The interest in and development of healthy foods and nutraceuticals have increased because of the trend for a health-oriented society. Cinnamon is used as a food ingredient as well as a herbal medicine because of its functional properties. In this study, flavoring compounds and antioxidative activities of cinnamon extracts were investigated with different extraction solvents and extraction methods. The contents of flavoring compounds such as coumarin, cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamyl alcohol were investigated. The contents of courmarin, cinnamic acid, and cinnamylaldehyde in 70% ethanol extract were higher than those in hot water and subcritical water extracts. The contents of courmarin, cinnamic acid, and cinnamaldehyde in subcritical water extract were higher than those in hot water extract, whereas the content of cinnamyl alcohol was lower. DPPH scavenging activity increased with increasing concentration of the extracts, and the 70% ethanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity. The ascorbic acid content of the 70% ethanol extract was largest in the antioxidative activity measurement by FRAP analysis. The ascorbic acid contents of the hot water and subcritical water extracts were similar.

호박꽃과실파리, Bactrocera scutellata (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae),는 호박 등 박과식물의 해충으로 야외 트랩실험을 통해 호박꽃과실파리 수컷이 cue lure와 raspberry ketone에 유인되는 것이 확인되었으며, 전자현미경 관찰을 통해 호박꽃과실파리의 촉각(antennae)과 작은턱수염(maxillary palps)에 각각 다른 형태의 냄새감각기들이 존재한다는 것을 확인하였다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 Bactrocera 속 과실파리들의 parapheromone 성분들인 cue lure, raspberry ketone, methyl eugenol, 및 zingerone 등의 물질들이 촉각과 작은턱수염 중 어떤 감각기관에 의해 감지되는지 알아보기 위해 이 물질들과 식물 냄새성분인 3-octanone에 대한 호박꽃과실파리의 eleltroantennogram (EAG) 및 electropalpogram (EPG) 반응을 측정하였다. 그 결과 cue lure 및 raspberry ketone은 작은턱수염에서 큰 EPG 반응을 보였으나 촉각에서는 EAG 반응을 나타내지 않았다. 이와는 대조적으로 호박꽃과실파리의 기주식물인 호박에서 방출되는 냄새 성분 중 하나인 3-octanone은 촉각에서 큰 EAG 반응을 나타내었으나 작은턱수염에서는 아주 작은 EPG 반응만을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 호박꽃과 실파리 수컷에 강한 유인력을 나타내는 cue lure와 raspberry ketone이 촉각이 아니라 작은턱수염에 존재하는 냄새감각세포들에 의해 감지된다는 것을 의미하며 이것은 호박과실파리 등 아직 강력한 유인제가 알려져 있지 않은 다른 과실파리류의 유인제 개발에 유용한 정보가 될 것이다.

Two sewage treatment facilities were selected to identify odor emission characteristics, focusing on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sulfur compounds. The complex odor, 5 kinds of sulfur compounds and 23 kinds of VOCs were analyzed from gas and sludge storages. Hydrogen sulfide was detected in the highest concentration and had the highest odor quotient among the odorous compounds monitored in this study, demonstrating that the contribution of hydrogen sulfide to the complex odor reached up to 90%. For VOCs, the overall contribution to the complex odor was not critical but VOCs can sufficiently trigger an odorous sensation because the sum of the odor quotient reached up to 2.89.

