Many countries have been developing their own FEP (Feature, Event, Process) lists to formulate radionuclide release scenarios in deep disposal repository of spent nuclear fuels and to assess the safety. The main issue in developing a FEP list is to ensure its completeness and comprehensiveness in examining all plausible scenarios of radionuclide release in a repository of interest. To this end, the NEA International FEP (IFEP) list as a generic reference have been developed and updated through long-term international collaborations. Leading countries advanced in the research field of deep geologic disposal of spent nuclear fuels have comparatively mapped their project-specific FEP (PFEP) lists with the IFEP list. Recently in 2019, NEA has published an updated version of IFEP list (ver. 3.0) which has a different classification system: the IFEP version 3.0 has the five main categories including the waste package, repository, geosphere, biosphere and external factors while the previous IFEP versions were mainly classified into the external, environmental, and contaminant factors. Most leading countries in this field, Finland and Sweden, recently succeeded to obtain the design and/or construction licenses for deep geologic disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Therefore, their PFEP lists should be good benchmark cases to the following countries. However, their PFEP lists have not comparatively mapped with the most recent version of IFEP and thus some gaps may exist in showing completeness and comprehensiveness in comparison to the IFEP version 3.0. In this study, we comparatively map the PFEP lists of Finland and Sweden to the IFEP version 3.0. The comparatively mapped PFEP list could be used as the basis for verifying the comprehensiveness and completeness of the domestic PFEP list currently under development in Korea.

Lactic acid bacteria as probiotics are intensively used in human and animal species. These probiotic properties of LABs were variable according to bacterial strain and species. However, there was limited information on probiotic properties of monkey origin LABs. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of monkey and human origin LABs against monkey origin enteric bacteria by the agar disc diffusion test and broth culture inhibition assay. All LABs represented enough tolerance to pepsin (0.3%) and bile acid (pH = 2). To 50% of Clostridium perfringens and 20% of Escherichia coli, monkey origin LABs showed statistically higher antibacterial activity compared to human origin LABs (p < 0.05). Also, distinct antibacterial activity was verified among some bacteria species and strains. Higher antibacterial activity against enteric bacteria except for C. perfringens was verified in Lactobacillus johnsonii strains compared to Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus salivarius. Statistically different antibacterial activity against C. perfringens was verified among strains within L. reuteri and L. johnsonii. In conclusion, we prove the higher probiotic properties of monkey origin LABs against homogenous enteric bacteria although humans and monkeys were phylogenetically similar species. For non-human primates, homogenous LABs should be used as probiotics, not human origin LABs. Furthermore, it was confirmed among monkey origin LABs, L. johnsonii showed a high antibacterial activity on various enteric pathogenic bacteria and was an appropriate lactic acid strain for inhibiting C. perfringens.

To clarify the concepts of dialects, vernacular and regional languages used with similar meanings, this study attempted to reveal the usage patterns and concepts of these expressions based on written corpus. The written corpus of printed newspaper articles from the online Naver News Library that archived newspaper articles from 1920 to 1999 and the news article corpus crawled by the online Naver News portal from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2021 were extracted and analyzed. In particular, this paper analyzed the relationship between collates and keywords based on the corpus linguistic research methodology of the news article corpus for the past eighteen years and how they were being used in official records and press documents by corresponding with the 'dialects, vernacular, and regional languages' in socio-linguistic terms of modern Korean. The results are summarized as follows. First, the concept of linguistic norms that a dialects have terms corresponding to the words or standard languages was established after the 1930s. Second, in the library of newspaper articles published in the 20th century, dialects or vernaculars were perceived as negative objects to be removed in preparation for standard language. Third, it can be seen that the positive value judgment on 'vernacular' has increased in the corpus of news articles over the past decade. Fourth, dialects and vernacular, regional language, and standard language were used to be compatible with each other, and it can been seen that dialects were mainly used in academic contexts and vernacular were mainly used in everyday contexts. Fifth, it can be confirmed that the positive perception of standard language has been maintained in the 20th-century newspaper article corpus and the 21st-century news article corpus for the last eighteen years after the recognition of standard language.

As the importance of public health increases with the spread of infectious diseases, functionality has become a factor affecting consumers’ purchase of mushrooms. Therefore, the bioactive components of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), which are generally known to promote button mushroom consumption, were analyzed. White and brown button mushrooms were compared and white beech mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) were used as a control. White button mushrooms had higher sugar and inorganic potassium concentrations than brown button mushrooms, whereas sodium, magnesium, and vitamin C concentrations were not significantly different between the different button mushrooms. Moreover, there was approximately twice as much ergosterol in white button mushrooms than brown button mushrooms. Brown button mushrooms had higher concentrations of β-glucan and oxalic acid than white button mushrooms, but there was no significant difference in total organic acid content between the two mushroom types. High concentrations of the essential amino acids, ergothioneine, isoleucine, and leucine and the non-essential amino acids, glycine and alanine, were observed. Concentrations of the vitamin B group and total polyphenols were also high.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative study between Korea and the United States to examine anglers’ motivations, consumptive orientation, and the relationship between these two concepts. The following two research questions were explored: (1) whether there are significant differences in anglers’ motivations and consumptive orientation between Korea and the United States; and (2) what differences exist in the effects of anglers’ motivations on consumptive orientation between these two countries. The main research results are as follows. First, Korean anglers showed a higher level of consumptive orientation than American anglers. Second, a positive relationship between activity-general motivation and consumptive orientation was reported for Korean anglers while the relationship was opposite for American anglers. Study results imply that national angler surveys as well as public education and outreach programs are necessary to help anglers engage in sustainable fishing behaviors for effective fishery resources management.

