Free radicals originate due to the radiolysis of cytoplasmic water with low “Linear Energy Transfer” (LET) radiations. Naringenin (Ng) is a natural antioxidative compound found in citrus fruits. This study revealed that Naringenin (Ng) reduced the radiation damage of critical organs by scavenging oxidative free radicals. In the study, Ng was orally administrated to rats daily for 7 consecutive days, prior to whole body exposure to gamma-rays. The scavenging efficacy was evaluated biochemically by measuring the concentration of cytotoxic byproducts and the activity of enzymes relevant to oxidative free radicals, after extracting the organs from the exposed rat. We observed increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the exposed control group. However, pretreatment with Ng significantly reduced the MDA concentration, and increased the activities of SOD and CAT, as compared to the control group, due to the free radical scavenging by Ng. The results indicate that Ng administration prior to irradiation could protect critical organs from radiation damage.

Naval combat system developed in-country is progressing at an alarming rate since 2000. ROK navy will be achieved all vessels that have combat system in the near future. The importance of System Engineering and Integrated Logistics Support based on reliability analysis is increasing. However, reliability analysis that everyone trusted and recognized is not enough and applied practically for development of Defense Acquisition Program. In particular, Existing Reliability Analysis is focusing on reliability index (Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) etc.) for policy decision of defense improvement project. Most of the weapon system acquisition process applying in the exponential distribution simply persist unreality due to memoryless property. Critical failures are more important than simple faults to ship’s operator. There are no confirmed cases of reliability analysis involved with critical failure that naval ship scheduler and operator concerned sensitively.Therefore, this study is focusing on Mean Time To Critical Failure (MTTCF), reliability on specific time and Operational Readiness Float (ORF) requirements related to critical failure of Patrol Killer Guided missile (PKG) combat system that is beginning of naval combat system developed in-country. Methods of analysis is applied parametric and non-parametric statistical techniques. It is compared to the estimates and proposed applications. The result of study shows that parametric and non-parametric estimators should be applied differently depending on purpose of utilization based on test of normality. For the first time, this study is offering Reliability of ROK Naval combat system to stakeholders involved with defense improvement project. Decision makers of defense improvement project have to active support and effort in this area for improvement of System Engineering.

Kim, KaHyun & Shin, Dongil. 2016. “A Critical Discourse Analysis on Global Talents and Their English Competence”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(3). 249~280. The purpose of this study is to examine the media discourse on global talents and their English competence through critical discourse analysis. The special feature articles of the JoongAng daily newspaper on ‘global talent’ were traced and analyzed. The articles of JoongAng Sunday magazine on the global talent, which were published between January 2008 and March 2016, were also examined. The analysis drew upon the van Dijk’s (2009b) sociocognitive approach. By understanding how social cognition played its role in formative process of the discourse with linguistic features, the dialectical relationship of the dicourse and the society was inferred. Findings revealed the schema of the global companies, which counted human resources as the goal of management and essential part of their success, empathized individuals’ role and led them to make efforts. Microscopic linguistic features formed global talent discourses with being influenced and affecting the macroscopic structure. The media discourse often valued self-improvement, which involved neoliberalistic orientation of global companies.

“Action-oriented Approach (AA)” as a new teaching method has taken an important role in teaching and learning of French Education during past 10 years. However, even though the new teaching method is very welcome for educators, now it is the time that we have to consider whether the key principle and fundamental notion of this approach is suitable for our language education environments and is theoretically appropriate for education. For that, it is necessary that we have to carefully examine this “Action-oriented Approach” from two points of views. First of all, from the angle of foreign language education, we need to verify whether this new approach could be appropriately applied in teaching and learning of Korean foreign language education or not. Secondly, from a societal perspective, we need to examine how this method, considering language education as everyday life itself, can handle some critical perspectives in the point of “status in quo” of “AA”. It has been criticized that language education as everyday life itself can make learners in everyday life to unconsciously acquire maintaining the ‘status quo’ during actions such as “educational inequality”. It is expected that this kind of examination will suggest us an improved way of “AA” for more effective and appropriate practice of French Education, and will give us an opportunity to think about the better way of teaching and learning model by “AA” in Korea.

