현대중국어에서 ‘也’는 활용도가 비교적 높은 단어이며, 부사와 접속사로 분류되고 있다. 또한 다른 부사나 접속 표현 등과 결합하여 강조의 관용구로 사용되기도 한다. ‘也’는 학습이 쉬운 단어로 인식되고 있으나, 초중급 단계가 지나면서 단어의 쓰임에 있어서 적지 않은 오류가 발생하는 경향이 있다. 이는 단어에 대한 이해가 충분히 이루어지지 못한 원인이라고 본다. 모든 단어는 생성 기원과 변화 과정을 가지고 있 다. 그러므로 고대중국어 조사 ‘也’가 어떻게 부사로 품사 변화를 하였는지 우선 살 펴볼 필요가 있다. 대체로 학계에서는 빈도 혹은 중복부사로 ‘也’를 분류하고 있지만, 일부 범위부사 혹은 관련부사 등으로도 분류되기도 한다. ‘也’의 하위분류에 대한 의 견이 일치하지 않다는 것을 알 수 있다. 본고에서는 고대에서 현대까지 ‘也’의 변화 과정을 살펴보고, 단어의 쓰임과 의미에 주목하여 ‘也’의 품사적 특성을 이해해보고 자 한다. 이를 통해 부사 ‘也’의 하위분류를 재설정해본다. 이를 통해 ‘也’에 대해 더 욱 심도 있게 이해할 수 있는 계기가 될 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

Cho, Sungwon. (2023). “Speech Adjustment in Adverb According to the Gender of the Recipient”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 31(4), 279-305. This article aims to examine the use of adverbs by Korean men and women in conversations with each other, depending on the gender of the interlocutor. It has long been argued in sociolinguistics that language use of one gender to the other can clearly adjusted, even if they belong to the same social group. Gender of the receiver, in this sense, can be considered as a factor in context which fosters certain speech-adjusting behavior. If men and women use different languages, typical gender specific speech style may be present in the speaker recognition, and as a result, intentional or unintentional accommodation may occur. However, there has been no research on how the speech of one gender is accommodated by the other gender in Korean. The frequency difference between male and female speakers were significantly smaller in single-gender dyads compared to mixed gender dyads, which leads to conclusion that speakers mimic more of receiver’s speech style when conversating with opposite gender.

본고는 부정문에 출현해서 소위 ‘강조’의 의미를 갖는 어기부사 ‘就’와 ‘才’의 화용 기능 차이를 분석했다. 화자가 ‘就’를 사용하는 것은 청자에게 자신의 입장을 일방적 으로 통보하고, 청자의 개입을 차단하기 위해서이다. 반대로 ‘才’는 담화를 시작하며 청자의 동의와 공감을 기대하는 확신 표지 ‘呢’와 결합해 화자의 발화에 대해 청자가 동의하고 공감해 주기를 바란다. 즉, 부정문에서 사용된 ‘就’는 화자의 입장만을 일방 적으로 전달하는 폐쇄적인 표지라면 ‘才’는 청자의 개입을 허용하는 열린 표지라고 할 수 있겠다.

The research on the subjectivity of the Adverb “Jianzhi” has always been limited to “hyperbole” and “emphasis”. This paper attempts to break through the lack of analysis on the specific characteristics of its subjectivity. On the basis of cognitive linguistics theory and subjectivity theory, it focused on the analysis of the characteristics of “Jianzhi” in the two dimensions of Subjectivity——directional dimension and measurement dimension, and explained the characteristics behind the phenomenon So as to clarify the pragmatic conditions of “Jianzhi”. “Jianzhi” has three characteristics——“forward”, “reverse” and “deviation” in the directional dimension of subjectivity. In the context of expressing “identification” and “progressive” semantics, it is expressed in a straight direction; in the context of expressing “denial” and “derogation”, it is expressed in a reverse direction; in the context of expressing “accident”, it is expressed in a deviation. “Jianzhi” shows the characteristics of “subjective increment” and “subjective decrement” in the measurement dimension of subjectivity.

The adverb “Jianzhi” is used frequently in modern Chinese, but most of its previous research focused on “subjectiveness”. To break through this limitation, this paper focused on the syntactic features and main semantic functions of the adverb “Jianzhi”. Firstly, in syntactic features, by organizing the structure with high frequency of “Jianzhi”, it is found that the common feature presented in the verb structure is to pay attention to the characteristics of the nature of the things, and in the adjective structure is to show that mainly modifies the high degree of complements. Secondly, we found that “Jianzhi” has two main semantic functions. The first one is “non-true value marking function” and the other one is “boundary function”. The former means the speaker reminds the listener that the central meaning in the “Jianzhi” sentence is not true, and the latter means when “Jianzhi” is modifying the degree component, it will set a boundary for the component, indicating the degree limit. The commonality of these two semantic functions is [+ default], so the main semantics of “Jianzhi” can be summarized as a temporary default to reach a certain amount or form a certain result, situation.

