Plant physiological indices for Euryale ferox Salisb. an endangered aquatic plant from Gyeongsan Province, were analyzed in this study. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) was highest at 0.820 in Dongguji and lowest at 0.592 in Dongjaji; the SR (Simple Ratio) index was highest at 10.240 in Dongguji and lowest at 4.312 in Dongjaji; and the PRI (Photochemical Reflectance Index) was highest at 0.039 in Dongguji and lowest at −0.036 in Dongjaji. The CRI1 (Carotenoid Reflectance Index 1) index was in Sahwaji and Waji at 8.881 and 12.988, respectively, and the CRI2 (Carotenoid Reflectance Index 2) index was highest at 7.889 in Sahwaji and lowest at 11.889 in Dongjaji.

We studied growth and physiological responses of Ambrosia trifida L. under the different light condition. Ambrosia trifida L. is Korean invasive species. For study, we selected the two spot (T1 and T2) in the Kongju National University. In each spots, we investigated growth and physiological responses in the more light environment (L) and in the less light environment (S). it makes 4 research spot (T1-L, T1-S, T2-L and T2-S). and first, we estimate light intensity (Lux) in each research spots. then take data on the growth responses which are a shoot height, a number of leaves, a leaf width and a leaf length. Also, we get some physiological data which are a photosynthetic rate, a transpiration rate, a stomata conductance, water use efficiency, chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). And, analysed them by using one-way ANOVA. As a results, the shoot height, No. of leaves, Leaf width and Leaf length were recorded relatively high in the spot of the most light quantity and in the spot of the least light quantity. In the physiological responses, the more light quantity was increased, the more photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were increased. Fv/Fm, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, was the least recorded in the spot of the most light quantity. These results show Ambrosia trifida grow well in the spot of the most and the least light quantity but it grown in the shade has the less environmental stress.l

There are three kinds of Pleurotus eryngii : P. eryngii var. eryngii (P. eryngii), P. eryngii var. ferula (P. ferula : A-Wei-Mo) P. eryngii var. nebrodensis (P. nebrodensis : Bai-Ling-Gu). We bred P. ferula using Di-Mon mating and physiological assay and selected as follow (1) ‘Beesan No.1’ produced high yields, (2) ‘Beesan No.2’ was excellent morphological shape and anti-adipogenic Activit, (3) ‘Ergo’ included high ergothioneine such as anto-oxidant material, (4) ‘GW10-45’ included highest ergothioneine such as anto-oxidant material, (5) ‘Maeksong’ included high ergothioneine and effect of anti-inflammatory. We suggest that there are able to food-medicine materials.

In this study, shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) cultivated in smart-farm and general farm were compared in morphology and physiology. In morphology, mushrooms produced in smart farm system showd a little bit thicker and wider pileus and thicker and longer stipe compared with those produced from general farm. The hardness of stipe was higher in the mushrooms from moderate farm, since low relative humidity in cultivation rooms can induce the mushroom tissue harder. In the aspect of physiology, the free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by DPPH assay. Among the various treatments, hot water extracts of freeze-dried shiitake produced from smart farm represented the highest DPPH value as 37.8%. In contrast, 70% ferment alcohol extract of shiitake which was dried by hot air showed the lowest activity value of 12.2%. The hot water extracts showed higher polyphenol contents than 70% ferment alcohol extracts. And the freeze-dried samples showed higher polyphenol contents than hot-air dried ones. When cultivating the shiitake by the smart was sold rather than cultivating with the general cropping system, using the system, the antioxidant activity and polyphenol content makes the mushroom in which the functionality improves more highly than me and general cropping system and it will be helpful.