본 논문은 칠레 출신의 개념미술가 알프레도 하르의 1980년대와 1990년대 언론지 차용 작업에서 나타나는 미디어 비판적 시각에 대한 연구이다. 본래 하르는 다큐멘터리 사진을 이용한 설치작품으로 뉴욕 미술계의 주목을 받기 시작했다. 그렇기 때문에 주로 미술사에서는 그를 다큐멘터리 사진작가로 분류하여 사건의 기록적인 측면에서 연구해 왔다. 하지만 그는 자신의 다큐멘터리 사진 작업이 미디어에 대한 비판적 시각 아래 제 작했다고 언급한 바 있다. 따라서 그러한 시각이 직접적으로 드러나는 언론지 차용 작 업을 연구하는 것은 작가의 작품전반에 대한 폭넓은 이해를 제공할 것이다. 하르의 1980년대 언론지 차용 작업은 칠레 쿠데타의 미국 개입의혹과 미국의 자유 주의 사상 이면에 만연하는 불평등을 중심으로 이루어졌음을 발견할 수 있다. 그는 언 론지의 표지나 광고, 혹은 보도사진을 병치해 미디어에 내포된 이데올로기를 지우고 자 신의 의도대로 의미를 전환시켜 미디어를 순수한 사회적 기록물로 볼 수 있는가에 대한 문제를 제기한다. 또한, 그의 1990년대 언론지 작업은 제 3세계에서 일어난 정치적 사건 에 대한 서구 미디어의 태도에 초점이 맞춰져 있다. 그는 사건이 발생한 기간 동안 발행 된 언론지의 표지를 나열해 미디어가 인종차별적 아래 해당 사건을 주요 뉴스에서 배제 시켰음을 폭로한다. 이를 통해 사건의 직접적 가해자뿐만 아니라 미디어의 방관적 태도 역시 사건에 대한 책임이 있음을 시사한다. 이렇듯 그의 1980-1990년대 언론지 차용 작 업은 일상 속에서 정보를 제공하거나 소비를 유도하기 위한 언론지의 기사 텍스트나 이 미지 혹은 광고에 변형을 가하지 않고 단순히 병치시킴으로써 기존에 미디어가 내포했 던 의미와 작가가 전환시킨 의미를 관람자가 비교하고 깨닫게끔 유도했다고 볼 수 있 다. 이러한 점에서 그의 작업은 주류 미디어를 역으로 이용한 대항(counter) 미디어로서 의 성격을 갖는다고 볼 수 있다. 그의 언론지 차용 작업은 미국뿐만 아니라 현재 대한민국에서도 활발히 논의 중인 우파와 좌파간의 첨예한 대립, 사회적 평등에 대한 시각, 제 3세계 주변국 사람들을 바 라보는 차별적 시선 등과 같은 정치적 사안과 연결된다. 이러한 점에서 볼 때 하르의 1980-1990년대 언론지 차용 작업은 여전히 동시대적 성격을 갖는다고 볼 수 있다.

The paper observes that grammatical competence has been interpreted as the ability to judge grammaticality ever since the employment of communicative competence as the core basis of curriculum design in the 6th national English curriculum of Korea. It contends that this interpretation is different from what has been widely accepted in the literature on grammatical competence, that is, the ability to understand and express propositional meaning of utterances. The study suggests that a new and fresh look at grammatical competence needs to be taken in developing and implementing the national English curriculum which is to provide English learners in Korea with more potential opportunities for success in acquiring communicative competence.

