목적 : 60세 이상 녹내장 환자의 시력, 입체시, 대비감도, 시야 결과를 분석하고자 하였다. 방법 : 본 연구에 참여 의사를 밝힌 고령자 중 정상안압녹내장에 해당하는 환자 총 18명(남5, 여13, 평균 나이 는 70.00±5.12세)을 대상으로 하였다. ETDRS(Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study)를 사용하여 측 정하였고, 입체시 검사는 티트무스 검사를 시행하였다. 대비감도 검사는 명소시 조건하에서 각각 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd (cycle per degree)의 주파수에 대해 검사하였다. 시야 평균지수는 정적시야계를 이용하여 측정하였고, 각각의 측 정값들의 상관성은 SPSS 21.0를 사용하여 분석하였고, 유의수준은 0.050 이하로 하였다. 결과 : 정상안압녹내장 환자군에서 좋은 눈의 평균지수 값은 –1.39±1.31 dB, 나쁜 눈의 평균지수 값은 – 3.59±2.34 dB 이였고, 티트무스 검사를 이용한 입체시 검사 결과 248.89±235.25초를 보였다. 고대비 시력은 0.11±0.11 LogMAR, 저대비 시력은 0.42±0.08 LogMAR를 보였다. Better MD는 입체시, 우안 저대비시력, 좌 안 대비감도 3 cpd와 의미 있는 음의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.050). 결론 : 60세 이상 녹내장 환자에서 발생할 수 있는 시력, 입체시, 대비감도, 시야변화의 상관성을 확인할 수 있 었으며 정기적인 시기능 평가가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

서예는 중국의 개혁 개방 이후 여타 예술 분야보다 매우 발 전되었다. 특히 서예교육은 인생의 궁극적 목적이 ‘세련된 인 격’ 실현이라는 전통적 사상과 현대적 의미를 달성하는데 효능 이 있다는 생각으로, 정부에서는 초ㆍ중ㆍ고등 교육과정에 서 예를 필수과목으로 선정하여 진행하고 있다. 이러한 목적을 실 천하는 과정에서 ‘기능’을 위주로 한 서사교육 방식으로 진행되 면서 ‘예술교육(美育)’의 핵심인 상상력과 창의성이 결여되면서 학생들의 ‘흥미성’을 잃고 있다. 이렇게 흥미 없는 기술 반복 교육은 ‘美育’의 궁극적 목적인 ‘세련된 인격’ 완성에 기여하지 못하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 다양한 심미전달 방법을 통하여 흥미 로운 상상력과 창의력을 계발하여 ‘美育’이 ‘흥미’를 통해서 ‘도 덕’으로 나아가고자 하는 중국 전통 사상인 ‘善美一體’를 실현 할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다.

예술은 인류의 발전에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 예술은 사람 들의 정신을 풍요롭게 아름다운 문화를 조성한다. 예술교육은 중국 대학교육체계에서 중요한 과목으로 채택 되고 대학생들의 인격 도야와 품성 교양에 직접적으로 영향을 준다. 그래서 대학교육의 새로운 교과과목의 개혁배경을 통하 여 예술교육을 전면적으로 중점을 두기 시작했고, 예술교육에 서의 인재양성기능을 최대로 발휘할 있는가 하는 것이 중국의 대학교육사업사업의 주요과제로 부각시켰다. 본 논문에서는 이에 기초하여 중국 대학교 예술교육에서의 인재양성기능에 대하여 분석하고 연구하였다.

Background: Individuals with forward head posture (FHP) have neck pain. To correct the FHP, a posture correction band is commonly used. However, we do not know the posture correction band influenced the pulmonary function in individuals with FHP. Objects: This study aimed to elucidate the effects of the posture correction band on the pulmonary function in young adults with neck pain and FHP and to monitor how the pulmonary function changed over time. Methods: Twenty subjects with chronic neck pain and forward head posture were recruited. Subjects performed pulmonary function test four times: before, immediately, and 2 hours after wearing the postural band, and immediately after undressing the postural band. Vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) were measured. The modified Borg dyspnea scale was used to measure each subject’s responses to the posture correction band. The mixed-effect linear regression was used to the effect of the posture correction band over time. Results: There were no significant differences in VC, FVC, PEF, FEV1 values over time (p > 0.05), although all values slightly decreased after applying posture correction band. However, the score of the modified Borg scale significantly changed after wearing the postural bands (p < 0.05), indicating the subject felt discomfort with posture correction band during breathing. Conclusion: Because the posture correction band did not change the pulmonary function over time, but it induces psychological discomforts during breathing in people with FHP. Therefore, this posture correction band can be used for FHP realignment after discussion with the subjects.