불공정무역조사법 제4조 제1항 각 호에서는 우리나라 무역위원회의 조 사 대상이 되는 불공정무역행위 유형에 대하여 규정하고 있으며, 이 중 제1호에서 지식재산권 침해 물품 등의 국내 수입, 수출 행위 등을 규정하 고 있다. 불공정무역조사법상 지식재산권 침해 행위에는 특허권, 실용신안 권, 디자인권, 상표권, 저작권, 저작인접권, 출판권, 데이터베이스 제작자 의 권리 및 반도체집적회로의 배치설계권이나 지리적 표시 및 지리적 표 시권 또는 영업비밀 침해까지 포함되나, 부정경쟁방지법상의 부정경쟁행 위는 규정하고 있지 않다. 불공정무역조사법상의 조사와는 별도로 부정경쟁방지법에서는 부정경쟁 행위 조사제도를 운영하고 있는데, 이를 무역위의 불공정무역행위 조사제 도와 비교해 보고, 불공정무역조사법상 조사대상이 되는 지식재산권 침해 범위에 부정경쟁행위의 추가여부의 타당성, 적절성을 검토해 볼 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 먼저 불공정무역조사법과 부정경쟁방지법 상의 조사제도를 비교분석하고, 각 제도의 운영 실태 및 현황을 조사하여 분석하였다. 다음으로 해외 주요국에서 불공정무역행위 조사제도의 현황 및 관련 법규를 조사하여, 해외에서 불공정무역 조사대상에 부정경쟁행위 를 포함하고 있는 사례를 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 불공정무역조사법상 지 식재산권 침해 범위에 부경법상 부정경쟁행위의 추가여부의 타당성을 법 리적으로 검토하고, 관련 고려사항을 제시하였다.

시설재배지 고추(Capsicum annuum)에 주요 총채벌레는 꽃노랑총채벌레(Frankliniella occidentalis)와 대만총채벌레(F. intonsa)이다. 본 연구는 이들 총 채벌레의 월동 생리를 분석하는 데 목적을 두었다. 두 총채벌레는 동결감수성 곤충으로 낮은 저온(-15~-25°C)에서 체내빙결점을 보였다. 그러나 이 체내빙결 점은 두 종 사이에 그리고 발육태에 따라 상이하였다. 꽃노랑총채벌레의 경우 성충 -25.7±0.5°C, 번데기 -17.2±0.3°C, 약충 -15.0±0.4°C였고 대만총채벌레 는 성충 -24.0±1.0°C, 번데기 -27.0±0.5°C, 약충 -17.2±0.8°C에서 체내빙결점을 기록하였다. 그러나 실제로 두 종의 저온 피해는 체내빙결점보다 높은 온도 에서 일어났으며, 처리온도가 내려갈수록 그리고 노출시간이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 대만총채벌레에 비해 꽃노랑총채벌레가 저온에 대해서 높은 내한성을 보였으며 발육태에 따라 약충보다는 성충이 높은 내한성을 나타냈다. 그러나 두 종 모두는 치사 저온조건(-10°C, 2시간)에 노출되기 전에 0°C에서 2시간 미리 노출되면 저온 피해가 현저하게 줄어드는 급속내한성유기를 보였다. 또한 단계적으로 감소하는 저온에 노출되면서 저온순화를 발현하였다. 이들 총채벌레의 월동처를 알아보기 위해 시설재배지 안팎에서 동계모니터링이 진행되었다. 동계기간(11월~2월) 두 종 성충은 야외에서 채집되지 않았지만, 시설재배지 내부 에서는 꽃노랑총채벌레가 황색점착트랩과 잡초에서 포획되었다. 동계기간 시설재배지 토양시료에서 꽃노랑총채벌레 성충이 지속적으로 우화되었으나, 대만 총채벌레는 11월과 12월 토양시료에서 나오지 않았지만, 1월 이후 채집된 시료에서 성충 우화가 관찰되었다. 휴면에 따른 우화율 차이인지를 분석하기 위해 상이한 일장을 이들 두 총채벌레 종에 처리하였다. 이 결과 꽃노랑총채벌레는 일장조건과 무관하게 우화한 반면 대만총채벌레는 단일조건에서는 우화하지 않 았다. 한편 이들 총채벌레가 전파하는 Tomato spotted wilt virus도 동계기간 총채벌레가 채집된 잡초에서 검출되었다. 이상의 결과는 꽃노랑총채벌레가 겨 울기간 시설재배지 내부에서 잡초를 먹이로 발육하는 반면, 대만총채벌레의 경우는 휴면상태로 토양 속에서 월동하는 것으로 추정되었다.

