본 연구는 최소가공에 적합한 품종을 제시할 뿐만 아니라, 가공용 신품종 사과를 육성하는데 기초자료로 활용하고자 국내외 재배되고 있는 동북 7호 등 8가지 품종별 사과의 갈변정도를 비교하고, 총 phenol 함량과 ascorbic acid 함량 및 polyphenol oxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase에 의한 효소적 갈변정도의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 당도는 감홍이 18.73 °Brix로 가장 높았으며, 산도는 핑크레이디가 0.66%로 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 당산비는 감홍과 아리수가 각각 72로 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높았으며, △L값과 △E값 또한 다른 품종에 비해 감홍과 아리수가 유의적(p<0.05)으로 낮게 나타나 갈변이 적은 품종으로 조사되었다. 품종별 ascorbic acid 및 총 phenol 함량은 알칸사스블랙이 각각 9.22 mg/100 g, 334.33 mg GAE/100 g 으로 유의적(p<0.05)으로 가장 높았다. Polyphenol oxidase 효소 활성은 알칸사스블랙이 14.43 unit/g으로 다른 품종에 비해 2~5배 정도 높은 활성을 보여(p<0.05) 이는 총 phenol 함량이 높은 것과 관계가 있는 것으로 보였다. Ascorbic acid oxidase 효소 활성은 감홍이 1.20 unit/g으로 가장 높았으나(p<0.05), 다른 품종 간에는 유의적 차이가 없었다. 품종별 사과의 △L값, △E값, 총 phenol 함량과 ascorbic acid 함량 및 PPO, AAO에 의한 효소적 갈변정도의 상관관계를 조사한 결과, 모든 요인 중에서 △L값과 △E값의 상관계수는 0.946(p<0.01)으로 가장 강한 상관관계를 보였고, 총 phenol 함량과 △L값은 0.776 (p<0.01), ascorbic acid 함량과 PPO 효소는 0.798(p<0.01)로 강한 상관관계를 나타냈다. 또한, 총 phenol 함량과 △E값, PPO 효소는 각각 0.687, 0.624(p<0.01)이었고, ascorbic acid 함량과 △L값, △E값은 각각 0.601, 0.677(p<0.01)로 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 하지만 AAO는 모든 요인과 상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 잘 알려진 바와 같이 총 phenol 함량과 PPO 활성이 높으면 갈변정도가 커진다는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 반면 총 phenol이 산화되기 전에 외부적으로 ascorbic acid를 첨가했을 때는 환원제 역할을 하므로 갈변방지 효과가 있다고 알려져 있으나, 사과 자체의 ascorbic acid 함량은 오히려 효소적 또는 비효소적 산화에 의해 파괴되면서 갈변의 요인이 되는 것으로 생각되었다. 따라서 당도가 높고 △L과 △E 값의 갈변도가 낮으며, 총 phenol 및 ascorbic acid 함량이 낮아 상대적으로 갈변에 영향을 적게 미치는 ‘감홍’과 ‘아리수’가 컷팅용 사과 등 최소가공에 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

To solve the problem of raw milk surplus, the Korean government encouraged the farmstead milk processing industry. However, the hygiene of farmstead dairy products has not been evaluated. Therefore, the microbiological analysis of farmstead cheeses was performed in this study. Farmstead cheeses (Berg, Colby, Cottage, Gouda, Mozzarella, String, Tilsiter, and Quark) were purchased from 16 dairy farms. In qualitative analysis, the presence of foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter spp.) were examined. Also, total aerobic bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., coliform, and E. coli, and yeast/mold were enumerated. Seventeen samples (37.8%) of 45 farmstead cheeses were contaminated with B. cereus and the highest detection rate was observed in String cheese. Two samples (4.4%) were E. coli positive and seven samples (15.6%) were S. aureus positive. Four other foodborne pathogens were not detected in all farmstead cheeses. Also, the mean levels of total aerobic bacteria, coliform, E. coli, and yeast/mold were 4.3 Log CFU/g, 1.4 Log CFU/g, 1.1 Log CFU/g, and 3.8 Log CFU/g, respectively. These results indicate that the food safety of farmstead cheese is extremely poor and, thus, the hygiene management of farmstead cheese should be improved to provide safe farmstead cheese to consumers.