In this study, hot water and ethanol, acetone, and hexane extracts of the steamed Deodeok were investigated for use as raw materials for natural cosmetics. Hot water and ethanol, acetone and hexane extracts of steamed Deodeok did not indicate cell toxicity up to 300 μg/mL concentration in the MTT assay. The tyrosinase inhibition effects of the ethanol extract were higher than the ascorbic acid. The efficacy of the steamed Deodeok's ethanol extract on the elastase inhibition was similar to that of quercetin at higher concentrations. In conclusion, water, ethanol, acetone and hexane extracts of the steamed Deodeok indicated strong possibility as a whitening and anti-wrinkle functional cosmetic ingredient. Among them, the steamed Deodeok's ethanol extract, which showed excellent activity, is highly available because it has high safety compared to other organic solvent extraction methods used in cosmetics, and has minimal irritation to the skin.

목적 : 본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자의 인지기능 및 사회인지 기능과 사회참여의 관계를 분석하고 뇌졸중 환자의 사회인지에 대한 중재의 필요성을 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 대전광역시 유성구에 위치한 W병원에서 진료 중인 뇌졸중 환자 104명을 대상으로 인지검사인 K-MMSE(Korea-Mini Mental State Examination)를 사용하여 인지기능을 평가하였고, 사회생활기술 척도(Social Skill Scale; SSS), 대인관계기능 척도(Independent Living Skill Survey-Interpersonal Relationship; ILSS-IR)로 사회인지 기능을 평가하였다. 또한 사회참여는 한국형 사회참여척도(Korean Version of the Reintegration to Normal Living Index; K-RNLI)를 사용하였다. 평가 결과를 바탕으로 피어슨 상관관계수를 사용하여 사회참여와 대상자의 일반적 특성, 인지기능 및 사회인지와의 관련성을 분석하였다. 결과 : 일반적 특성에 따른 사회참여는 성별과 마비측에서 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 인지와 사회참여는 상관관계를 보이지 않았으나 사회인지 기능인 사회생활기술(p<.01), 대인관계기능(p<.01)에서는 사회참여와 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 결론 : 사회참여는 뇌졸중 환자들의 중요한 치료 목표이며, 이를 위해 인지기능 및 사회인지 기능과 관련된 새로운 평가와 중재 개발이 필요할 것이다.

Background: Patients with stroke have core muscle weakness and limited rib cage movement, resulting in restrictive lung disease. Objectives: To examine the comparison of effects of rib cage joint mobilization combined with diaphragmatic breathing exercise and diaphragmatic breathing exercise on the pulmonary function and chest circumference in patients with stroke. Design: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-four patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group (rib cage joint mobilization combined with diaphragmatic breathing exercise group) and control group (diaphragmatic breathing exercise group). Patients in the experimental group underwent rib cage joint mobilization for 15 min and diaphragmatic breathing exercise for 15 min. The control group underwent diaphragmatic breathing exercise for 30 min. Both groups underwent exercise thrice a week for 4 weeks. The pulmonary function and chest circumference were measured using the MicroLab spirometer and a tape measure, respectively. Results: After the intervention, the pulmonary function and chest circumference significantly improved in both groups. These improvements were significantly higher in the experimental group than those in the control group. Conclusion: Rib cage joint mobilization combined with diaphragmatic breathing exercise improves pulmonary function and chest circumference in patients with stroke.