풀무치 (Locusta migratoria) (Orthoptrea: Acridiade)는 전 세계적으로 작물 생산에 심각한 문제를 야기하는 돌발 해충이다. 그러나 우리나라 의 경우 풀무치를 방제하기 위한 방제제 및 적용에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 풀무치에 병원성을 갖는 풀무치병원성 진균 라이브러 리를 구축하였으며, 풀무치 방제에 이용 가능한 생물학적 방제제로서의 가능성을 평가 하였다. 먼저 갈색거저리 유충-baiting 시스템을 이용하여 다양 한 지역에서 채집된 토양에서 곤충병원성 진균을 발굴 하였다. 풀무치 병원성 검정을 진행하기 위하여 국립 농업 과학원에서 풀무치를 분양 받았으며, 고체 배양된 곤충병원성 진균을 곤충 사육 상자에 처리하여 (2 g/ box), 풀무치 약충 (3-4령충)에 대한 곤충병원성 진균의 병원성을 평가 하였다. 그 결과 곤충병원성 진균 처리 3-7일차에 풀무치의 머리, 복부, 다리 표면에서 진균이 증식하는 mycosis를 확인 할 수 있었다. 특히, Metarhizium anisopliae, M. lepidiotae, Clonostachys rogersoniana에서 높은 병원성이 나타나는 것이 확인 되었다. 확보된 34개의 풀무치병원성균주의 특성을 파악 하기 위하여 열안정성 및 포자생산성을 확인 한 결과, Paecilomyces, Purpureocillium 균주가 다른 균주에 비해 열에 대한 높은 안정성안 나타나는 것을 확인 하였으며, 대부분의 균주에서 1 × 108 conidia/gram 이상의 포자수를 생산 하는 것을 확인 하였다. 또한 온실 조건에서 비교적 병원성이 높았던 M. anisopliae 고체 배양된 균주를 토양에 처리하여 병원성을 확인한 결과, 85.7%의 높은 방제효과를 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 실험을 통하여 풀무치가 이동하면서 토양에 정착된 곤충병원성 진균에 접촉되어 치사 될 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 효과적인 풀무치 방제가 가능 할 것이라고 판단된다.

The ability of plants to endure environmental stress factors, which are going to be more severe due to global warming, is important especially for forest plants. Because obtain trait of resistance to temperature using conventional breeding for woody plants is a time consuming way. In this study, chloroplast-localized OsHSP26 gene was overexpressed in Populus alba L. to breed tolerant transgenic poplar to temperature stress. The plantlets of OsHSP26-overexpressed transgenic poplar showed more heathy phenotypic response than wild-type plants under both prolonged low- and high-temperature stress. While the SPAD value, which refers chlorophyll content, in wild-type plants decreased depending on the exposure time to the temperature stress, higher SPAD value were shown in the transgenic plants. The contents of total phenolic compounds in the transgenic plants were lower than those of the wild-type plants, and not significantly changed except in the treatment of prolonged low-temperature. However, the total flavonoids contents of the transgenic plants were dramatically increased under prolonged temperature stress. The DPPH scavenging activities of the transgenic plants were higher than those of the wild-type plants under temperature stress. Consequently, it was revealed that overexpressing OsHSP26 allow for P. alba to be tolerant to temperature stress.

in vitro studies on salt torerance was carried out with Salix gracilistyla. Shoot growth of plants treated with NaCl showed statistically significances among different levels of concentration(0~200 mM) on 1/2MS medium. Plant growth was not grown at in higher concentration than 75 mM and plants were dead over 150 mM Nacl Browned leaf was observed from 14 days at higher concentration than then 75 mM NaCl, and chlorophyll content was dramatically decreased. Main roots and rootlet in same concentrates(75 mM) or high NaCl treatment were changed the color to black. The proline and sugar contents were dramatically increased in the higher than 75 mM NaCl treatments after 14 - 15 days. To determine NaCl and minerals in salt stressed plants, leaf, stem and root of in vitro plant were subjected to ICP analysis. Na content was increased with culture days in all three parts. These results suggest that S. gracilistyla can be used vegetative restoration in coastal wetlands reclaimed.