This paper is a review on the treatment of volatile organic compounds using absorbents. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon-based compounds with a boiling point ranging from 50℃ to 250℃. VOCs have been considered as contributors of photochemical smog and global warming as well as hazards to human health. VOCs can be removed by a variety of methods, including those that are destructive (incineration, catalytic oxidation, and biodegradation) and non-destructive (adsorption, absorption, and condensation). The removal performance of VOCs in the gas phase is influenced by gas-liquid mass transfer and/or the microbial activity depending on VOC properties such as solubility, diffusivity, bioavailability, and toxicity. Since the usual processes for VOCs removal involve water as a VOC absorbent, it is necessary to improve the removal efficiency of hydrophobic VOCs. In addition, VOC removal processes do not appear to show consistently satisfactory performance due to transient high-strength VOC loading in practical fields. To increase the gas-liquid mass transfer of hydrophobic VOCs and to prevent the functional deterioration due to transient high loading, the use of nonaqueous phase VOC absorbents is a promising strategy. This review offers a critical overview of the types, properties, and the applications of the VOC absorbents, including liquid organic solvents, ionic liquids, and solid polymers. This paper also details the advantages by employing the VOC absorbents for the removal of hydrophobic VOCs in the integrated process, absorption and biodegradation coupling process. The challenges of and future perspectives on the development of efficient VOC removal processes using VOC absorbents are briefly discussed.

Buckwheat is well-known as a healthy crop with excellent nutritional and functional superiority mainly because of a high content of flavonoid compounds, specifically, rutin. However, buckwheat-based food products are known to have the reduced levels of rutin by rutin-degrading enzymes that generate quercetin during processing. However, since quercetin has a bitter taste, it may have a negative impact on consumer preferences, consequently retarding the utilization of buckwheat flour to a variety of buckwheat processed foods. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate the levels of rutin and quercetin in the milling fractions of buckwheat flours and also to monitor their changes by a variety of thermal treatments. Native buckwheat was separated into three fractions by sieving with 40 and 100 mesh screens which were designated as >40 M, 40-100 M, and 100 M<, respectively. The levels of rutin were the highest in the 40-100 M milling fraction, followed by <100 M and >40 M. Also, buckwheat flours were subjected to several thermal treatments including steaming and autoclaving. The contents of rutin and quercetin in the resulting buckwheat samples were analyzed by HPLC and the correlations between the flavonoid compounds and thermal treatments were investigated. The addition of water to buckwheat flour in making buckwheat products significantly decreased the levels of rutin while the quercetin content increased. However, the thermal treatments of buckwheat flours distinctly reduced the rutin loss and quercetin was hardly detected. Therefore, this study contributes to enhancing the health functionalities of buckwheat by reducing rutin loss, probably extending use of buckwheat flour to a variety of processed food products.

The change of phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of black soybean flours after germination and roasting treatment were evaluated as a part of the purpose of setting the quality of black soybean flours for each application. The moisture content of roasted black soybean flours decreased significantly according to roasting temperature and time, and the crude ash, protein, and fat contents increased. Water binding capacity of roasted black soybean flours without and with germination increased significantly according to roasting temperature and time, however water solubility index and swelling power decreased. The lightness of roasted black soybean flours was significantly decreased, and the redness and yellowness increased. The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of roasted black soybean flours increase with increasing roasting temperature and time. The total polyphenol contents of roasted black soybean flours without and with germination were 5.43∼7.81 and 4.52∼6.17 mg GAE/g, and total flavonoid contents were 2.90∼3.50 and 2.34∼3.01 mg CE/g, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity of roasted black soybean flours without and with germination was 254.98∼415.05 and 171.95∼295.15 mg TE/100 g, and ABTS radical scavenging activity was 459.74∼596.37 and 422.95∼526.85 mg TE/100 g, respectively. As a result, it is necessary to set quality standards for each application considering the quality and antioxidant properties of roasted black soybean flours.

Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, is known to be hard-to-kill pest by having high resistance to insecticides and its control is intensely dependent on fewer insecticides. In this study, the ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sp. was evaluated to find novel insecticidal agents against S. exigua. In order to determine the identity of insecticidal compounds, the crude ethyl acetate extract was fractionated based on the TLC profiling and bioassay-guided monitoring. These results indicated that the non-polar fraction have high level of insecticidal activity against second instars of S. exigua. These findings suggested that secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. could be considerable potential resources as novel insecticidal formulation candidates.