본 연구는 학교교육의 사회화에 관하여 비판하고 배움학적 대안을 제시하고자 함을 그 목적으로 한다. 교육과 사회 간의 관계를 결정하는 중요한 핵심은 사회화이다. 사회화란 개인이 한 사회의 구성원이 되기 위해 반드시 배워야 하는 모든 과정과 내용을 의미한다. 이에 관해 구조기능주의론자들과 갈등주의 론자들은 사회화의 정당화와 보장성에 관해 경쟁하며 교육의 공헌에 관한 주장을 하여왔다. 사회화의 대 행기관으로서 가장 중요한 사회 속의 기관은 학교이다. 학교교육은 개인이 사회의 구성원이 될 수 있도록 가장 적합한 기관으로 알려져 왔다. 그러나 학교는 특정 시대의 정치적, 경제적, 그리고 문화적 계급을 재생산하거나, 사회화보다는 다른 목적으로 사용되어져 왔다. 그러나 학교교육은 사회화와 더불어 인간의 배움본능의 실현과 개조를 가능케 하도록 이루어져야 한다. 현재까지 이루어진 학교교육은 개인 을 사회화하기에 부적합한 기관이라는 것이 본 연구의 결론이다.

법무부는 최근 다중인명피해를 발생시킨 범죄에 대해서 특별한 규율을 하는 법률안을 입법 예고한바 있다. 이 법률안의 가장 핵심적 부분은 형 법상 경합범 가중례에 대한 가중제한을 완화, 폐지하는 것에 있다. 다수 의 인명피해를 발생시킨 범죄가 우리 사회에 주는 충격과 피해가 중하고 이러한 범죄를 억제해야 한다는 취지에는 충분히 동의 한다. 그러나 그 대응 방식으로서 경합범의 처벌에 관한 형법원칙을 너무 쉽 게 포기하는 것은 예상하지 못하는 문제점을 발생시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 이 글에서는 법안이 가지고 있는 문제점을 형법이론에 비추어 상세하게 검토하여 보았다. 단지 국민들의 분노 감정을 만족시키기 위하 여 집행하지도 못할 강력한 법정형을 규정하는 방식으로 손쉽게 이 문제 를 덮으려고 해서는 안 된다. 물론 필요하다면 기존 형법적 처벌의 흠결 을 메우려는 노력도 필요할 것이다. 하지만 너무 쉽게 형법원칙을 포기 하고 강한 처벌만을 추구하기 보다는 형법원칙 내에서 문제의 구조적 원 인을 분석하고 그에 따라 가담자의 책임에 맞게 처벌하는 길이 비록 어 렵더라도 올바른 길이라고 생각한다.

In March 2014 the Myanmar Hluttaw, or Parliament, enacted the Myanmar National Human Rights Commission Law, which provided a statutory basis for a national human rights body in Myanmar. The Myanmar government declared to the United Nations Human Rights Council that the Enabling Law was compliant with the United Nations Paris Principles that set international standards for national human rights institutions. Despite the claims of the Myanmar government, however, critics charge the Enabling Law is insufficient, with detractors claiming the law leaves the MNHRC with anaemic powers incapable of advancing human rights. This paper responds to such issues by conducting an independent evaluation of the MNHRC Enabling Law under the Paris Principles. In doing so, the analysis treats the Enabling Law as a case study demonstrating how the Paris Principles can be exercised by third parties as the UN-supported international standards for national human rights institutions.