바다속 60 km 깊이의 수압과 같은 압력을 사용하여 순간적이고 균일한 압력전달로 가열공정을 최소화함으로써 신선한 맛과 향, 텍스처, 비타민의 유지 등 품질보존을 할 수 있는 기술인 HPP는 식중독과 부패미생물을 억제하는 효과를 가져올 수 있는 기술로 현재 가장 활발히 연구되고 있는 분야이다. 기존의 열처리가 단백질의 변성, 화학적 변화, 전분의 호화, 효소의 활성에 영향을 미쳐서 보존성을 유지한다면 HPP는 열처리의 장점은 그대로 갖고 있으면서 열처리에서 야기되는 원치 않는 화학적 변화를 최소화할 수 있다는 장점을 갖고 있다 보존기간이 길어 소비자들이 우려하는 첨가물의 사용이 필수적인 육류가공품에 대해서는 초고압처리에 대한 국내 연구가 미비하여 본 연구에서는 대표적인 육가공품인 슬라이스햄에 대해 600MPa 초고압처리(0분, 4분, 6분)가 이들의 신선도에 미치는 영향을 실험하였다. 수분함량은 48~69%, 염도 1.07-1.11%에서 변화를 보이고 있었고, pH는 처음 6.4-6.5에서 6.1-6.15까지 낮아졌으나 대조군과 처리군간의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 초고압처리 후 20oC에서 보관한 일반세균 결과는 4주까지 모든 군에서 미미한 수준에서 일반미생물이 발견되었으나 5주부터는 대조군과 HPP 6분 처리군에서 105을 초과하였고 7주에는 4분 처리군, 6분처리군에서 식품으로 섭취가 불가능한 106을 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 대장균군은 20oC 가중실험으로 7주간 관찰하였음에도 불구하고 모든 군에서 대장균군이 발견되지 않았다. 육류의 단백질 신선도 판정에 사용되는 방법인 VBN은 4주차까지는 1 mg% 미만의 VBN값을 보였고 5주부터는 1~2 mg%의 값을 나타냈다. 그러나 군별 차이는 나타나지 않았다(p > 0.05). 육의 조직내 지방 산패 정도의 지표로 사용되는 TBA는 7주가 끝날 때까지 0.18 mgMA/kg 이하였고 이 수치는 신선육의 범위에 들며, 처리군별 차이를 보이지 않았다. 본 실험에서는 포장재의 변성이 발생하지 않았고 가스의 발생으로 인한 부풀어 오름도 발생하지 않았는데, HPP의 효과가 전혀 관찰되지 않은 사실은 포장재의 밀착으로 인한 공기와의 차단만으로 기본적인 보존 효과를 보인 것이 아닌가 사료된다.