치자 껍질의 phytic acid 함량과 CM (chloroform:methanol, 2:1, v/v), n-부탄올 및 70% 에탄올을 사용한 추출물의 용매(3가지) 별 총 페놀 함량 및 항산화 활성 능력 등을 통하여 치자 껍질의 효용 가치를 검토한 결과, phytic acid 함량은 4.966±0.996 mg PAE/g DW (dry weight)로 나타났으며, 용매 별 생리 활성은 농도(0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/mL)가 높아질수록 유의적으로 증가하였으며(p<0.05), 양성대조군으로 사용된 ascorbic acid, BHA, trolox 보다는 각 농도에서 낮은 활성이 관찰되었다. 치자 껍질의 총 페놀 함량은 CM, n-부탄올, 70% 에탄올 추출물 순으로 CM 추출물에서 39.74±0.15 mg CAE/g으로 가장 높았으며, nitric oxide (NO) 라디칼 소거능과 지질과산화 저해능은 용매 별로 CM > 70% 에탄올 > n-부탄올, nitrite (NO2) 소거능은 n-부탄올 > CM > 70% 에탄올, β-carotene 탈색 저해능과 환원력은 CM > n-부탄올 > 70% 에탄올 순의 활성이 나타났다. 이상의 결과, 치자 껍질의 용매 별 총 페놀 함량 순과 항산화력, 환원력은 일치 하였으며, 질소산화물 소거능과 지질과산화 저해능 분석에서는 일치하지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 이는 질소산화물 소거능과 지질과산화 저해능은 페놀 성분 보다 다른 생리활성물질이 더 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 추정된다. 이에, 치자 껍질은 질소산화물 소거능, 항산화능 및 지질과산화 저해능 등이 우수한 것으로 나타나 기능성 식품 소재로서의 가치가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

There has been growing concern over the emissions of formaldehyde and VOCs from automotive interior materials, as these could have an important impact on the in-vehicle air quality (IVAQ) of automotive vehicles. Odor, the components of which may include VOCs, refers to the automotive interior smell emitted directly or indirectly from any part of an automotive interior, based on human olfactory senses and a comfort evaluation of vehicle quality. The objective of this paper is to compare the instrument analysis with the sensory characteristics of an odor using GC/MS/Olfactometry. From the test, it was possible to identify the cause of odor, which can be difficult to distinguish among multiple odors, through the simultaneous performance of instrumental analysis and sensory evaluation.

In the present study, we evaluated the effect of pH modulation on concentrations of odorous compounds and pollutants in pit slurry from pig operation building. A slurry sample was taken from the pit of a pig operation building where 50 finishing pigs [(Landrase × Yorkshire) × Duroc] were kept. Three levels of pH (6, 8 and 10) were measured and adjusted daily during the incubation periods using chemical reagents of 1 N HCl or 3 N NaOH. Concentrations of odorous compounds and pollutants were analyzed from slurry incubated for 7 days. When these material concentrations were compared with the pH 8 slurry which was the pH of pit slurry, levels of short chain fatty acids, indoles and total organic carbon were reduced 7%, 68% and 2%, respectively, in the pH 6 treatment (P<0.05). Ammonium nitrogen, phenols and total nitrogen concentrations were lower by 31%, 18% and 17%, respectively, than with the pH 10 slurry (P<0.05). When the odor contribution in pH treatments was assessed according to the odor activity value, it was found to be 23% lower in the pH 6 treatment compared with pH 8. The pH modulation would affect odor emissions and microbial activity from pit slurry. Although not all odorous compounds showed the reduction effect with the same pH control, this study can be effectively used as base data when using additives for pH control.

This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activities and protective effects on PC12 cells of the extract of Epimedium koreanum and its main constituents icariin and icariside I. After screening the seven identified flavonoid glycosides from E. koreanum through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay, E. koreanum, Icariin and Icariside I exhibited significant effect on radical scavenging activity. E. koreanum, icariin and icariside I were examined using DPPH, ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and FRAP (ferric reducing ability power) assay. In all antioxidant assays, E. koreanum, icariin and icariside I showed high radical scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner. Protective effects against H2O2-induced PC12 cells were assessed with MTT assay. The results indicated that cell viability and protection on PC12 cells of icariside I and icariin increased dose dependently. These study results suggest that E. koreanum, icariin and icariside showed high antioxidant capacities and cell protective effects. Icariside I, one of the metabolites of icariin, may be a new and effective flavonoid compound as a functional component.