The plastic monomer bisphenol A (BPA) is well known as a representative environmental hormones. Recent studies showed that the BPA exposure induced mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial derived reactive oxygen species (mito-ROS). However, changes of antioxidant enzymes expression and ROS production from mitochondria according to the BPA exposure on in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes have not been studied. We hypothesized that regulation of ROS production from mitochondria by BPA may play a critical role in meiotic maturation or expansion of cumulus cells in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). To investigate the negative effects of BPA exposure on oocyte maturation, immature pig oocytes were matured in NCSU-23 medium supplemented with BPA (50, 75 and 100 μM) for 44 h. Expectedly, the rates of meiotic maturation and cumulus cell expansion of COCs in the BPA (75 μM) treated group was significantly lower than those of control group (p<0.01). Most of secretion factors expressions from COCs were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the BPA treated COCs. Next, we investigated the intracellular ROS and mitochondrial specific superoxide production according to the BPA exposure using DCF-DA and mito-SOX staining, respectively. BPA exposure were showed that increasing of both intracellular ROS and mito-ROS, as well as mitochondrial related antioxidant enzymes (sod2, prdx3, prdx5) mRNA expression significantly increased (p<0.01) in COCs. And then, mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) dramatically reduced, and mitochondrial-derived apoptotic factors (bax, bcl-xl, caspase 3) mRNA expressions were increased (p<0.01) in BPA treated COCs. In additon, protein levels of mitochondrial-derived apoptosis genes (AIF, cleaved parp1 and caspase 3) were significantly increased (p<0.05) by BPA exposure. To confirm the reduction of BPA-induced mito-ROS, we used to the mitochondrial-targeted ROS scavenger, mito-TEMPO. Interestingly, addition of mito-TEMPO (0.1 μM) to the BPA pre-treated COCs recovered in meiotic maturation of porcine oocytes. These results demonstrated that BPA exposure was induced increasing of mitochondrial dysfunction, mito-ROS and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis on pig oocyte maturation. Therefore, we suggest that controlling of mito-ROS plays a critical role in pig oocyte maturation in vitro. These findings will be helpful to solve causes of mitochondrial-related infertility.

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a rapid, specific, cost-effective detection method by amplifying nucleic acid under isothermal conditions. In this study, we used LAMP for detection of Hamiltonella defensa that lives as a facultive endosymbiont of whitefly ‘Bemisia tabaci’. We designed the Hamiltonella-specific primers by targeting 16S ribosomal RNA gene and validated the specificity of one primer set. To find the optimum temperature for our primer set, the LAMP reaction was held at the temperature, 60℃, 62℃ and 65℃. As a result, 62℃ was the optimum reation temperature for LAMP reaction. Specificity of primer set was tested by the reaction to both Trialeurodes vaporariorum and B. tabaci. After the whole procedure, the amplicons by LAMP were visualized by adding SYBR Green to the reaction tube.

Irrigation with saline water of rivers and groundwater reservoir into paddy field cause decreases rice production depending on water salinity. The purpose of this research was to determine the critical concentration of water salinity for provision of a basic information on the stable rice production in west costal area of Honam region. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the 13 levels of saline water [0.01(control) 0.03, 0.05, 0.08, 0.10, 0.13, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.50, 0.70, 1.00%] in transplanted rice using c.v. Cheongho and tolerance to different water salinities was evaluated at three growth stages of the rice plant such as [(35 DAT:Tillering), (81 DAT:Heading), and (106 DAT:Ripening)], respectively. Increasing water salinity significantly decreased grain yield and the higher in salinity the severe effect on yield reduction. The growth responses to water salinity varied at different growth stages of rice. At 35 DAT, increased water salinity decreased plant height and number of tillers significantly. Higher water salinity delayed the days to heading by 2 days (0.05%), 4 days (0.08%) and 7 days (0.1%). The critical water salinity at 35 DAT was below 0.08%. At 81 DAT, Cheongho survived at 0.10 and 0.08% salinity, respectively. However, at water salinity levels above 0.10%, the yield components such as number of panicles and number of spikelet decreased drastically. Thus, it was suggested that the critical water salinity at the mid-stage (tillering~heading, 81 DAT) was 0.05%, At 106 DAT, based on yield index that gives above 50% grain yield, the 0.05% salinity showed the lowest 61.1% grain yield of 19.2 g/plant as compared with the highest grain yield of 31.4 g/plant at 0.01% (control).