The root of Codonopsis lanceolata has been used in traditional medicine. This study was conducted to confirm the comparative effect of ethanol solvent extraction (CLE) and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (CLS) of C. lanceolata roots. CLS had higher antioxidant than CLE. For supercritical co-solvent modified carbon dioxide extraction (CLS), it were extracted at 250 bar 50℃ 150 min at a flow rate of ethyl alcohol 3 mL/min for 90min. In addition, CLS inhibited the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. When treated with the extract at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway reporter luciferase activity of HEK 293-TOP cells increased approximately by 3-folds compared to that of the untreated control group. Also, the treatment by CLS (50 μg/mL) showed a significant increase of involucrin expression. These results indicate that supercritical carbon dioxide extract of C. lanceolatamay serve as a cosmeceutical agent for improving skin barrier function and the treatment of obesity.

목적 : 조절력이 충분한 20대 성인이 단일 및 다중 전면 비구면 기능성 콘택트렌즈 착용 후 시각의 질 및 조절 기능의 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 방법 : 13명(21.38±0.65세)의 대상자들을 두 종류의 콘택트렌즈를 각각 착용 후 시력, 대비감도, 스트레이라 이트, 총 고위수차, 구면수차, 코마수차, 조절반응, 양안조절용이성, 조절근점을 평가하였다. 결과 : 시력, 대비감도, 스트레이라이트, 총 고위수차, 구면수차, 양안조절용이성은 유의한 차이가 없었고 코마수차 는 4, 5 mm 동공크기에서 다중 전면 비구면 기능성 콘택트렌즈를 착용 시 경미하게 증가하였다(p=0.037). 조절반 응(p=0.006)과 조절근점(p=0.005)은 다중 전면 비구면 기능성 콘택트렌즈를 착용 시 유의하게 더 감소하고 짧아졌다. 결론 : 다중 전면 비구면 기능성 콘택트렌즈 착용 시 단일 전면 비구면 콘택트렌즈 착용 시와 비교하여 시각의 질 은 차이가 없었지만 조절부담을 감소시켜주는 효과가 있으므로 젊은 성인의 기능성 렌즈로서 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 복합운동이 여성노인의 폐기능, 혈중 비타민 D, 칼슘 및 골대사호르몬에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 만 65세 이상 여성노인을 대상으로 운동군(n=13), 대조군(n=17)으로 구분하여 주 3회, 회당 60분의 복합운동을 실시하였다. 유산소 운동 강도는 1-4주는 40-50%HRR(RPE 12-13), 5-8주는 50-60%HRR(RPE 13-14), 9-12주는 60-70%HRR(RPE 14-15)의 강도로 설정하였고 저항 운동 강도는 1-4주는 OMNI-RES(3-4), 5-8주는 OMNI-RES(5-6), 9-12주는 OMNI-RES(7-8)강도로 설정하였다. 그 결과 폐기능 중 FEV1은 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났고 운동군의 FVC/FEV1이 유의하게 증가하였다. 비타민 D는 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났고, 운동군과 대조군 모두 유의하게 증가하였다. 칼슘은 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났으며 대조군이 유의하게 감소하였다. 골대사호르몬 중 칼시토닌과 오스테오칼신은 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났고, 오스테오칼신은 대조군이 유의하게 감소하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과를 통해 12주간의 복합운동이 여성노인의 신체활동을 활발하게 하여 폐 기능을 개선하고 혈중 비타민 D의 결핍을 완화할 수 있다고 생각되지만 칼슘 및 골대사호르몬에서는 유의미한 결과를 나타내지 못하였다.

The purpose of this study is to identify economic situation on scale of tuna distant longline fishery by analyzing its economies of scale using the cost function. To analyze its economics of scale, the deep-sea fishing statistics were used from 2012 to 2016. In detail, the number of panels for estimating the cost function was 68 tuna distant longline vessels from 2012 to 2016, and the total number of observations over the five years were 340. As a final model, the two-way fixed effect model based on the translog cost function was adopted through the F test, the Breusch-Pagan test and the Hausman test. As a result of the analysis, it was found that tuna distant longline fishery between 2012 and 2014 was diseconomies of scale, the fishery between 2015 and 2016 was economies of scale. However, the economic indicators of the scale from 2012 to 2016 were almost close to zero, indicating that the constant returns to scale, the optimal scale, were reached. Therefore, in the situation where the amount of fishery resources in the world continues to decrease, it is necessary to prepare a method to obtain economic benefits through scale maintenance and reduction rather than indiscriminate scale expansion.

