The structure and change of the salinity front formed by the outflow of Keum River into the adjacent sea is investigated through the analysis of some possible data. The outflow of the river has no peculiar direction and controlled by the various factors. The analysis of data which are obtained at March and October show that at March, the salinity front is weakened as compared with October. The outflow pattern is not uniform but varies significantly with time period less than one week.

광양만의 수온과 염분의 관측을 1974년 5월부터 격월로 1975년 5월까지 7회 걸쳐서 실시한 자료와 그밖에 여수 측후소의 기상관측 자료를 분석한 결과, 그것을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 수온은 9월이 최고로 23.8~24.2˚ C였고, 1월이 최저로 2.5~5.2˚ C여서 연변화량이 19~21˚ C이다. 2)표면에서의 열수지가 (+)일 때는 수심이 얕은 묘도 서쪽해역이 비교적 높은 수온을 나타내며(-)인때는 수심이 깊은 여수해만쪽의 수온이 높게 나타난다. 3)수면의 열수지는 1974년 5월이 93cal/cm2로 가장 크게 나타났고 1975년 1월이 -340cal/cm2로 최저로 나타났다. 4)수심이 얕은 St.E에서의 표층염분의 년변화는 7월이 20.8‰,최고는 3월이 32.5%로 연변화량은 7.3%밖에 되지 않는다. 5)St.A에서 10m층의 염분의 연변화량은 7월이 30.8 로 최저,최고는 3월이 33.0‰로 연변화량 2.2%밖에 되지 않아 섬진강의 하천수영 항이 10m이상 깊이에는 크게 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 해석된다. 6)St.A의 10m층과 St.E의 표층수의 염분의 차는 P-E값이 큰 7월이 10 로 최고이고 P-E값이 최저인 11월은 1.0‰로 역시 최저이다. 이것으로 보아 만내의 수심이 얕은 해역에서의 염분은 강수량이나 증발량과 밀접한 관계가 있다. 7)표층수를 분류하면 섬진강의 하천수와 대기의 영향을 가장많이 받는곳이 묘도 서쪽의 C해역이고 그 다음이 묘도 주위의 B해역이며,여수해만과 노량수도를 잇는 A해역은 가장 적게 영향을 받는다. 8) 강수량이 많고 수면에서 열수지도(+)인 5월과 7월은 표층과 10m층의 안정도가 커서 251×10-6~297×10-6이며 수면에서 열손실이 크고 강수량이 적었던 11월,1월 그리고 3월은 수직 안정도가 /-1×10-6~14×10-6으로 수직혼합이 쉽게 일어날수 있어 오염물질의 확산이 훨씬 잘도리 것으로 사료된다. 9)수직안정도는 조류의 영향을 별로 받지 않는다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-salinity wastewater on the microbial activity of Aerobic Granule Sludge (AGS). Laboratory-scale experiments were performed using a sequencing batch reactor, and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), nitrogen removal efficiency, sludge precipitability, and microbial activity were evaluated under various salinity injection. The COD removal efficiency was found to decrease gradually to 3.0% salinity injection, and it tended to recover slightly from 4.0%. The specific nitrification rate was 0.043 0.139 mg NH4 +-N/mg MLVSS·day. The specific denitrification rate was 0.069 0.108 mg NO3 --N/mg MLVSS·day. The sludge volume index (SVI30) ultimately decreased to 46 mL/g. The specific oxygen uptake rate decreased from an initial value 120.3 to a final value 70.7 mg O2/g MLVSS·hr. Therefore, salinity injection affects the activity of AGS, causing degradation of the COD and nitrogen removal efficiency. It can be used as an indicator to objectively determine the effect of salinity on microbial activity.

