This study has been conducted to establish the optimal extraction process and HPLC analysis method for thedetermination of marker compounds as a part of the materials standardization for the development of health functionalfood materials from Astragali radix. Five extraction conditions including the shaking extraction at room temperature andthe reflux extraction at 85℃ with 30%, 50% and 95% ethanol were evaluated. Reflux extraction with 50% ethanol showedthe highest extraction yield as 27.27±2.27%, while the extraction under reflux with 95% ethanol showed significantly thelowest yield of 10.55±0.24%. The quantitative determination methods of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and calycosin asmarker compounds of Astragali radix extracts were optimized by HPLC analysis using a Thermo Hypersil column(4.6×250㎜, 5㎛) with the gradient elution of water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase at the flow rate of 0.8mL min-¹and a detection wavelength of 230㎚. The HPLC/UV method was applied successfully to the quantification of two markercompounds in Astragali radix extracts after validation of the method with the linearity, accuracy and precision. The con-tents of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and calycosin in 50% ethanol extracts by reflux extraction were significantly higher as1,700.3±30.4 and 443.6±8.4㎍ g-1, respectively, comparing with those in other extracts. The results indicate that thereflux extraction with 50% ethanol at 85℃ is optimal for the extraction of Astragali radix, and the established HPLCmethod are very useful for the evaluation of marker compounds in Astragali radix extracts to develop the health functionalmaterial from Astragali radix.

최근 들어 홍삼의 발모효과가 실험적으로 입증이 되었으나 임상적인 효능에 대해서는 아직 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 본 임상시험에서는 홍삼사포닌 Rg3 0.003%가 함유된 샴푸(Somang Co., Korea)의 사용에 따른 탈모방지 및 발모 탈모 및 발모효과를 인체적용시험을 통해 확인하고자 한다. 탈모로 진단된 42명의 환자가 참여하였으며, 홍삼사포닌 Rg3 0.003%가 함유된 헤어샴푸를 사용하는 군과 홍삼사포닌 Rg3 0.003%를 제외한 헤어샴푸를 사용하는 군으로 나누어 16주간 제품 사용 후 모발의 굵기, 밀도, 성장속도를 측정하였고, 탈모 개선 정도의 전문가 육안평가 및 피험자의 주관적 만족도로 평가하였다. 또한 제품사용의 피험자 주관적 기호도를 추가적으로 조사하였다. 시험 결과 시험제품 사용 후 16주에서 모발의 굵기, 모발의 밀도 및 모발 성장속도가 모두 통계적으로 유의성 있게 증가하였으며 전문가 육안평가와 피험자의 주관적 설문평가, 환자의 기호도 면에서도 시험제품이 더 우수한 결과를 보였다. 결론적으로 홍삼사포닌 Rg3가 함유된 샴푸는 피부에 자극 없이 탈모방지 및 양모개선 효과에 도움을 주는 제품으로 판단된다.

본 연구에서는 지유 에탄올추출물의 항산화 효과를 조사하였다. Pyrogallol의 억제율을 100%로 기준하였을 때, DPPH 라디칼을 50% 억제시키는데 필요한 지유 추출물의 농도는 0.33 mg/mL으로 α-tocopherol의 IC50(0.40 mg/mL)과 유사하게 나타났다. 지유 추출물의 총항산화능은 α-tocopherol에 비해 높게 나타났다. 지유 추출물의 superoxide 소거활성은 catechin에 비해 높게 나타났다. 지유 추출물의 peroxyl 라디칼 소거활성은 ascorbic acid에 비해 높게 나타났다. 지유 추출물의 구리이온 환원력은 α-tocopherol에 비해 높게 나타났다. 지유 추출물은 hydroxyl 라디칼 및 peroxyl 라디칼로 유발된 supercoiled DNA strand의 절단을 억제시켰다. 지유 추출물 0.5 및 5 mg/mL의 총페놀 함량은 각각 0.50 및 3.33 mM gallic acid와 동등한 수준이었다. 또한, HepG2 세포주를 이용한 세포배양에서 지유 추출물 0.01, 0.1 및 0.5 mg/mL 농도의 첨가는 0.2 mM t-BHP로 유도된 세포독성을 각각 33.8, 79.1 및 96.9% 감소시켰다. 따라서, 본 연구 결과들은 지유 추출물의 강력한 항산화 효과와 세포독성 억제효과를 나타내며, 이러한 효능은 적어도 자유라디칼의 산화억제와 높은 총페놀 함량에 기인하는 것으로 사료된다.