Sewer deterioration models are needed to forecast the remaining life expectancy of sewer networks by assessing their conditions. In this study, the serious defect (or condition state 3) occurrence probability, at which sewer rehabilitation program should be implemented, was evaluated using four probability distribution functions such as normal, lognormal, exponential, and Weibull distribution. A sample of 252 km of CCTV-inspected sewer pipe data in city Z was collected in the first place. Then the effective data (284 sewer sections of 8.15 km) with reliable information were extracted and classified into 3 groups considering the sub-catchment area, sewer material, and sewer pipe size. Anderson-Darling test was conducted to select the most fitted probability distribution of sewer defect occurrence as Weibull distribution. The shape parameters (β) and scale parameters (η ) of Weibull distribution were estimated from the data set of 3 classified groups, including standard errors, 95% confidence intervals, and log-likelihood values. The plot of probability density function and cumulative distribution function were obtained using the estimated parameter values, which could be used to indicate the quantitative level of risk on occurrence of CS3. It was estimated that sewer data group 1, group 2, and group 3 has CS3 occurrence probability exceeding 50% at 13th-year, 11th-year, and 16th-year after the installation, respectively. For every data groups, the time exceeding the CS3 occurrence probability of 90% was also predicted to be 27th- to 30th-year after the installation.

Background: Stroke patients experience multiple dysfunctions that include motor and sensory impairments. Therefore, new intervention methods require a gradational approach depending on functional levels of a stroke patient’s activity and should include cognition treatment to allow for a patient’s active participation in rehabilitation. Objects: This study investigates the effect of integrated revision of electrical sensory stimulation, which stimulates somatosensory and action observation training, which is synchronized cognition intervention method on stroke patients’ functions. Methods: Twenty-one stroke patients were randomized into two groups. The two groups underwent twenty minutes of intervention five times a week for three weeks. This study used an electromyogram to evaluate symmetric muscle activation of lower extremities and muscle onset time when performing sit to stand before and after intervention. A weight-bearing ratio was used to evaluate the weight-bearing of the affected side in a sit to standing. To evaluate sit to stand performance ability, this study performed five timed sit to stand tests. Results: The two groups both showed statistically significant improvement in muscle onset time of lower extremity, static balance ability in a standing position, and sit to stand performance after the intervention (p < 0.05). In addition, the action observation and synchronized electrical sensory stimulation group showed significant improvement in symmetric muscle activation of lower extremities and weight–bearing ratio of the affected side (p < 0.05). Conclusion: action observation and synchronized electrical sensory stimulation (AOT with ESS) can have positive effects on a stroke patient’s sit to stand performance, and the intervention method that provides integrated AOT with ESS can be used as new nervous system intervention program.

Background: Weakness of the abdominal and mid thoracic muscles the lead to thoracic kyphosis of stroke patients. The trunk muscles activity of stroke patients is significantly related to upper extremity. Objectives: To investigate the effect of seated exercise of thoracic and abdominal muscles on upper extremity function and trunk muscles activity in stroke patients. Design: One-group pretest-posttest design. Methods: A total of 27 stroke patients were recruited. All stroke patient were given seated abdominal exercise (posterior pelvic tilt exercises) and thoracic exercise (postural-correction exercise). All exercises were conducted for 30 minutes, three times a week for four weeks. The manual function test (MFT) and electromyography (EMG) were measured, and EMG electrodes were attached to thoracic paraspinal muscles and lower rectus abdominal muscles. EMG signal is expressed as %RVC (reference voluntary contraction). Results: Experimental group showed significant increases in abdominal muscles, paraspinal muscles activity and MFT total score, items of arm motion (forward elevation of the upper extremity, lateral elevation of the upper extremity, touch the occiput with the palm) in MFT after four weeks. Conclusion: These results suggest that, in stroke patients, seated exercise of thoracic and abdominal muscles contribute to improve trunk muscles activity and upper extremity function in stroke patients.