The purpose of this study is to biological treatment of high salinity wastewater using Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS). In laboratory scale’s experiments research was performed using a sequencing batch reactor, and evaluation of the denitrification reaction in accordance with the injection condition of salinity concentration, surface properties of microorganisms, and sludge precipitability was performed. The results showed that the salinity concentration increased up to 1.5%, and there was no significant difference in the nitrogen removal efficiency; however, it showed a tendency to decrease gradually from 2.0% onward. The specific denitrification rate (SDNR) was 0.052 0.134 mg NO3 --N/mg MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solid)·day. The MLVSS/MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solid) ratio decreased to 76.2%, and sludge volume index (SVI30) was finally lowered to 57 mL/g. Using an optical microscope, it was also observed that the initial size of the sludge was 0.2 mm, and finally it was formed to 0.8-1.0 mm. Therefore, salinity injection provides favorable conditions for the formation of an AGS, and it was possible to maintain stable granular sludge during long-term operation of the biological treatment system.

국내 일부 시설재배지는 장기간 과도한 양분 투입 등에 의한 염류 집적 현상이 문제가 되어왔으며, 최근 이상기온에 따른 온도장해에 의한 피해도 발생하고 있다. 이러한 현상에 대해 친환경적으로 대처하기 위하여 고염류와 온도 스트레스에 대해 작물에 내성을 증강시키는 미생물을 선발하였다. 국내 토양에서 분리한 1,944균주중 고염류 또는 온도 스트레스 조건에서 세균의 생장과 식물생장촉진 관련 특성(IAA 생성, ACC deaminase 활성, 인산가용화능)을 고려하여 20균주를 1차 선발(전체 균주의 1.03%)하였다. 1차 선발한 20균주 중 토마토 식물검정을 통해 고염류 또는 온도스트레스에 대한 내성을 유도하는 7세균(1차 선발균주의 35%, 전체 균주의 0.36%)을 단계적으로 선발할 수 있었다. 선발된 세균은 16S rRNA 유전자의 염기서열 분석을 통해 모두 Bacillus 속에 속하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과로 선발된 7균주는 토마토의 고염류 또는 온도 스트레스에 대한 효과적인 미생물 제제로 활용이 가능한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

최근 우리나라 서･남해안에 대량 유입되고 있는 괭생이모자반은 매년 그 양이 증가하고 있으며, 항해 및 양식시설 등에 피해를 주고 있다. 또한 막대한 비용 및 인력을 동원하여 수거한 후에도 그 처리에 어려움을 겪고있다. 우리나라 해안에 유입되는 양이 매년 증가하고 있어 괭생이모자반에 대한 적절한 처리방안 대책이 시급한 실정이다. 해조류는 바이오에너지 회수를 위한 바이오매스로 주목을 받아, 에너지 전환 공정에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 괭생이모자반은 해조류 중 갈조류에 속하며 바이오매스로서의 잠재성이 높을 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 바다에서 수거/수확된 해조류에는 해수 속 염분이 일부 묻어 있을 것으로 사료되며, 이 단계에서 해조류 관리와 후속 공정과의 연구는 현재 미미하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 바다에서 수거된 괭생이모자반을 대상으로 수거직후 관리(세척여부)에 따라 바이오에너지 전환 공정 중 당 가수분해에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토하였다. 세척시료와 미세척시료를 대상으로 강열감량 후 회분의 전기전도도 값을 측정한 결과, 미세척시료가 2.28 mS/cm로 세척시료보다 1.64배 높았으며, 이때 회분의 약 73%가 염분으로 나타났다. 세척과정을 반복적으로 실시하여 배출된 세척수의 전기전도도를 측정한 결과, 3회 세척 후 세척수 전기전도도는 1회 세척 후 결과 값의 88%가 감소하여, 해조류 표면에 묻은 염분은 반복되는 세척과정에서 상당부분 제거됨을 확인하였다. 세척여부는 당 가수분해 공정에도 영향을 미쳤으며, 특히 효소를 이용한 생물학적 가수분해 공정에 저해효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다.