INTRODUCTION Online marketing has grown rapidly over the past years and has become a key component when making marketing mix decisions. Over 2014, internet advertising revenues in the U.S. increased 16% from the previous year to a total of $49.5 billion (IAB 2015). In addition, according to Online Publisher Association, video advertisements have reached the majority of the Internet users (66%), and have resulted in an action from almost half of the users. The significant business opportunities provided by the online environment are reflected as the increasing amount of attention for online advertising in academic research (Mei et al. 2008). It is yet to be researched how online videos and the accompanied online video advertisements interact and how advertisement customization can play a role to possibly optimize user experience and therefore the effectiveness of online video advertisements. Particularly, congruity forms a key opportunity for customization in embedded online video advertising. Congruity is defined as consistency between the ad and video or the advertised product and video (Moore et al. 2005). Evidences in extent literature have shown the positive effects of congruity on, for example, the processing fluency of the ad, the consumer attitudes towards the ad and the persuasiveness of the ad (Moore et al. 2005). However, in the context of online video advertising, limited research has been conducted on this topic. The main goal of this research is to explore the effect of online video advertising congruity on consumer attitudes towards the online video, advertisement and advertised product. Therefore, this research attempts to examine the information processing of a consumer and how congruity acts in this process to affect consumer's preferences. Due to the nature of this research question, an online experiment is used to test the hypothesized relationships of the conceptual model. The collected data in this study were examined using partial least squares (PLS). CONGRUITY AND PROCESSING FLUENCY Congruity can be defined in terms of similarity. The perceived similarity between two given stimuli of equal importance, determines their congruity (Rokeach & Rothman, 1965). Extensive research has been conducted on the effects of congruity in advertising. For example, studies have focused on congruity between involvement types of ads and TV programs (Sharma, 2000), viewer's mood-ad content congruity (Kamins, Marks, & Skinner, 1991), and program context- advertised product congruity (De Pelsmacker, Geuens, & Anckaert, 2002). Previous research from (Moore, Stammerjohan, & Coulter, 2005) has shown that congruity has a positive effect on consumer attitudes. Research on online banner advertisements on websites has indicated that advertisements should be consistent with the website brand (Newman, Stem Jr, & Sprott, 2004). Appeal congruity can then be achieved when the appeal of the online video and the appeal of the embedded ad are similar: an emotional (affective) video paired with an emotional ad can be deemed congruent. Similarly, an informational ad will be more effective when embedded in an informational video. In this study, Ad-and-Video congruity represents such type of congruity. Based on extent research on processing fluency, it can be assumed that online video advertising congruity, either in terms of appeal or content, will result in more processing ease of the ad as the information provided by the video and ad is similar. The following hypotheses are formulated: Hypothesis 1: Congruity between the appeal of the online video and the appeal of the advertisement has a positive effect on processing fluency. Hypothesis 2: Congruity between content of the online video and the advertised product has a positive effect on processing fluency. We further propose that the above process is influenced by ad/video appeal or execution format (emotional vs. informational). An informational ad format is defined as an ad execution designed to appeal to the rationality of the receiver by using objective information describing a brand’s attributes or benefits, while an emotional ad format as an ad execution designed to appeal to the receiver’s emotions by using drama, mood, music and other emotion-eliciting strategies (Yoo & MacInnis, 2005). When an individual is watching an emotional ad or video, the possible effect of Ad-video or Product-video congruity on a consumer's processing fluency will be attenuated. The following hypotheses are formulated: Hypothesis 3a: Congruity between the appeal of online video and the appeal of embedded advertisement has a stronger effect on processing fluency for informational appeals than for emotional appeals. Hypothesis 3b: Congruity between content of the online video and the advertised product has a stronger effect on processing fluency for informational contents than for emotional contents. Involvement and processing fluency With regards to online advertising, research has shown that the degree to which a consumer is involved with the topic of a website also affects the processing of online advertising. It can be argued that when an individual is not involved in watching an online video, its effect on a consumer's processing fluency will be absent. On the other hand, when a consumer is highly involved in watching an online video, it is more likely that the viewer experiences processing fluency. As a result, in this situation, involvement may actually affect processing fluency of the viewer. Based on these findings, the following hypothesis is formulated: Hypothesis 4: Involvement has a positive effect on the processing fluency of consumers. Post-viewing attitudes Research has also indicated the mediating role of an individual’s affective response from processing fluency to its evaluation (Winkielman & Cacioppo, 2001). A viewer of an online video is shown an ad that has the same appeal as the video, making it rather easy to process. The viewer appreciates this as it takes less effort to view the ad and to relate to advertised product to the content of the video and the viewer's interests. As a result the viewer is more likely to generate a positive attitude towards the ad, the advertised product and the video. The insights lead to the formulation of the following three hypotheses: Hypothesis 5: Processing fluency has a positive effect on the attitude towards the online video. Hypothesis 6: Processing fluency has a positive effect on the attitude towards the advertisement. Hypothesis 7: Processing fluency has a positive effect on the attitude towards the advertised product. Figure 1 shows the conceptual model, which summarises the hypothesized relationships. <Insert Figure 1 about here> METHODOLOGY We conducted an experiment in the form of a 2 (type of appeal: informational vs. emotional) × 2 (Ad-Video congruity: congruent vs. incongruent) × 2 (Product-Video congruity: congruent vs. incongruent) full-factorial between-subject design. Video and advertisement appeal are each measured by the three items derived from the study by Moore et al. (1995) on the individual difference in response to advertising appeal. Processing fluency is measured by two items of the study by Lee and Aker (2004). Three items of the study from Zaichowsky (1985) are used to measure the involvement of the participants. The three items related to the attitude towards the video, advertisement and product are derived from the respective studies from Russell et al. (2004) and Kozup, Creyer and Burton (2003). Returned questionnaires numbered 276 responses with 24 incomplete data, resulting in 252 valid responses for data analysis. The collected data in this study were analyzed using partial least squares (PLS). Measurement model A measurement model was used to evaluate reliability, convergent validity, and discriminate validity. A structural model was used to determine the significance and association of each hypothesized path, and the explained variance. Reliability was examined by composite reliability values above the 0.70 benchmark (Fornell and Larcker 1981). Results show all values above 0.70, indicating satisfactory reliability. Convergent validity was examined by all indicator loadings that were significant and exceeding 0.7 and average variance extracted (AVE) by each construct exceeding 0.50 (Fornell and Larcker 1981). Results shows all indicator loadings above 0.70 and all AVEs exceeding 0.50, indicating satisfactory convergent validity. Discriminant validity is demonstrated by the square root of the AVE for each construct exceeding the correlations between the constructs (Chin 1998). These results indicate that the proposed models have good reliability and validity. Structure model Figure 2 shows the standardized path coefficient, the significance of each hypothesized path and the variance explained (R²). H1 and H2 investigate the effect of Ad-Video congruity and Product-Video congruity on processing fluency. Results show that Product-Video congruity is positively related to processing fluency (β=0.115, t-value=2.131, p<0.05), supporting H2. However, the effect of Ad-Video congruity on processing fluency is not significant ((β=0.022, t-value=0.377, p>0.05). Thus, H1 is not supported. H3a and H3b examine the moderating effect of the type of appeal. The hypothesis testing of H3a and H3b is discussed under the multi-group analysis (PLS-MGA). H4 proposes that involvement has a positive effect on the processing fluency of consumers, which is supported by the results (β=0.399, tvalue= 6.778, p<0.05). H5, H6, and H7 investigate the effects of processing fluency on post-viewing attitudes. Processing fluency is positively related to attitude towards the video (β=0.192, t-value=2.838, p<0.05), advertisement (β=0.426, t-value=7.607, p<0.05) and the focal product (β=0.422, t-value=7.171, p<0.05). These results support H5, H6 and H7. <Insert Figure 2 about here> We hypothesize that the type of appeal (informational or emotional) moderates the effects of Ad-Video congruity and Product-Video congruity on processing fluency in H3a and H3b. Specifically, the effects on under informational appeal condition are stronger. To test for group differences, we applied a multi-group analysis (PLS-MGA) approach. The PLS-MGA results for both informational and emotional groups, show that that the positive effect of Ad-Video congruity on processing fluency is only significant for informational appeals (β=.150, t-value=1.99, p<.05) but not emotional appeal (β=-.010, t-value=.15, p>.05), supporting H3a. Similarly, results show that that the positive effects of Product-Video congruity on processing fluency is only significant for informational appeals (β=.170, t-value=2.27, p<.05) but not emotional appeal (β=.050, t-value=.57, p>.05), supporting H3b. CONCLUSION Results show that congruity is related to the improvement of processing fluency only for informational ads/videos. This finding provides some support to the processing fluency theory which holds that less discrepant information should result in a higher processing fluency and extends the existing literature by investigating the appeal/execution format as a boundary condition. Involvement itself has been found to be positively related to processing fluency. Thus, when a consumer is initially more involved in watching a video, the processing fluency increases. This is in line with previous research that proved that involvement positively affects the attention that is given to advertisements and ultimately also the attitude of consumers.