옻나무는 옻오름 같은 알러지 반응으로 인해 식품으로의 활용이 제한되므로 이러한 알러지 반응을 완화시키기 위하여 갈근 추출물과 혼합하여 알러지 억제효과를 평가하였으며, 알러지를 유발시키는 성분의 변화를 측정하여 화학적 구조변화 및 생물학적 알러지 반응 억제 양상을 관찰하였다. 이에 갈근 추출물에 대한 옻나무 추출물의 알러지 반응 완화효과를 RBL-2H3 세포에서 β-hexosaminidase의 양을 측정하여 평가하였으며, 갈근 추출물에서 매우 우수한 억제효능을 나타내었다. 또한, 갈근 추출물을 혼합한 결과 양성대조군 ketotifen보다 다소 우수한 효능이 나타났다. 옻나무 추출물의 알러지 유발물질 확인하고, 갈근과 혼합 추출 하였을 때의 알러지 유발물질 함량변화를 평가하기 위하여 GC/MS 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 4종의 알러지 유발물질을 확인할 수 있었으며, 갈근 추출물과 혼합시 알러지 유발물질은 그 함량이 적어지거나 소멸되었다. 따라서, 갈근과 혼합하여 추출하였을 때 함량이 낮아지거나 소멸되는 알러지 유발물질 4종에 대하여 탈과립 억제 효능을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 옻의 알러지 유발물질 4종으로부터 알러지를 유도한 RBL-2H3 세포에서 탈과립화 억제효능 양상이 유사하였으며, 이를 통해 갈근 추출물은 항알러지 효과를 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 효능을 통하여 옻과 갈근을 혼합하여 추출한 복합추출물의 경우 옻의 문제점인 알러지 반응을 효과적으로 억제할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

기능성 소재로서 약리적인 성질과 생리활성을 지닌 하수오를 첨가한 머핀에 건강과 웰빙을 접목하여 설탕 대체 올리고당 종류를 달리한 머핀의 품질특성을 살펴본 결과 무게는 프락토 올리고당 첨가 하수오 머핀이 가장 높게 나타났으며 부피와 비체적은 설탕 첨가 하수오 머핀에 비해 올리고당 첨가 하수오 머핀군이 낮게 나타났다. pH는 설탕첨가 하수오 머핀에 비해 올리고당 첨가 하수오 머핀이 낮게 나타났으며 수분함량은 높게 나타났다. 색도인 값은 설탕첨가 하수

This study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory effect of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (ADR) extract on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. COPD was induced by intratracheal instillation of LPS and CSC 5 times for 12 days; this increased airway hyperresoponsiveness (AHR) and inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). ADR extract was administered orally at a dose of 50 and 200 mg/kg. The concentration of imperatorin, a major component of ADR and therefore used as a measure of quality control, was 0.098%±0.018%. Treatment of the mice with ADR extract (50 and 200 mg/kg) alleviated AHR and reduced inflammatory cell counts. Treatment with cyclosporin A (CSA; 10 mg/kg) also modulated AHR and reduced inflammatory cells effectively. Compared with CSA treatment, treatment with ADR (50 mg/kg) extract reduced neutrophil and CD4+/CD3+ cell counts by 22.67% and 44.92%, respectively. In addition, compared with CSA treatment, treatment ADR 200 mg/kg reduced neutrophils, CD4+/CD3+ cells and CD8+/CD3+ cells, by 32.10%, 83.17% and 82.11%, respectively. These results indicate that ADR extract may have an inhibitory effect on COPD induced by LPS and CSC in mice.

Paeoniae Radix Rubra is a preparation consisting of desiccated roots of Paeonia lactiflora PALL (belonging to Ranunculaceae). Paeoniae Radix Rubra is used as a medicinal herb in Asian countries to treat many diseases. Ethanol- or water-based extracts of Paeoniae Radix Rubra were prepared and tested on RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. The expression of some pro-inflammatory proteins, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphorylated ERK1/2 was detected by Western blot analyses, while PGE2 expression was quantified by ELISA. Both the water and ethanol extracts of Paeoniae Radix Rubra suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and exhibited cell toxicity in accordance with increased NO production. Also, both extracts reduced the expression of COX-2 and iNOS, and inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Extracts prepared from Paeoniae Radix Rubra contain anti-inflammatory agents that inhibit the iNOS and MAPK pathways.