The objective of the current study was to determine acute plasma stress responses in two size groups of juvenile Epinephelus akaara (average body weight: 8.4±2.1 and 3.3±0.6 g; 150 and 120 days after hatch, respectively) exposed to abrupt salinity drops (from 34 practical salinity unit, PSU seawater to 18, 10 PSU (experiment 1) or 26, 18, 10 PSU (experiment 2), respectively). Plasma glucose, glutamic oxalate transaminase, glutamic pyruvate transaminase, red blood cell counts, and gill histology were determined during 72 h exposure. Significantly increased plasma glucose, glutamic oxalate transaminase levels, and red blood cell counts were observed in fish exposed to 18 or 10 PSU. Histological changes, such as hyperplasia and lifting of epithelium in the gill secondary lamellae, were also observed in fish exposed to 18 or 10 PSU at 72 h post-drop. E. akaara exposed to sudden salinity drops to 18 or 10 PSU still seems to undergo the primary adjustment phase before fish reaches a new homeostasis, whereas fish exposed to 26 PSU seems to mount osmotic changes. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect levels for 72 h acute salinity challenge was 26 PSU in our study, and salinity drop to 18 PSU and below can possibly cause acute adverse effect, in which fish could be vulnerable to additional stresses such as a temperature changes or handling stress.

Since 2013, due to the London Convention prohibiting marine dumping of waste, many problems have occurred because food waste generated every day must be handled on the ground. Owing to recent institutional efforts and various technical studies for eco-friendly food waste treatment, various methods of treating food waste using insects have been studied. However, efficiency of Korean food waste treatment is in fact known to be low due to the high salinity of Korean food waste. In this study, we evaluated the treatment efficiency of food waste with various salt and moisture contents by the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). The results showed that the moisture content does not affect food waste treatment efficiency by the black soldier fly and the decomposition ability of food waste is good even at salt contents as high as 3%.

This experiment was conducted to identify the variations in inorganic nutrients and plant growth in millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) due to soil salinity. The soil series was Munpo and soil texture was silt loam. The experimental soil was amended so that the soil had salinities of 0.8 dS m-1, 1.6 dS m-1, 3.2 dS m-1 and 4.8 dS m-1. Millet was transplanted 15 days after sowing. As soil salinity increased, the degree of reduced growth was in the order of seed production > root dry matter > plant dry matter > culm length > tiller number > stem thickness > Panicle length. Seed production was decreased to 18.9% in soil salinity of 1.6 dS m-1, 36.9% in of 3.2 dS m-1, and 50.7% in EC of 4.8 dS m-1. Root dry matter decreased to 35.8% in EC of 3.2 dS m-1, and to 40.5% in EC of 4.8 dS m-1. As soil salinity increased, Total nitrogen content increased in all aboveground parts, roots and seeds. However, There was no difference in CaO, P2O5, K2O and, MgO in soils of different salinity. On the other hand, Na2O content was higher in the order roots> shoots> seed, and in the case of roots, Na2O content increased to 1.02% in soil salinity of 4.8 dS m-1. However, up to soil salinity of 1.6 dS m-1, the Na2O content of the seed was similar to that in plant grown in the Control conditions(0.8 dS m-1). In conclusion, taking into consideration economic factors, millet could be cultivated in soil with salinities of up to approximately 1.6 dS m-1, and seed produced from reclaimedland would be suitable for human consumption.

Background : Water uptake and flow across cellular membranes is a fundamental requirement for plant growth and development, and plant water status is important not only for plant growth under favorable conditions but also for ability of a plant to tolerate adverse environmental conditions. Thus identification of plasma membrane water channel genes (aquaporins) in ginseng provides extensive information for functional studies and the development of markers for salinity stress tolerance. Methods and Results : For salinity treatment, the plants were grown for 4 weeks in culture medium gelled with 0.8% Phytoagar, and the old media were replaced with the fresh medium containing NaCl at 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mM, respectively. The samples for stress treated and non-stressed plants were collected from 6h to 72h, and frozen immediately into liquid nitrogen. According to the sequence information from the assembled transcripts, four primer pairs were designed from the aquaporin gene regions. In order to determine the pattern of aquaporins expression in ginseng seedlings to salinity stress, we conducted semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Conclusion : A tonoplast intrinsic protein 1 (TIP1)-type aquaporin is not only believed to be essential for plant life, but also to be beneficial for growth under salinity stress. Therefore, a deeper understanding of aquaporin genes in ginseng will be essential for crop improvement, which could help us to understand the molecular genetic basis for the ginseng genetic improvement and also provide the functional genetic resources for selective breeding and transgenic research.