치자(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fructus, GJE) 씨에서의 70% 에탄올, CM (chloroform: methanol, 부피 비 2:1(CM)) 및 노르말 부탄올 추출 용매별 flavonoid 함량 및 항산화 능, 금속 킬레이 트 능력 측정을 통하여 치자 씨의 기능성 식품 소재로서의 가치를 검토한 결과, 치자 씨의 proanthocyanidin 함량은 건조 무게(g) 중 카테킨(catechin) 당량으로 계산하여 70.035±0.772 mg으로 나타났으며, 추출 수율은 CM (36.39%), 70% 에탄올(27.32%), 노르말 부탄올(26.23%) 순으로 나타났 다. 추출 용매별 항산화 능은 농도(0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/mL)가 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하였으며 (p<0.05), 양성대조군으로 사용된 ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), ethylenediamnetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 보다는 낮은 활성이 확인되었다. Flavonoid 함량(mg)은 시료 g 당 케르세틴(quercetin) 당량으로 계산하여 70% 에탄올(0.830), CM (0.752), 노르말 부탄올(0.105) 순 으로 확인되었으며, 항산화 능 분석 실험과 금속 킬레이트 능력 실험에서도 이와 유사한 양상으로 동정 되어 모든 분석에서 70% 에탄올과 CM 추출물이 강한 생리활성을 나타내었다. 따라서 치자 씨의 용매 별 flavonoid 함량에 따라 항산화 능 및 금속 킬레이트 능력이 증가하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이에, 치자 씨는 proanthocyanidin과 flavonoid 화합물을 다량 함유하고 있으며, 높은 항산화 능 과 생리활성을 가 지고 있어 기능성 식품 및 천연 항산화제로서의 가치가 있을 것으로 추정된다.

To determine the optimum water temperature (a temperature which minimizes metabolic activities and stress in fish) for long distance transportation of red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara), by evaluating the behavior, survival and physiological and hematological responses to variable water temperature conditions (9, 12, 15, 18 and 21℃) for 48 hours. Fish exposed to 9℃ died at 48 hours exposure, but those exposed to 12, 15, 18 and 21℃ treatment groups all survived. Fish in the 15, 18 and 21℃ exposure groups exhibited normal swimming, while those exposed to 12℃ were observed to be stationary at the bottom of the tank. The plasma cortisol and glucose concentration were higher in fish exposed to 12℃ than at other temperature conditions. The fish in the 12 and 15℃ groups had significantly higher hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) than those in the 18 and 21℃ groups (P<0.05). Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), NH3 and osmolality showed a pattern similar to the levels of plasma cortisol, while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total protein did not significantly vary among the experimental groups. These results indicate that the optimum water temperature for long distance transportation of the red-spotted grouper is 15℃.