This study attempts to investigate consumers’ perceptual process of influencer advertising and its impact on brand attitude formation on social media. Perceived congruence between the influencer and the product and sponsorship disclosure are manipulated as key independent variables. In so doing, this study examines whether consumers can infer two types of motives (affective vs. calculative) from different levels of perceived congruence (high vs. low) and sponsorship disclosure (present vs. absent). The impact of multiple motive inference on brand attitude is also examined in this study. The result indicates that perceived congruence of influencer and posting has a significant effect on the affective motive inference. When the posting is perceived to be relevant to and expected from the influencer, the participants infer the affective motive of the influencer. However, the participants do not infer calculative motives from the incongruent posting of the influencer. As native advertising can obfuscate the boundary between editorial and commercial contents (Conill, 2016), perceived congruence is significant to successfully cover the posting as a natural posting by influencer and induce affective motive inference. In addition, the disclosure of sponsorship did not reveal any effect on the calculative and the affective motive inferences. Even though the disclosure of sponsorship can make viewers recognize an advertising intent (Boerman, Willemsen, & Van Der Aa, 2017), the message did not induce motives inference behind it. It is significant to investigate whether there are intervening variables that moderate the linkage between sponsorship disclosure and motive inference processing. Furthermore, affective motive inference impacted the attitude for the brand whereas calculative motive inference exerted no significant effect. These findings suggest that when the product promoted in influencer advertising is congruent with the influencer, consumers form positive attitude toward the brand through affective inference processing. To successfully implement influencer advertising, marketers should design a content congruent with the influencer’s original postings and encourage audience to engage in affective motive processing.