경찰이 수집하는 정보에 대한 인권침해적 요소가 발견되면서 경찰의 정보수집과 처리에 대한 법적인 관심도 급격하게 높아졌다. 이 때문에 현재 경찰의 정보활동은 법률유보의 원칙에 따라 직무규정 뿐만 아니라 최소한 개괄적 수권조항이 필요하다고 보고 있다. 그러나 경찰작용의 법 적근거로서 개괄적 수권조항을 찾으려는 시도는 경찰활동을 직무규범과 권한규범으로의 이원화하려는 독일 경찰법적 사고에서 비롯되고 있다. 원래 법률의 유보는 단순한 법적인 근거만을 의미하는 것이 아니라 그 작용에 대한 한계를 규정해야 한다는 의미를 내포하고 있다. 그러한 점 에서 법률유보의 원칙은 경찰작용의 한계를 명확히 하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 그러나 개괄적 수권조항은 법적근거만을 제시할 수 있는 추상적인 규정이라는 점에서 법률유보의 원칙이 요구하는 경찰작용의 한계를 충분 히 다루지 못하고 있다. 더구나 기존의 해석론은 경찰의 정보수집활동이 개인의 기본권을 침해하는가에 따라 나중에 경찰관 직무집행법 제2조 제 4호를 법적근거로 평가할 수 있다는 점에서 법적안정성을 위험하게 만들 고 있다. 이런 관점에서 경찰의 정보활동에 대한 법적 근거와 한계를 도 출하기 위해서는 경찰관 직무집행법 제2조 제4호의 법적근거와 개인정보 보호법 제3조, 제15조 제1항 및 제16조상의 법적 한계가 결합되어 적용 될 필요가 있다. 이러한 새로운 해석방법은 경찰의 정보수집활동이 개인 의 기본권의 침해여부가 불명확할 경우에도 명확한 법적인 근거를 제시 할 뿐만 아니라 나중에 침해적 행위로 밝혀진 경우에도 법적인 근거와 한계를 제시함으로써 법률유보의 원칙을 위배하지 않게 된다.

The value created by supply chain management (SCM) practices means managers today are even more interested in these initiatives, this is especially true in emerging markets where they can have a profound impact. This research examines several critical SCM initiatives (strategic supplier partnerships, information quality, and proactive logistics practices), and their impact on supply chain flexibility, and ultimately organizational performance for small scale (fewer than 100 employees) manufacturing firms in India. These constructs are especially important for India because it has been suggested that they have high logistics costs as a result of insufficient infrastructure (e.g., power grid) and various labor-related issues. Under the Extended Resource Based View of the firm (Mathews, 2003) managers realize that capitalizing on supplier capabilities can improve the firm’s own responsiveness and overall performance. Therefore we examined strategic supplier partnerships (the long-term cooperative exchanges with critical suppliers) and proactive logistics practices (the interactions specifically with logistics providers regarding planning and joint problem solving), along with information quality (including accuracy, adequacy, timeliness, and credibility of information being exchanged) (Monczka et al., 1998). Other constructs include supply chain flexibility (the ability of the firm to respond to any change concerning its trading partners) and organizational performance (capturing productivity, efficiency, market share, and profit level) (Yamin et al., 1999; Tan et al., 1998). Validated scales developed by Li (2002) and Tan et al. (1998) were used and firm owners were targeted from a list of Coimbatore’s (a city in India) small scale manufacturers covering a wide-range of industries. The result was 75 completed surveys (a 94% response rate) which we evaluated using partial least squares (PLS) path modeling as appropriate for our sample size. The findings indicate that improving strategic supplier partnerships and information quality enables the firm to achieve a more flexible supply chain and ultimately better organizational performance. This research improves our understanding of critical considerations