본 연구는 고온기 때 사료 내 다른 에너지 수준 및 비테 인 첨가 급여가 육성돈의 영양소 소화율 및 생리학적 변화 에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 실시하였다. 실험동물은 삼원교잡종(L×Y×D; initial body weight, 73.5±0.5kg) 거세 수퇘지 12두를 사용하였고 대사틀에 배치하였다. 실험기간 은 고온기인 7~8월에 실시하였다. 실험계획은 에너지 2수 준(3,300 및 3,400kcal/kg)과 비테인 2수준(0 및 0.5%)이며 4×4 Latin square로 하였다. 조단백질 소화율은 고에너지 사료(3,400kcal/kg)가 저에너지 사료보다 유의적으로 높았 다(p<0.01). 그러나, 비테인급여는 영양소소화율에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 혈액생화학적 분석 결과에서는 에너지 수 준 및 비테인 첨가가 육성돈 내 생리적 변화를 보이지 않 았다. 면역반응을 나타내는 혈중 IgG에서는 고에너지 사료 가 저에너지사료보다 높았으나(p<0.05) 스트레스 지표를 나타내는 cortisol농도에서는 차이가 나지 않았고, 비테인 첨가급여는 IgG 및 cortisol 농도 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 결론적으로 사료 내 비테인 첨가급여보다 에너지 수준을 높이는 것이 돼지 체내에 더 긍정적인 효과를 보이며, 여 름철 고온스트레스를 받는 돼지 사료 내 고에너지를 급여 했을 때 어떠한 결과가 나오는지 추후 더 연구해 볼 만한 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, using the surface dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) produced at atmospheric pressure to improve the physiological activities of quercetin was investigated. Quercetin (at 200 ppm) was treated using air DBD with an input power of 250 W. The tyrosinase inhibition effect and total phenolic content of quercetin increased from 38.96 to 91.58% and from 134.53 to 152.93 ppm, respectively, after 20 min of plasma treatment. The antioxidant activity of quercetin treated for 20 min in the lipid models was higher than that of quercetin treated for 0, 5, and 10 min. Furthermore, plasma-treated quercetin exhibited antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas activity was not shown in the control. Structural modifications of the quercetin molecule induced by plasma might be responsible for the improvements in its physiological activity. These results indicate that DBD plasma could be used to enhance the physiological activity of quercetin for various applications in food.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP), an inhibitor of ethylene action, on fruit quality and incidence of physiological disorders during simulated marketing period in early-season Asian pear(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) ‘Noksu’. Flesh firmness was decreased abruptly at 15 days after shelf-life in control fruits. which showed less than 10.7N, although those of 1-MCP-treated fruits were kept high value(>30.4N) during 20 days of shelf-life. ‘Noksu’ pears did not show any considerable differences in quality indices such as soluble solids content, titratable acidity during the shelf-life regardless of 1-MCP treatment. The reduction of ethylene production level by 1-MCP treatment did not appeared in ‘Noksu’ pear. Meanwhile, 1-MCP treated ‘Noksu’ pears showed significantly low respiration rate during shelf-life. Also, 1-MCP treatment blocked the incidence of physiological disorders including core browning, internal browning, water soaking and mealiness symptom during shelf-life. Consequently, we concluded that the 1-MCP treatment effectively inhibited the incidence of physiological disorders and extended the shelf-life for 10 days in early-season Asian pear ‘Noksu’.

This study focused on the physiological change of the shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae 15 stages, under different acclimation methods up to the endpoint of 4 practical salinity unit (psu). Besides using sea water as the control, two acclimation methods, fast acclimation (50% salinity reduction every 8 hours) and slow acclimation (50% salinity reduction every day), were adapted. Results show that the survival rate, glucose and blood uric nitrogen of each group were not significantly different. However, the ion profile differed according to the acclimation methods. Magnesium and sodium of shrimps acclimated to low salinity in both the methods, showed lower concentration than shrimps at 32 psu sea water. Especially, Na+ concentration, which directly influences the osmolality of shrimp, decreased sharply in the fast acclimated group during the first eight hours (from 32 psu to 16 psu). To reduce acclimation stress, it is recommended to take more than eight hours during the first step for reducing the salinity.

심비디움은 난초과(orchidaceae)에 속하는 다년생 초(perennial herb)로 약용 식물로 알려져 있으나 이에 대한 과학적 자료가 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 심비디움의 뿌리, 줄기로부터 추출 하여 생리 활성을 비교 분석하고자 한다. 심비디움 추출물의 항균 효과는 균 종별 특이성을 규명하기 위해 실험 균주는 그람 양성균 대표로 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)와 Staphylococcus saphrophyticus (S. saprophyticus), 그람 음성균 대표로 Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris)와 Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia)를 사용하였다. 항산화 효과는 DPPH 라디칼 소거능 및 총 페놀 함량 시험 을 수행하였다. 또한 간세포에 대한 세포독성 및 콜레스테롤 흡착능 시험을 수행하였다. 심비디움 추출 물을 농도 별로 처리하여 균 성장 억제를 확인해본 결과, 심비디움 뿌리 에탄올 추출물에서 S. aureus에 대한 항균효과를 확인하였으며, 심비디움 줄기 에탄올 추출물 및 1시간 음파처리를 한 심비디움 줄기 에탄올 추출물에서 높은 항산화 효과를 확인하였다. 간세포에 대한 세포 독성은 50 ㎍/mL이상의 농도 로 확인하였으며, 콜레스테롤 흡착능은 20% 미만으로 미비한 결과를 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 심비 디움 추출물의 항균 및 항산화 효과를 확인하였으며, 천연 항균 및 항산화 소재로 가능성이 높을 것으 로 사료된다.