In plants, lipoxygenases (LOXs) are involved in various physiological processes, including defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Our previous study has shown that pepper 9-LOX gene, CaLOX1, plays a crucial role in cell death due to pathogen infection. Here, the function of CaLOX1 in response to osmotic, drought, and high salinity was examined using CaLOX1-overexpressing (CaLOX1-OX) Arabidopsis plants. Changes in the temporal expression pattern of the CaLOX1 gene were observed when pepper leaves were treated with drought and high salinity, but not with abscisic acid (ABA), the primary hormone in response to drought stress. During seed germination and seedling development, CaLOX1-OX plants were more tolerant to ABA, mannitol, and high salinity than wild-type plants. In contrast, expression of the ABA-responsive marker genes RAB18 and RD29B was higher in CaLOX1-OX Arabidopsis plants than in wild-type plants. In response to high salinity, CaLOX1-OX plants exhibited enhanced tolerance, compared with wild-type, which is accompanied by decreased accumulation of H2O2 and high levels of RD20, RD29A, RD29B, and P5CS gene expressions. Similarly, CaLOX1-OX plants were also more tolerant than wild-type plants to severe drought stress. H2O2 production and relative increase of lipid peroxidation were lower, and the expression of COR15A, DREB2A, RD20, RD29A, and RD29B was higher in CaLOX1-OX plants, relative to those of wild-type plants. Taken together, our results indicate that CaLOX1 plays a crucial role in plant stress responses by modulating the expression of ABA- and stress-responsive marker genes, lipid peroxidation, and H2O2 production.

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) is a global staple food crops. However, saline soil reduces the production of durum wheat in a lot of countries including Tunisia. This problem would be more severe as soil salinization ascribed by the global climate changes and worldwide water deficiencies. To overcome this circumstance, we performed two experiments related to salinity stress tolerance of durum wheat. Two Tunisian durum wheat cultivars (‘Om Rabia’, ‘Mahmoudi’) were applied to examine the reaction to salt stress. At the third leaf stage, salt stress was treated by submerging the pots into 500 mM NaCl for 5 mins everyday instead of irrigation in greenhouse. The treatment was applied for 1 week and their tolerances to salt stress were determined by comparing their growth parameters to the control plants. Total RNA was extracted and Quantitative reverse transcript PCR (qRT-PCR) using the genes linked with the salt tolerance was performed. The plant height and leaf chlorophyll content were reduced during salt stress treatment in both cultivars. The growth parameters of ‘Om Rabia’ was reduced less than that of ‘Mahmoudi’. The transcription level of the genes linked with the salt tolerance was greater in ‘Om Rabia’ than in ‘Mahmoudi’. These results will be fruitful to future breeding program for salt tolerant tetraploid durum wheat.