This study compared and analyzed the difference in performance between the existing soot probe and the improved one that was applied to the actual inspection vehicle at the actual inspection site, which has been developed under the specific conditions based on the excellent results through the performance evaluation. As the results, probe(b) involves a structure designed close to the center of the circumference of the exhaust pipe, and the suction efficiency was improved by adding a center unit. The improved probe(b) can enhance the effectiveness of the inspection when applied to total and regular tests inspections, and the possibility of contributing to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions generated in the transportation sector has been confirmed.

최근 시군구와 같은 소지역 수준의 인구추계에 대한 관심이 증대하고 있음에도 불구하고 방법론적 연구는 매우 제한적이다. 따라서 본 연구의 주된 목적은 관찰 데이터를 이용해 다양한 소지역 인구추계 방법의 특성을 비교 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 선행연구에 대한 검토를 바탕으로 소지역 인구추계로 활용될 수 있는 주요 방법론을 선정하였다. 선정된 방법론을 대상으로 인구추 계를 수행함에 있어 적용 가능한 세부 사항을 고려하여 20여 가지의 실행 방법으로 구분하였다. 각 방법에 대해 우리나라 시군구 단위로 2001-2010년의 데이터를 바탕으로 2020년까지의 인구를 추계하고, 그 결과를 분석하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 총인구를 대상으로 전반적인 추계 수행성을 비교한 결과 절충 할당법과 이지역 코호트-요인법이 상당히 유사한 정도로 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 추계 결과를 인구구조 및 시공간적 이질성의 측면에서 세부적으로 따져본 결과 다른 특성들도 드러났다. 대체로 이지역 코호트-요인법의 결과가 우수하였지만 0-4세, 25-34세 인구에 대한 오차는 상대적으로 크게 나타났다. 추계 기간이 짧은 단기 추계(5년)에서는 절충 할당법이 가장 우수했지만 추계 기간 증가에 따른 오차 증가 폭은 이지역 코호트-요인 법이 가장 낮았다. 개별 시군구의 오차 간에 편차가 있는데, 10% 이상의 오차를 가진 시군구는 약 25%였다. 이들은 인구 이동의 시계열 변이가 크거나 추계기간 중 인구성장율이 달라진 경우가 많았다. 이 연구는 소지역 인구추계 방법의 경험적 근거를 제시하여 향후 수행될 다양한 소지역 인구추계에서 주요한 참고가 될 것으로 기대된다.

As frontier materials, graphene oxide (GO) and graphene have penetrated almost all research areas and advanced numerous technologies in sensing, electronics, energy storage, catalysis, water treatment, advanced composites, biomedical, and more. However, the affordable large-scale synthesis of high-quality GO and graphene remains a significant challenge that negatively affects its commercialisation. In this article, firstly, a simple, scalable approach was demonstrated to synthesise high-quality, high yield GO by modifying the improved Hummers method. The advantages of the optimised process are reduced oxidation time, straightforward washing steps without using coagulation step, reduction in cost as eliminating the use of phosphoric acid, use of minimum chemical reagents, and increased production of GO per batch (~ 62 g). Subsequently, the produced GO was reduced to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using three different approaches: green reduction using ascorbic acid, hydrothermal and thermal reduction techniques. The GO and rGO samples were characterised using various microscopy and spectroscopy techniques such as XRD, Raman, SEM, TEM, XPS and TGA. The rGO prepared using different methods were compared thoroughly, and it was noticed that rGO produced by ascorbic acid reduction has high quality and high yield. Furthermore, surface (surface wettability, zeta potential and surface area) and electrical properties of GO and different rGO were evaluated. The presented synthesis processes might be potentially scaled up for large-scale production of GO and rGO.

Pleurotus ostreatus is a globally cultivated mushroom crop. Cap color is a quality factor in P. ostreatus. However, cap color can spontaneously mutate, degrading the quality of the mushroom on the market. Early detection and removal of mutant strains is the best way to maintain the commercial value of the crop. To detect the cap color mutant Gonji7ho, molecular markers were developed based on insertion/deletions (InDels) derived from the comparison of mitogenomes of Gonji7ho and Gonji7hoM mushrooms. Sequencing, assembly, and comparative analysis of the two mitogenomes revealed genome sizes of 73,212 bp and 72,576 bp with 61 and 57 genes or open reading frames (ORFs) in P. ostreatus Gonji7ho and Gonji7hoM, respectively. Fourteen core protein-encoding genes, two rRNA, and 24 tRNA with some OFRs were predicted. Of the 61 genes or OFRs in the wild type, dpo, rpo, and two orf139 were missing (or remnant) in the mutant strain. Molecular markers were developed based on the sequence variations (InDels) between the two mitogenomes. Six polymorphic molecular markers could detect the mutated mitochondria by PCR. These results provide basic knowledge of the mitogenomes of wild-type and mutant P. ostreatus, and can be applied to discriminate mutated mitochondria.