In this research, we are going to explore the effect of processing fluency and different types of appeal on consumer’s prosocial intention. There are contradictory findings regarding the effects of processing fluency whether easy to process fluency (EPF) or difficult to process fluency (DPF) is more efficient to lead prosocial behavior (Reber, Schwarz, & Winkielman, 2004). However, we predict that different appeals based on egoistic or altruistic motives may influence people’s perceptions of processing fluency. In particular, if a primed appeal concerns egoistic motives, effort to reach the selfish appeal could not be reflected as honorable for themselves (Zhang, Xu, Jiang, & Huang, 2010). As a result, we predict that such perceived disgraceful efforts will increase unpleasant emotional states such as guilt, which arises when experiencing possible objections to their actions or intentions (Peloza, White, & Shang, 2013). Thus, we hypothesized and found that in study 1, people primed with self-benefiting appeals considered a difficult to process campaign to be less favorable than an easy to process campaign. Self-benefiting appeals increased a sense of guilt when people are in a DPF condition compared to an EPF condition. Finally, in study 2, the demonstrated effect from study 1 was explained with underlying mechanism as a sense of guilt. In conclusion, this study has theoretical implications in discovering the relationship between processing fluency and different types of appeal. When the appeal is considered disgraceful from egoistic motives, putting extra efforts into DPF campaigns is considered unjustifiable through increasing guilty feelings. This effect causes unfavorable attitudes toward DPF campaigns and decreases prosocial behavior. As a result, our findings provide insights for marketers by suggesting effective strategies for designing prosocial campaigns.

Although atypical sensory processing is a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there is considerable heterogeneity among ASD individuals in the modality and symptoms of atypical sensory processing. The present study examined visual processing of children with ASD, focusing on the complexity and orientation of visual information. Age- and -IQ-matched Korean children (14 ASD and 14 typically-developing (TD) children) received an orientation discrimination task involving static spatial gratings varied in complexity (simple versus complex) and orientation (horizontal versus vertical). The results revealed that ASD children had difficulty perceiving complex information regardless of orientation, whereas TD children had more difficulty with vertical gratings than horizontal gratings. Thus, group-level differences between ASD and TD children appeared greater when gratings were presented horizontally. Unlike ASD adult literature, however, ASD children did not show superior performance on simple gratings. Our findings on typical and atypical processing of ASD children have implications for both understanding the characteristics of ASD children and developing diagnostic tools for ASD.

Despite the evidence of an association between foreign language (FL) reading anxiety and reading comprehension, only a few studies have investigated how FL reading anxiety interacts with the reading process. This study examined how people with different anxiety levels approach reading tasks differently; that is, the relationships among foreign language reading anxiety, cognitive interference, reading strategy use, and the effects of these constructs on actual reading comprehension. Participants (N=265) were Korean adolescent EFL learners. From analyses of their responses to FL reading anxiety scale, Cognitive Interference Questionnaire (CIQ), a strategy inventory for reading comprehension, and reading comprehension tasks, results suggested that anxiety played a critical role in the interplay of attention and reading strategy use, which were associated with comprehension. Highly anxious students who were occupied with off-task thoughts tended to use more local reading strategies while less anxious students were more focused on completing the reading tasks and employed more global reading strategies. Results also suggested that the significant predictors of reading comprehension were FL reading anxiety as well as the CIQ and Global strategies, which indicated that the less anxious students who were more focused during reading, and those who employed more Global strategy scored higher in reading comprehension.

콘크리트 구조물 표면에 발생하는 균열은 사용자에게 심리적인 불안감을 제공하며, 장기간 열려있는 큰 폭의 균열은 구조 물의 사용성능 및 내구성에 영향을 준다. 국내에서는 건축물을 포함한 시설물의 노후화에 따른 안전관리를 위해 균열정도를 파악하는 조사가 인력에 의한 육안조사로 수행되고 있지만 인력의 고비용성과 객관성 미흡 등의 문제점이 대두되고 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해 영상분석을 통한 균열 추출 등 다양한 연구가 수행되고 있으나 균열인식 정확도 향상에 2차원 영상 분석만으로는 한계가 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 기존 2차원 영상 분석의 한계를 극복하기 위하여 3차원 특성을 정확하게 파악할 수 있는 3차원 광삼각 스캐닝기법을 활용하여 콘크리트 구조물 표면의 균열정보를 획득하는 기법을 개발하였다. 본 하 드웨어의 개발과 더불어 균열 패턴분석을 위한 획득된 균열의 세분화와 균열의 특성분석 알고리즘을 개발하였으며, 이를 실제 콘크리트 빔의 균열 탐지 적용을 통해 검증하였다.

The purposes of this study was to investigate the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) on a sterilization and microbiological shelf-life of commercial beef patties by varying the pressure level (200, 300, 400, and 500 MPa), treatment time (0-10 min), and storage period (0-16 day at 4oC). The HPP treatment of 200 MPa were ineffective, however the treatment of 300, 400, and 500 MPa reduced the bacterial count by 0.61-1.16, 1.11-1.69, and 2.73-3.86 log (CFU/g), respectively. During 16 days of storage, the viable cell numbers in beef patties treated with 400 and 500 MPa were substantially lower than those in the non-treated control. The control count reached 6.6 log CFU/g after 16 days at 4oC, but after the same storage time, the counts in HPP-treated samples of 400 and 500 MPa were 4.7 and 3.1 log CFU/g, respectively. After an HPP treatment of 200-500 MPa, the pH values were approximately 5.83-6.28. During the 16 days of storage, the pH values in the samples of 400-500 MPa were maintained at initial levels throughout the storage period, regardless of treatment time for HPP.

The Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai is a white band on the edge of the leaf, the branch is not split, the stem is small, and the shape of the node is different from that of the inland bamboo (Sasa borealis Makino). It is known as a plant that is highly likely to be used as a resource plant. Various efficacy studies such as antioxidant, anti-obesity, antibacterial and antidiabetic activities have been conducted and developed as functional cosmetics and beverage products. Unfortunately there is little research on the suitability of the product. In order to use S. quelpaertensis as a raw material for food or health functional food, S. quelpaertensis leaves were collected monthly for one year to prepared 70% ethanol extract(SQEP) and water extract(SQWP). After, the content of index component(p-coumaric acid) in SQEP and SQWP was analyzed by HPLC. For the study of the processing properties, the SQWP was prepared considering the content of the index component and extraction yield(%). Also, the stability of index component according to pH(2.5, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0) condition and stability of index component according to temperature condition(25℃, 35℃, 40℃) were studied. Through this process ability(properties) study, we suggest that the SQWP may be used as a product material of health functional foods.

생태통로란 자연환경보전법 제2조 9호에 “도로, 댐, 수중 보, 하굿둑 등으로 인하여 야생동식물의 서식지가 단절되거나 훼손 또는 파괴되는 것을 방지하고 야생동식물의 이동 등 생태계의 연속성 유지를 위하여 설치하는 인공 구조물 식생 등의 생태적 공간”이라고 명시되어있다. 생태통로 모니터링은 생태통로를 이용하는 야생동물의 현황을 파악하고 설치의 실효성을 평가하여 개선방안을 마련하기 위함이 다. 현행 조사기법은 생태통로에 카메라 트랩을 설치하고, 정기적으로 조사자가 촬영 데이터를 회수하여 육안판독을 통해 야생동물 객체를 식별하여 정리하고 있다. 이러한 방식은 센서 카메라에 촬영된 동영상을 일일이 확인하여 진행 하므로 분석에 장시간이 소요되며 조사자의 종별 동정능력에 따라 조사결과의 품질 차이가 발생하는 한계가 있다. 최근 이미지 인식 분야에서 딥러닝을 활용한 기법은 영상 내 에서 객체를 자동 식별할 뿐만 아니라 개체 수, 이미지 설명 등을 높은 수준의 정확도로 탐지하고 있다. 따라서 카메라 트랩에 딥러닝 기법을 적용하면 야생동물의 동정, 탐조 및 움직임 정보 등을 자동적으로 데이터베이스화할 수 있다. 본 연구는 이미지 인식 분야 딥러닝 기법을 생태통로 모니터링에 적용함으로써 기존 육안판독의 소요시간을 줄이고, 인적오류를 최소화하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구지역은 소백산국립공원 죽령생태통로를 선정하였다. 죽령 생태통로는 소백산국립공원 내 유일한 생태통로로 공원구역을 가로지르는 국도 5호선에 의해 단절된 서식처를 연결하고 야생동물의 휴식처로서의 역할을 수행하고 있 다. 터널형 생태통로로, 폭 약 8m, 길이 21m의 규모이다. 2003년에 설치되었으며 2004년부터 국립공원관리공단이 위임받아 현재 소백산국립공원북부사무소가 관리하고 있다. 국립공원 생태통로 중 가장 많은 자료가 축적(2011년 -2015년 집계 기준)된 곳으로, 2005년부터 현재까지 13년 간의 모니터링 자료가 축적되어 있다. 따라서 딥러닝 학습 을 위한 데이터 확보가 용이하다. 본 실험은 카메라 트랩의 딥러닝 기반 영상분석을 실험하는 초기연구이기 때문에 비교적 간단한 신경망 모델과 소량의 데이터를 이용하여 가능성을 검증하였다. 딥러닝은 영상 인 식 분야에서 사용되는 합성곱 신경망(CNN, convolutional neural network) 기법을 적용하였다. 먼저 죽령 생태통로에서 발견 확률이 높은 삵, 고라니, 노루, 멧돼지, 너구리 5종에 대한 모니터링 자료(카메라 사진과 동영상)를 수집하였다. 동영상의 경우, 고정된 위치에서 움직이는 객체를 탐지해야 하기 때문에 컴퓨터 비전 기법을 통한 데이터 전처리를 수행 하였다. OpenCV(Open Source Computer Vision Library)는 영상추적 알고리듬을 제공하는데 이를 통해 야생동물 객체의 최소경계사각형을 탐지하고 각 프레임을 이미지로 저장하였다. 탐지된 이미지는 크기와 해상도가 제각각이기 때문에 CNN의 입력 데이터로 인식시켜주기 위해 100×100 화소 크기로 조정하였다. 딥러닝을 비롯한 머신러닝 문제는 일반적으로 데이터를 훈련 데이터와 시험 데이터로 나눠 학습과 실험을 수행한다. 훈련 데이터는 모델의 최적의 매개변수를 찾는데 사용 되며 시험 데이터는 앞서 훈련된 모델의 성능을 평가하는데 사용된다. 임의 추출을 통해 야생동물 종별로 1,000장의 훈 련 데이터와 400장의 시험 데이터(총7,000장)를 선택하였다. 훈련 데이터는 동물의 전신 이미지는 드물었으며 얼굴 과 몸의 일부만 촬영된 경우가 대부분이었다. CNN 모델은 5층 신경망으로 구성하였으며 이미지 규모를 고려하여 영상증강(image augmentation) 기법을 적용하였다. 모델 구현에는 오픈소스 딥러닝 라이브러리 TensorFlow와 Keras를 사용하였다. 실험결과, 야생동물 5종에 대한 CNN 모델은 96.25%의 정확도를 보였다. 고정된 카메라에서 촬영된 이미지는 야생 동물의 행동 패턴이 비교적 단순하여 객체 식별에 유리한 것으로 추정된다. 또한 생태통로를 이용하는 야생동물의 제한적인 종류는 예측 정확도에 기여도가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 현행 수동식별과 대비하여 본 기법의 적용은 조사 자동 화에 따른 시간절감과 객관적 품질 확보라는 측면에서 활용 잠재력이 높을 것으로 기대된다. 모델이 최종적으로 정립되 면, 조사자가 회수된 현장 데이터를 입력만 하면 생태통로 모니터링 통계를 자동 계산하는 프로그램으로 제공 가능할 것이다. 이번 실험에서는 CNN의 생태통로 모니터링 적용 가능성을 검증해 본 것으로 간단한 모델과 데이터를 통해 그 가능성을 확인하였다. 현재 카메라 트랩 이미지를 대상 으로 CNN의 최신 연구들이 진행 중이나, 실제 적용해 본 바로는 자동 전처리에 관한 연구가 충분히 이뤄져야 할 것 으로 판단된다. 차기 연구에서는 사전 학습된 CNN 모델에 현장 이미지를 추가한 트랜스퍼 러닝(transfer learning)을 적용하여 범용적인 활용도를 평가해보고자 한다.

