₁)의 조석효과, 바람효과, 수온·염분의 효과, 해류를 고려하여 유동을 계산하였다. 대·소조기의 조류는 평해 남동쪽에서 가장 강한흐름이 나타났다. 잔차류의 크기는 표층, 중층 및, 저층에서 유사한 방향으로 유속 차이는 미약했다. 잔차류의 공간적인 분포를 보면 연안역을 따라 북동향류가 우세하고, 외양에서 흐름보다 연안에서 흐름이 우세하다. 이러한 유동 환경에서의 울진 바다목장 해역에서 저차생태계 모델을 이용하여 NH₄, NO₃, Chl-a, 동물플랑크톤 및 Detitus의 저차생태계의 시공간적인 변화를 파악하였다.

A phase variation has been reported in an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila. Compared to a wild type primary form, a secondary form usually lose several physiological and biochemical characters. This study showed that the phase variation of X. nematophila caused a significant alteration in its immunosuppressive activity and subsequent entomopathogenicity. A secondary form of X. nematophila was detected in laboratory colonies and exhibited significant differences in dye absorption and entomopathogenicity. In addition, the secondary form was different in production of eicosanoid-biosynthesis inhibitors (EBIs) compared to the primary form of X. nematophila. Production of oxindole and p-hydroxypropionic acid was significantly reduced in the culture broth of the secondary form of X. nematophila. The reduced EBI production resulted in significant suppression in the inhibitory effects on a cellular nodule formation and phenoloxidase activity. Culture broth of the primary form of X. nematophila significantly more enhanced the pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) than the culture broth of the secondary form. Furthermore, this study developed a high efficient ‘Dual Bt-Plus’ to control both lepidopteran insect pests of Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera exigua by mixing two effective Bt strains along with the addition of potent bacterial metabolites or 100-fold concentrated X. nematophila culture broth.

這個研究歸納了小一識字教學期間對學生的觀察，分析小一學生識字的過程及方法。探討現今的中文科教材在識字教學設計上，能否配合漢字的特性，學習者的心理，並提出改進教學設計的建議。 研究的目的是希望從漢字學習、多種識字教學法、兒童心理學的角度來探討學習成效。研究對象是就讀小學一年級的適齡學生。本人選取了大多數學校常用的中國語文科教科書示例，結合實際教學經驗及例子,供教育人士參考。

This is one of papers about Chinese character teaching. The questionnaire focused on the teacher’s attentions about Chinese character handwriting teaching, especially on the students’ biases on handwriting studying. Our questionnaire sent to teachers who teach Chinese lesson in 1‐3 grades of primary school in Beijing.  The Excel table show 2500 Chinese characters that must be grasped according to the Chinese curriculum standard (2011). The respondents have been asked state briefly the errors or biases of the strokes or components. Based on the preliminary analysis, the errors mainly happened as adding or losing stroke, choosing wrong component (or radical) similar with the right one, making mistakes on the strokes order. About the artistic element of handwriting, teachers mainly pay attention on the proportional balancing. The questionnaire result could be a reference for the handwriting teaching, and be material for the Chinese handwriting research. The questionnaire also hint us rethink about the appropriateness that direct stroke details written by hard‐tipped pen (pencil, pen, ballpoint pen, etc.) with the rules of soft brush writing characters in print form. 

香港教育當局自上世紀九十年代起開始積極推動資訊科技學習，然而電子學習是否會影響小學生執筆書寫漢字的表現？電子學習與執筆書寫二者之間有何利弊一直沒有受到學者的關注。是次研究以兩所小學四班小五學生合共80人為研究對象，透過錄影及分析學生在書寫上下結構、左右結構、全包圍結構、半包圍結構等字的表現，測量比較電子學習班和控制組學生書寫漢字的筆順習慣和錯字的情況有何不同。研究數據包括學生默書、作文、工作紙等課業的文本分析，並配合書寫漢字小測試及訪談等形式，以期分析電子學習對香港小學生書寫漢字的影響。 

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of group-based consultations on pre-service primary school teachers' English teaching competence. Twenty nine pre-service teachers in groups of four or five received two rounds of consultations on their micro-teaching demonstrations from two native English instructors. The consultation procedure was three steps: preparation, micro-teaching observation and feedback. The self-evaluation checklists and micro-teaching evaluations were analyzed quantitatively to find how much improvement between the first and second micro-teaching had been made. The results indicated that consultations helped the pre-service teachers to improve their English teaching competence in general. The comments written by the consultants and the pre-service teachers about their micro-teaching observations were examined qualitatively. The results showed that consultations enabled the pre-service teachers to realize the strengths and weaknesses in their teaching behavior. Also, the observation of peer teaching and group discussion helped them to gain useful teaching skills and insights on what a good English lesson should be like.