The stability of liquid ferrate(Ⅵ) produced by an innovative method was confirmed and the degradation characteristics of cyclic compounds(Benzene, Aniline, Toluene, 1,4-Dioxane) by liquid ferrate(Ⅵ) were investigated under the same reaction conditions. When it was compared with the ferrate manufactured by the wet oxidation method, the liquid ferrate was more stable. And the stability of liquid ferrate was tested at the storage temperature. As a result, only 17.7% of liquid ferrate(Ⅵ) has decomposed at the storage temperature(4˚C) for 28 days. Among the cyclic compounds, the aniline was rapidly degraded compare to other cyclic compounds, which seems to be due to the electron-donating ability of the substituent, -NH2 group. Especially, when 1,4-dioxane was compared with benzene, the decomposition rate of 1,4-dioxane was lower than that of benzene, suggesting that oxygen atoms hinder the electrophilic reaction. Among 4 cyclic compounds, it was observed that aniline has the highest rate constant than those of other cyclic compounds.

To determine the bioactive compound of domestic cherry tomato, the levels of lycopene, β-carotene, and phenolic compounds were analyzed in three domestic cherry tomato cultivars (Summerking, Qutiquti, and Minchal) using HPLC and LC-MS/MS. The levels of lycopene were 69.40 mg/100 g (Qutiquti), 69.07 mg/100 g (Minichal), and 38.52 mg/100 g (Summerking). The contents of β-carotene were 3.35 mg/100 g (Qutiquti), 2.30 mg/100 g (Summerking), and 2.25 mg/100 g (Minichal). Five phenolic compounds were identified exactly as 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, quercetin-3-apiosylrutinoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside, and naringenin chalcone from three domestic cherry tomatoes. Five phenolic compounds were identified partially as two isomers of caffeic acid-hexose, caffeoylquinic acid isomer, di-caffeoylquinic acid, and tri-caffeoylquinic acid from three domestic cherry tomatoes. Naringenin chalcone was the most abundant phenolic compound, ranging from 78.2 mg/100 g for Qutiquti to 222.9 mg/100 g for Summerking. High levels of quercetin-3-rutinoside and 5-caffeoylquinic acid were found, ranging 24.3-50.8 mg/100 g and 31.8-47.6 mg/100 g, respectively. These results suggested that domestic cherry tomatoes can be used as bioactive food materials.

The chemical structures of perfluorinated compounds(PFCs) have unique properties such as thermal and chemical stability that make them useful components in a wide variety of consumer and industrial products. Two of these PFCs, perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA), have received attention and were the most commonly detected. In this study it was analyzed the concentrations of 8 PFCs in samples were collected from drinking water treatment plants for 5 years(2012-2016). PFOS and PFOA were also high concentration and frequency. The mean concentrations of PFOA and PFOS were detected 0.0026-0.0069 μg/L and 0.0009-0.0024 μg/L in samples from drinking water treatment plants. These were relatively lower or similar compared to PFOS concentrations in Osaka(Japan). In general, these levels are below health-based values set by international authoritative bodies for drinking water. These results will be serve as the first monitoring data for PFCs in drinking water and be useful for characterizing the concentration distribution and management of PFCs in future studies.

Mushrooms and their extracts including purified ingredients, are currently used as foods, functional foods (and/or nutraceuticals), and medicines. These products have numerous bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides (mainly β–glucans), glycoproteins, nucleotide analogs, terpenoids, and polyphenols, which have exhibited antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory activities. In this review, we discuss the current information on the biactivities of 10 popular mushrooms in Korea. We also summarize the information on mushrooms and the active compounds derived from them, as well as mushroom-based products such as foods, functional foods, and medicines. We believe this review could provide useful information for scientists and consumers who seek to develop new products and promote healthy food habits and lifestyle.