화학 관능기가 다른 지방산 에스터계, 지방산 금속염 및 아마이드계 분산 및 흐름개선 첨가제가 EPDM과 카본블랙을 충전제로 사용한 고무 배합물의 가류 특성과 가류된 고무 배합물의 기계적 물성 및 노화특성에 미치는 영향을 무니점도계, 레오미터, 경도계, 만능재료시험기 등을 이용하여 측정하였다. 125 oC에서 측정된 무니점도는 아마이드계 > 금속염계 > 에스터계 첨가제의 순으로 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 스코치시간은 에스터계와 금속염계 첨가제는 첨가 유무에 따라 거의 차이가 없거나 조금 늦어지며, 아마이드계 첨가제는 1분 이상 빨라졌다. 160 oC에서의 레오미터 측정 결과 가류시간은 금속염계 와 아마이드계 첨가제의 경우는 가류반응이 빨리 진행되었다. 델타토크 값은 금속염계와 아마이드계 첨가제가 있는 경우 전반적으로 증가하였으나, 에스터계 첨가제가 있는 경우는 약간 감소하였다. EPDM 배합물의 인장강도는 에스터계 첨가제가 첨가된 경우 크게 향상되었으며, 아마이드계와 금속염계 첨가제의 경우는 큰 영향이 없었다. 신율의 경우는 금속염계 첨가제의 경우 크게 향상되었으며, 나머지의 경우는 큰 영향이 없었다. 인열강도는 첨가제의 첨가에 따라 전반적으로 상승하였으며 금속염계 첨가제의 경우에서 확연히 상승하였으며 경도는 첨가제의 종류와 상관없이 유사한 값을 나타내었다. 100 oC에서 24 시간 열노화시킨 EPDM 배합물은 금속염계와 아마이드계 첨가제의 경우는 거의 변화가 없었으며 신율의 변화는 첨가제를 함유한 모든 EPDM 배합물이 10-20% 정도 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