Previous work demonstrated that an ethanol extract (HS0608) of a mixture of three medicinal plants of Curcuma longae radix, Phellinus linteus, and Scutellariae radix markedly inhibits Aβ (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity. The present study was performed to further verify the neuroprotective effect of HS0608 on oxidative and ischemic cerebral injury using cultured rat cortical neurons and rats. Exposure of cultured cortical neurons to 100 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced neuronal apoptotic death. At 10-100μg/ml, HS0608 inhibited neuronal death, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by H2O2 in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. In vivo, HS0608 prevented cerebral ischemic injury induced by 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 24-h reperfusion. The ischemic infarct and edema were significantly reduced in rats that received HS0608 (200 mg/kg). These results suggest that the anti-oxidative properties of HS0608 may be responsible for its neuroprotective effect against focal cerebral ischemic injury and that HS0608 may have a therapeutic role in neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke.

HACCP methodology was applied in the post-harvest processing and storage of domestic medicinal produces. Particularly in terms of mold and mycotoxin contamination, candidate critical control points (CCP) in the conventional practice in Korean farms were selected and monitored by comparing with on the standard guided processing and storage. When each processing of Angelicae Gigantis Radix were assessed for their safety, the drying steps such as the sun drying or the thermal drying depending on each farm made differences in mold contamination. Moreover, the storage conditions before or after the processing were another critical determinant in the fungal contamination. In other words, storage under 4˚C rather than at room temperature was favorable for reducing mold growth in the harvested crops. Occurrence rate of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Angelicae Gigantis Radix were 12.8%, but amount of AFB1 in all the collected samples were below 10 ppb regulatory limit allowed in Korea. However, for a few samples of Angelicae Gigantis Radix, still relatively high levels of total amount of the major aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) were observed around 0.18~49.94 ppb, which is not regulated presently in Korea. It thus can be suggested that post-harvest processing and storage of Korean medicinal crops need further investigation and monitoring to establish the Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), particularly to minimize microbial risk including mold and mycotoxin contamination under the changing climate. Additionally, it is also warranted for new enacting of regulatory limits for total aflatoxins in the medicinal crops.

'Angelicae Pubescentis Radix' (APR) is an important oriental medical preparation. In Korea, Aralia continentalis has been recognized as the source plant of APR. Aralia cordata, which is difficult to distinguish from A. continentalis, and Heracleum moellendorffii, which is frequently used in lieu of A. continentalis, are traded in Korean herbal markets. In contrast, in China, Angelica pubescens is recognized as the source plant of APR. In this study, we devised a method not only to discriminate A. contientalis from A. cordata, but also to discriminate both A. contientalis and A. cordata from H. moellendorffii and A. pubescens. Based on the discrepancy in the sequences of specific regions of ITS, we designed a Cont F/ Cont R primer set to amplify a 173 bp PCR band that appears only in A. continentalis. Additionally, we designed an Ara F/ Ara R primer set to amplify a 278 bp PCR band that appears in both A. continentalis and A. cordata. Using these primer sets and the ST R primer to confirm the PCR amplification results, we developed a simple multiplex PCR method for differentiating A. continentalis from A. cordata and to concurrently differentiate both A. continentalis and A. cordata from other APR herbs.

본 연구에서는 발모의 성장결여로부터 모내기의 천연성분에 의한 침투력, 침투면적, 모발성장속도, 모발의 수 및 표면에 미치는 영향에 관하여 조사를 수행하였다. 제모를 통한 모발의 성장 속도와 모내기의 피부 침투력, 약물도달 부위를 CLSM710 공초점 현미경으로 관찰하였는데, 고삼, 단삼 및 인삼의 혼합물인 모내기를 10 μg/ml 농도로 처리한 그룹에서는 정상군과 대조군과 비교시 33 ± 4과 60 ± 6 (AFI: 인위적 형광강도)인데 반해, 약 6782 ± 67 AFI (인위적 형광강도)으로 약 205배와 113배의 침투능력을 나타내었고 면적은 정상군과 대조군은 각각 약 22 ± 3와 44 ± 6 AFI인데 반해 모내기군은 약 5602 ± 45 AFI였고 각각 255배와 127배 정도 침투면적의 확대되었음을 관찰하였다. 또한 confocal LSM700으로 관찰한 결과 대조군은 진피층에 존재하는 collagen IV에서 아무런 녹색형광이 없는 반면 모내기군은 collagen IV이 함유한 진피층에서 강한 녹색형광이 관찰하였는데, 이는 모내기 주성분이 피부 진피층까지 도달한 것이라 사료되고 남자 15명과 여자 5명 중 20대 4명(20 %), 30대 10명(50 %), 그리고 40대 이상 6명(30 %)의 내원환자의탈모의 털 직경과 표면, 탈모의 수, 그리고 발모의 수를 조사하여 본 결과 평균 약 75 % 개선효과를 나타내므로 모내기의 천연성분이 발모인자의 활성화를 촉진하여 모낭 성장을 촉진시키는 기능을 유도하리라 사료된다.