복숭아 ‘미홍’ 품종의 토양 수분 스트레스에 의해 나타나는 지상부의 생리적 반응을 구명하기 위해 본 연구를 수행하였다. 잎의 변색, 위조, 낙엽의 순서로 침수와 무관수에 의해 반응이 나타났으며 가지의 기부에서 시작 되어 선단부로 확대되었다. 가지의 길이 및 직경 생장이 두 처리구에서 모두 감소되었고 침수에 의한 낙엽이 심하게 발생되었다. 침수에 의해 뿌리의 수분 흡수와 잎의 광합성과 호흡이 감소되었다. 잎의 엽록소가 두 처리구에서 모두 감소되었다. 침수처리구에서는 육안으로 변화가 없던 잎에서도 엽록소가 감소한 것이 해부학적으로 관찰되었다. 전분은 침수와 무관수에서 모두 감소되었고 탄수화물은 침수처리구의 뿌리에서 감소되었다. 침수는 수분의 흡수나 이동이 불량해지고, 광합성능력의 감소와 낙엽이 발생되었다. 결국 저장양분이 부족해져 고사되거나 내한성 약화로 저온피해의 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단되었다. 복숭아 재배에서 수분 스트레스에 의한 피해를 방지하기 위해 관수에 유의하고 배수시설을 설치하여 토양조건을 개선하는 것이 요구된다.

Galactooligosaccharide is one of prebiotics materials containing galactose and used mainly for infant formula products because some components of galactooligosaccharide are recognized as human milk oligosaccharides. Some studies showed that galactooligosaccharide has the outstanding physiological functions such as boosting immune system, improving skin conditions, and some others. And it has a role of making good intestinal microflora based on prebiotics effects. In conclusion, galactooligosaccharide is expected to be used for food materials such as functional beverages and dietary supplements, based on various physiological functions as well as physical stability.

The total polyphenol and physiological activities of Pleurotus ostreatus 30% fermented ethanol using different drying methods and extraction periods were investigated. Based on the observed polyphenol content and physiological activity, freezedrying showed better results than hot air-drying method for P. ostreatus extracted with 30% fermented ethanol for more than 15 days. The total phenolic compound content of ‘Gosol’ following thefreeze-drying method for 15 days showed the highest value of 0.49±0.02 mg/mL. Freeze-drying with extraction for 30 days for ASI 2344 showed the highest antioxidant activity based on the DPPH radical scavenging rate of 35.50±3.29%. Freeze-drying ‘Gosol’ for 30 days resulted inthe highest anti-inflammatory and nitrite scavenging activity of 48.40±3.38%. Our results showed that P. ostreatus is a functional food.

본 연구에서는 한국 멸종위기식물인 분홍장구채의 보전 및 인공재배를 위해 식물공장 내 인공적인 광 조건에서 일어나는 생리와 개화반응 특성을 알아보았다. 이를 위해 분홍장구채를 식물공장의 각 챔버에 적색광, 청색광, 백색광, 적색+원적색 혼합광, 적색+청색 혼합광 그리고 적색+청색+백색 혼합광 하에서 재배하여 광합성률, 증산률, 기공전도도, 수분이용효율, 엽록소함량, 최소엽록소형광, 최대엽록소형광, 광계II의 광화학적 효율 그리고 잎과 꽃 수를 측정하였다. 그 결과 적색 단일광과 적색+원적색 혼합광에서 분홍장구채는 가장 많이 개화하였으며, 이 광조건에서는 광합성률, 증산률 그리고 기공전도도는 상대적으로 다른 조건보다 높았으나 수분이용효율은 차이가 없었으며, 엽록소함량은 적었 다. 특히 최소 및 최대 엽록소형광과 광계II의 광화학적 효율은 적색 단일광 조건에서 다른 광 조건보다 낮았다. 이러한 결과는 분홍장구채의 꽃의 생산을 위해서는 적색 단일광이나 적색+원적색의 인공광 조건에서 재배하는 것이 효율적이 라는 것을 의미한다.