우수한 사료자원으로 평가되는 케나프의 생산단가를 낮 추기 위하여 새만금 간척지 시험포에서 염농도 단계별 생육 및 수량을 관찰한 결과 케나프는 중·상정도의 내염성을 보 유한 작물로 평가할 수 있으며 충분한 제염이 이루어진다고 하면 간척지에서의 재배 가능성도 충분할 것으로 평가할 수 있었다. 염농도별 케나프의 발아력을 조사한 결과 토양 염 농도가 4.0 dS/m (=0.26%) 일 때 84%이던 케나프 발아율 이 5.0 dS/m (=0.32%) 에서는 18%로 급격히 떨어졌으며 6.0 dS/m (=0.39%) 에서는 발아율이 10%를 넘지 못하였다. 또한 생육 상황도 토양 염농도에 비례하여 급격히 떨어졌는 데 케나프는 줄기직경을 2.6 cm 이상으로 유지할 수 있을 경우 엽수가 유의할 수준으로 늘어나고 줄기부분에 대한 상 대적 무게비율이 증가하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 이는 잎 의 분열을 촉진시킬 수 있는 충분한 생장량 확보가 줄기직 경 2.6 cm 이상에서부터 가능하다는 것을 의미하는데 새만 금에서는 토양 염농도 4.0 dS/m (=0.26%) 이하에서는 케나 프의 줄기직경을 2.6 cm 이상으로 유지하는 것이 가능하였 으나 염농도가 5.0 dS/m (=0.32%)를 넘어서게 되면 줄기직 경이 2.0 cm 이하로 엽수도 20~46% 감소하였다. 생육장해는 파종 후 1개월 경과부터 본격적으로 나타나기 시작하였 는데 엽 정단이 고사하고 주변 잎 들이 급격하게 황화 낙엽 되는 현상이 발생하였다. 케나프의 토양 염농도에 대한 수 량성을 분석한 결과 토양 염농도 4.0 dS/m (=0.26%) 까지 는 비간척지에 비해 수량이 최대 19% 하락하였으나 염농도간 차이는 크지 않았다. 그러나 토양 염농도가 4.0 dS/m (=0.26%) 를 넘어서는 5.0 dS/m (=0.32%) 에서는 비간척지의 51% 수준을 유지하는데 그쳤으며 토양 염농도 4.0 dS/m (=0.26%) 일 때의 수량에 비해서도 38% 감소하였다. 통계분석을 통 하여 간척지에서 수량성 감소를 80% 이내로 유지 할 수 있 는 토양 염농도를 산출해본 결과 토양 염농도가 4.2 dS/m 이내로 유지될 경우 케나프의 생산성은 80% 이상을 유지할 수 있었다.

This study conducted experiments on the reclaimed land of Saemangeum located in Jeongrabuk-do in order to gain basic information about growth characteristics and yield ability according to soil salinity. Having soil excluding salt as a control group, this study adjusted the specimens’ soil salinity to level 4 and then planted four varieties including Ilmichal Corn to investigate the growth or grain yield according to salinity. About the corn establishment rate according to soil salinity, over 97% up to 3.2 dS m-1 was established, and then, it was reduced gradually according to the increase of concentration. According to the salt concentration of soil more required growth duration from seeding to heading comparing to non-treatment salt was delayed, at 1.6 dS m-1, two days were delayed, at 3.2 dS m-1, four to six days were delayed differently by varieties, and at 4.8 dS m-1, six to 10 days were delayed. About the plant fresh weight according to soil salinity, Chalok 4 and Eolrukchal indicated 93%~97% or so compared with the salt-free one at 1.6 dS m-1, and Chalok No. 4 showed 79% at the salinity of 3.2 dS m-1, too, and it was a relatively higher growth percentage than those of the other varieties. In terms of dried seed weight according to soil salinity, compared with the corns cultivated in the control group, averagely 12.1% was lowered at the time of cultivation at 1.6 dS m-1, and 3.2 dS m-1 40% was lowered, and about 70% was lowered at 4.8 dS m-1. According to the result of examining the point of time that dried seed start to reduce due to soil salinity with the regression equation, soil salinity which starts the reduction of grain weight is 1.67 dS m-1~2.18 dS m-1, and it differs by varieties, and EC of 50% that the yield reduces in half is 2.96 dS m-1 ~4.45 dS m-1. And the degree of influence on each of the growth factors according to soil salinity is founded to be in the order of establishment rate<plant length=the ear’s fresh weight<the plant fresh weight<yield.