The present study investigated an ethanol extract (HS0608) of a mixture of three medicinal plants of Curcumalongae radix, Phellinus linteus, and Scutellariae radix for possible neuroprotective effects on neurotoxicity induced by amyloid βprotein (Aβ) (25-35) in cultured rat cortical neurons and antidementia activity in mice. Exposure of cultured cortical neurons to10µM Aβ (25-35) for 36h induced neuronal apoptotic death. At 1-50㎍/㎖, HS0608 inhibited neuronal death, elevation of intra-cellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by Aβ (25-35) in primary cul-tures of rat cortical neurons. Memory loss induced by intracerebroventricular injection of ICR mice with 15 nmol Aβ (25-35) wasinhibited by chronic treatment with HS0608 (25, 50 and 100㎎/㎏, p.o. for 7 days) as measured by a passive avoidance test. Fromthese results, we suggest that the antidementia effect of HS0608 is due to its neuroprotective effect against Aβ (25-35)-inducedneurotoxicity and that HS0608 may have a therapeutic role in preventing the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

본 연구는 t-butyl hydroperoxide(t-BHP)의 산화적 손상에 대한 원지(Polygalae Radix, PR)추출물의 항산화 효과를 알아보기 위하여 배양 C6 glioma 세포를 재료로 세포생존율을 비롯하여 superoxide dismutase(SOD) 유사 활성을 비롯하여 lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) 활성을 조사하였다. 본 실험에서 t-BHP는 농도 의존적으로 배양 C6 glioma 세포의 생존율을 유의하게 감소시켰다. 한편, t-BHP의 세포독성에 대한 원지 추출물의 항산화 효과의 정량분석에 있어서 원지 추출물은 t-BHP의 산화적 손상으로 감소된 세포생존율의 유의한 증가를 비롯하여 LDH 활성감소 및 SOD 유사 활성을 보임으로서 항산화 효과를 나타냈다.

Effects of Gal geun (Puerariae Radix) EtOH ext. on lipid lowering and antioxidant were investigated in hyperlipidemic rat. Concentration of FFA and triglyceride in plasma showed a tendency to decrease in Gal geun ext. groups. Concentration of plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol decreased in Gal geun ext. groups. However the concentration of HDL-cholesterol showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. Concentration of liver total cholesterol and triglyceride showed a tendence to decrease in Gal geun ext. groups. Concentration of plasma and liver TBARS showed a low values in Gal geun ext. groups. The values of GSH-Px and SOD activity showed no significantly different among all the treatment groups. However the values of SOD and CAT activity showed a high value in the Gal geun ext. groups.

This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of fertilization process and embryo development of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge (Astragali Radix) to provide basic data needed in its breeding. A. membranaceus showed poor seed setting when self-pollination was induced. When artificial pollination was induced, it showed less than 5% bearing in late August, but more than 13% bearing from the beginning of September 4th. The flower size was about 17.0 mm×4.0 mm and pistils and stamens had the same length of 15.0mm at flowering stage. When self-pollination or cross-pollination was induced, pollen tubes extended to an ovule. While pollen tube was extending to the ovule, reproductive cell split and formed two male generative nuclei and a vegetative nucleus. In the case of self-pollination, fertilized embryo was not observed, but was formed in the case of cross-pollination. A. membranaceus is noted to have zygote self-incompatibility. In the case of cross-pollination, fertilization was observed in 6 to 8 h after pollination, where apical cell derivatives split after fertilization. A spherical pro-embryo was then formed three days after fertilization. The seed attained full shape with a seed coat showing its distinctive contour 15 days after fertilization. Thus, A. membranaceus in Leguminosae family is found to have zygote selfincompatibility although its flower shape is shown to match the self-compatibility plant.

This study was investigated that quality inspection of distributed Scutellariae Radix in Korea. To evaluate the quality of these herbal medicines, we carried out TLC pattern, foreign matter in purity, loss on drying, ash, acid-insoluble ash, oil content, dilute ethanol-soluble, water-soluble, ether-soluble extracts contents, quantitative analyses, residual SO2, individual heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides. To measure contents of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin, we were quantitative analyzed using HPLC. The average contents of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin were detected by 13.28 (±0.43)%, 1.17 (±0.04)% and 0.40 (±0.02)%, respectively. Each average contents As, Cd, Hg and Pb was 0.059 (±0.054) mg · kg-1, 0.019 (±0.010) mg · kg-1, 0.017 (±0.057) ppm and 0.242 (±0.084) mg · kg-1, respectively.