β-Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) was added to Al2O3 to make a biomaterial with good mechanical properties. Using a TCP powder synthesized by a polymer complexation method, Al2O3 composites containing 30 wt% TCP were fabricated and characterized for densification, phase, microstructure, strength, and fracture toughness. With optimizing the powder preparation conditions, a high densification of 97 % was obtained by sintering at 1350 ℃ for 2 h. No reaction between the two components occurred and there was no transition to α-TCP. TCP grains with a size of 2-4 μm were well surrounded by Al2O3 grains with a size of 1 μm or less. Strength 61(Brazilian) or 187(3-p MOR) MPa, and fracture toughness 1.7 (notched beam) or 2.5 (indentation) MPa·m1/2 were obtained, which are large improvements over the strength of TCP/Al2O3 composites and toughness of TCP and hydroxyapatite in previous studies.

The purpoose of this paper is to analyze the relative effciency of dreid laver processing companies in Korea and provide the development direction and improvement plan for the dried laver industry. Data on 76 dried laver processing companies were selected as the subjects for Dea. As a result of Dea, the average efficiency rate is shown that the technical efficiency is 84.90%, the pure technical efficiency is 93.83%, and the scale efficiency is 86.65%. and based on BCC results 38 companies are relatively efficient. comparing pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency, it showed that inefficiencies caused by scale of the company was greater than inefficiencies caused by the scale of technical matter. It implies that expanding the size is essential for achieving high-efficiency of dried laver processing company. In the inefficiency factor analysis, the result reveals that unstable supply of raw materials, quality management, capital flexibility and distribution ability influence the efficiency of laver processing company.

Onion vinegar, which has an undesirable flavor and taste formed through alcohol and acetic acid fermentation, possesses additives that can improve sensory quality. Thus, the objective of this study was to present an optimized blending ratio using response surface methods for an onion vinegar beverage by adding Omija extracts. This study was performed to formulate an Omija-onion vinegar beverage (OOVB) and investigate its antioxidant properties and antimicrobiological effects. The experimental design was conducted using an optimal mixture model of response surface methodology which generated eighteen experimental trials with overall acceptance as the responses. According to the statistical analyses, OOVB demonstrated a ratio containing onion vinegar, water, brown sugar, apple extracts and Omija extracts of 10, 72.3, 4.4, 12.2 and 1.1 (weight ratio), respectively. The OOVB revealed desirable nutrition values (phenolics compounds 19.3 mg/100 g, total flavonoids 3.1 mg/100 g, quercetin 1.9 mg/100). The OOVB displayed antibacterial effects in Gram negative Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus. The findings revealed that OOVB was 18% in DPPH radical inhibitionand 11% in superoxide dismutase-like activity thus, OOVB has nutritional value and good quality as well as potential biological activities for functional beverages.

This study investigated the effects of blanching time (1-5 min), types of blanching solution (1% NaCl vs 1-3% sucrose), addition of packaging with blanching solution, and thawing methods (thawing in packaged versus depackaged units) on the qualities of frozen Aster scaber. As quality parameters, drip loss, moisture content, shear force, color, and sensory test were conducted. Aster scaber was blanched in 1% sucrose for 4 min and packaged with the same solution prior to freezing whereas frozen Aster scaber exhibited palatable quality when it was removed from the package and thawed in running water. Consequently, this study demonstrated that the optimized processing condition provided qualities like non-frozen control.

A study on the decolorization method of salt-fermented anchovy sauce using activated carbon was carried out. The anchovy sauce filtered with a diatomaceous membrane after heating at 85℃ for 20 min was reacted with 3.0% (w/w) activated carbon with pH 4.5 at 55℃ for 2 hr. The color difference value and turbidity related to the decolorizing effect showed excellent improvement results with a difference of 23% and 88%, respectively. The overall taste and color preference of decolorized anchovy sauce were significantly increased in shrimp sauce by 0.4-0.5 points (p<0.05). In order to minimize the precipitation of amino acid during storage, 1% silicon dioxide or gelatin was mixed and filtered after the activated carbon reaction. Turbidity, as index of sedimentation, was improved by 15% at 30℃ for 2 weeks. The recycle system with activated carbon coated membrane filter reduced the processing time and cost on decolorization of anchovy sauce. When the concentrated anchovy sauce was recirculated, the amount of total protein as an indicator of taste compounds was increased by 125%, which is 1.8% compared to the conventional 0.8%, indicating that it is highly useful as a liquid seasoning.