본 연구에서는 검정콩 발아를 위한 수침조건을 설정하고 발아시 발아수의 염 농도를 달리하여 그에 따른 발아율, 피니톨 및 기타 품질특성변화를 살펴보고자 하였다. 그 결과 수분 흡수율의 변화는 수침초기 6시간 까지는 급격한 증가를 보였으며, 수침 시간 및 수침 온도가 증가할수록 수분 흡수율이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. pH는 수침 온도가 높을수록 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 안토시아닌 용출율은 수침 시간이 증가할수록 점차적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타나 수침 시간은 단시간에 필요한 수분 흡수율을 나타나내는 25℃, 6시간이 적당한 것으로 나타났다. 발아시 검정콩 발아율은 염 농도가 증가할수록 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 피니톨 함량을 분석한 결과 염 농도 0.7%일 때 피니톨함량이 높게 나타났다. 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 염 농도 0.3～0.5%에서 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 플라보노이드 함량은 염 농도 0.1%에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 검정콩 발아시 염 스트레스 처리는 혈당강하 성분인 피니톨 함량을 증대하여 검정콩의 기능성 식품소재로서의 가치를 높일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Salt toxicity is the major factor limiting crop productivity in saline soils. Rice is an important staple food crop of nearly half of the world population and is well known to be a salt sensitive crop. The completion and enhanced annotations of rice genome sequence has provided the opportunity to study functional genomics of rice. With the rapid development of the biotechnology techniques, we can use more accurate and reliable methods to study the mechanism and function in different stress conditions. In present study, 295 rice accessions of diverse origin were re-sequenced and used for genome-wide association study (GWAS) with several germination-related traits, including germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), germination index (GI), salt tolerance index (STI) in salt tolerant germination stage. Phenotyping of the rice accessions were carried out at 200mM NaCl to screen salt tolerance levels. GWAS was applied to detect the associated genes related to salt tolerance in rice germination stage. Variations and haplotypes of the associated genes were detected and correlation between the phenotypes and genotypes were validated using qRT-PCR.

Long-term change in sea level along the eastern coast of Korea was illustrated using four tide-gauge station (Pohang, Mukho, Sokcho, Ulleung) data, water temperature and salinity. Seasonal variation in the sea level change was dominant. The sea level change by steric height derived from water temperature and salinity was relatively lower than that measured from the tide-gauge stations. Sea level rising rate per year by steric height increased with latitude. The effect of salinity(water temperature) on the sea level change is greater in winter(in summer).

본 연구에서는 해수유입과 강우유출에 따른 용원수로 내의 염분도 분포를 모의하기 위해 EFDC(Environ-mental Fluid Dynamics Code) 모형을 이용하였다. 유량경계조건은 대표 방류구에서 유출되는 양을 모니터링하여 면적비 유량법으로 산정하였으며, 수위경계조건으로는 시간별 조위 값을 입력하였다. 강우량에 따른 염분도 모의 결과는 일 강우량 245 mm의 유출조건을 반영하였으며, 그 결과 Site 1∼2 지점과 망산도 부근 방류구가 위치한 곳에서는 염분도가 0 ppt에 가까운 수치가 나타났으며, 반면 비강우시에는 30 ppt가 넘는 것으로 나타났다. 용원수로 내측지점(Site 2∼5)에서의 2010년 1월 1일∼12월 31일까지의 염분도 시계열 변화 모의결과와 월별 실측값을 비교하여 나타내었다. 용원수로의 지점별 염분도를 분석한 결과, 내측지점(Site 1∼4)과 송정천지점(Site 7∼8)에서 염분도가 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 망산도 부근 염분도를 집중적으로 조사한 결과, 1차 조사결과 누적강우량은 17mm로 염분도 농도는 21.9∼28.8ppt로 측정되었으며, 2차 조사결과 누적강우량은 160.5mm로 염분도 농도는 2.33∼8.05ppt로 나타났다. 결과적으로 용원수로에서는 해수의 순환이 원활하게 이루어지지 않으므로, 이로 인하여 염분도의 차이가 크게 나타났으며 특히 강우시에는 염분도가 급격히 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다.