Place branding and city branding are multi-disciplinary rapidly growing research domains (Brown & Campelo, 2014; Kavaratzis & Hatch, 2013; Kavaratzis & Ashworth, 2008; Lucarelli & Berg, 2011). However, there are problems with the lack of conceptualization and theoretical shortcomings in this field (Kavaratzis, 2004; Parkerson & Saunders, 2005; Skinner, 2008). In order to fill these gaps this paper introduces a novel approach towards place branding and social responsibility of the city. In the present paper the brand attitude to living in the city (Merrilees, Miller, & Herington, 2012, 2013) is explained by four other concepts: 1) social responsibility of the city, 2) contribution of the city to the metropolitan area, 3) city brand identification, and 4) city reputation. These concepts are based on previous research in the fields of marketing and management and adapted to the context of the study. Social responsibility of the city has its background in the concept of corporate social responsibility (He & Li, 2010; Marin, Ruiz, & Rubio, 2008), which is a driver of brand loyalty (Marin et al., 2008), and brand value (Melo & Galan, 2011). The concepts of city brand identification and city reputation have been developed using the research on brand identification (Lam, Ahearne, Mullins, Hayati, & Schillewaert, 2013; Mael & Ashforth, 1992) and corporate reputation (Lai, Chiu, Yang, & Pai, 2010; Wang, Kandampully, Lo, & Shi, 2006). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the theoretical model with a data (N=400) on consumers' attitudes towards the city of Helsinki. The results of the model show that Social responsibility of the city has a very strong impact on City brand identification. Likewise, Contribution of the city to the metropolitan area has a very strong impact on City reputation. Moreover, City brand identification has a strong impact on Brand attitude to living in the city. Finally, the model demonstrates that City reputation has a very strong impact on Brand attitude to living in the city. Overall, the results show that both social responsibility of the city and contribution to the metropolitan area are strong drivers of city brand identification and city reputation. Moreover, the evidence shows that these are drivers of brand attitude to living in the city. This evidence is important as it develops and links the concepts of social responsibility and contribution to the metropolitan area to the concept of brand attitude to living in the city.

The advances of the Internet open consumers new opportunities to share their consumption experiences, opinions and feelings with others. Online customer reviews (OCRs) are a crucial source of information for consumers and are regarded as one of the most influential types of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in shaping consumer attitudes and facilitating purchase decisions (Plummer, 2007). Prior research has produced a number of valuable insights on OCRs (e.g., Dellarocas, Gao, & Narayan, 2010; Hennig-Thurau et al., 2004; Mayzlin, Dover, & Chevalier, 2014). Especially the influence of OCR valence (positively vs. negatively framed information) has received considerable attention both from practitioners and from scholars (e.g., Xue & Zhou, 2010; Yang & Mai, 2010; Lee et al., 2009). However, we argue that scientific insights on the influence of OCR valence remain limited. Specifically, this paper shows that the level of source credibility (high vs. low) as well as the type of product (search vs. experience good) are important moderators of the influence of OCR valence on several consumer OCR reactions (product attitude, product quality, and product trust) under specific circumstances only. Four hundred and sixteen respondents (70% females, average age 24 years) participated in an experiment with a 2×2×2 between-subjects full factorial design manipulating the OCR valence (positive vs. negative), the source credibility (high vs. low) and the product type (search vs. experience good). Results demonstrate that the effect of positive OCRs from highly credible sources on diverse outcome variables is larger than from low credible sources. By acknowledging Chaiken et al.’s (1989) theoretical extension of the heuristic-systematic model (Chaiken, 1980) we provide empirical evidence that source credibility intensifies the impact of positive OCRs due to the additivity effect. In contrast, credible negative information is not more influential than incredible information. A similar mechanism becomes operational when considering product type. Here, positive OCRs about experience goods have a stronger influence on product evaluations than similarly valenced information about search goods. This research provides further support for the crucial role of credible, positive OCRs in affecting consumer behavior in contrast to their negative counterparts. From a practical perspective, marketers should consider including highly credible OCRs from trustworthy and experienced customers’ peers as decision aids. This can be achieved, for instance, by including personal postings from Facebook. Such a strategy is particularly efficient as positive OCRs increase the consumer’s confidence towards the product while credible negative OCRs are not more harmful than incredible ones.

This paper examines the role of trust in emerging heritage tourism regions. The heritage tourism system is conceptualised as a supply chain; a series of interactions between key stakeholders in order to develop a composite tourist product. Trust is integral to the success of exchanges between key stakeholders, influencing competitiveness.