본고는 17권의 한·중 현대소설 텍스트의 차등 비교문에서 ‘更’과 ‘还’에 상응하는 한국어의 다양한 정도부사 표현에 있어서의 그 원인을 알아보고자 한다. 그중 인지 언어학 연구 방법론의 하나인 원형이론에서 Langacker의 연결망 모형을 바탕으로 ‘更’과 ‘还’에 상응하는 한국어 정도부사의 의미 연결망 모형 그리고 수평 차원에서의 원형이론을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 차등 비교문 안의 한국어 정도부사 사용에는 정도상의 표현 되는 크기에만 차이가 있기 때문에 다양한 정도부사의 표현이 가능하다는 것이다. 또 하나는 차등 비교문 안의 연이은 정도부사 사용을 살펴보면서 정도부사 간의 양(量)의 격차 즉, 거리가 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 만약 거리를 고려하지 않는다면 비문이 되어 원형적 차등 비교문 효과를 나타낼 수 없을 뿐 아니라 두 대상 간의 비교 정도치를 극대화 하거나 반대로 극소화 시킬 수 없다는 것이다. 그러므로 연이은 정도부사 사용이 차등 비교문 안에서 원형적 차등 비교문 효과를 나타내기 위해선 반드시 양(量)의 격차를 고려해야 하며, 그중 본고의 연구를 통해 ‘중량(中量) 부사’ > ‘소량(小量) 부사’ 그리고 양(量)의 격차가 ‘0’ 일 때의 동일 선상에서 연이은 정도부사의 사용이 가능하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

This study investigated the use of the amplifier very in high school English textbooks and native corpora by comparing its frequency distributions and collocation patterns. The native corpora, used as the reference of the study, were COCA and BNC, with their built-in sub-corpora further grouped into spoken and written corpora. The High School English Textbook Corpus (HSETC) was compiled from a total of 53 high school textbooks, with the spoken corpus (HSETC-S) from the texts in listening and conversation and the written corpus (HSETC-W) from the reading passages. Analyses using AntConc3.4.4 revealed no prominent differences between HSETC and reference corpora in the frequency of the amplifier very, while the written corpus (HSETC-W) had more occurrences contrary to the native corpora. The combination patterns and their occurrences of HSETC were slightly different from those of COCA and BNC with the gap increased with the spoken corpus (HSETC-S). Pedagogical implications and suggestions are made on ELT materials development and teaching practices.

본 논고는 『史記』중「本紀」,「世家」,「列傳」의 대화문을 대상으로 하여 그라이스(Grice)의 대화협력원리 이론을 통해 화자의 화용양상을 살펴보았다. 협력원리로 화자의 대화를 분석해 보면 화자의 의도가 표면적 사전중심의 의미만이 아닌 이면의 함축적 정보에 의해 청자에게 효과적인 메시지가 전달되는 것을 알 수 있다. 함축은 화용론에서는 특히 중요한 개념이다. 기존의 통사론과 의미론이 문장 혹은 표면적 연구에 머물러 있었다면 화용의 관점에서는 발 화를 통해 화자가 상대방에게 전달하고자 하는 의도에 더 큰 비중을 둔다. 따라서 본 연구의 주된 목적은 기존의 연구와 번역에서 청자에 해당하는 독자에게 제공된 表謙副詞 “竊”과 “伏”의 부족한 함축적 정보를 알아보고 고전원문의 직역이 아닌 자연스러운 한국어 번역으로써의 대안을 살펴보는 것이다.

As an adverb with high frequency of usage, “Jianzhi(简直)” is widely used. However, there are still many problems unsolved in the past. Based on the grammaticalization theory and cognitive theory, this paper dis-cussed the conditions and mechanisms during the grammaticalization process of “Jianzhi”. and clarified the relationships among the meanings of “Jianzhi”. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: Firstly, When “Jianzhi” is located before other adjectives, it obtains the adverb function through reanalysis mechanism, and modifies adjective predicate and verb predicate. Secondly, under the influence of metaphor mechanism, the semantics of “Jianzhi” is mapped from spatial domain to mode domain. And “Jianzhi” derived the meaning of “fearfully”. Thirdly, through conceptual blending process “Jian” and “Zhi” generated the meaning of “completly”.

Chinese often use some pronouns as Exclamatives tone markers, such as "zhe" "Na" "zheme" "name" "Shenme", and they can be noun phrases, adjective and verb phrases constitute a minority of some commonly used exclamation structure, these exclamation structure have different features. The author intends to syntactic structure, semantic features and pragmatic aspects of a preliminary study on them. The adverb marked exclamatory sentence features: first, if the adverb in the exclamatory sentences, then the sentence is generally exclamation exclamatory center adjectives, state adjectives cannot be used in exclamatory sentence; second, adverb as a marker of exclamatory sentence semantics is expressed according to the speaker's subjective standard, objectivity weak. This kind of Exclamatives objective level is relatively low, the subjective color is very obvious, this type of exclamatory sentence is judged from the speaker's subjective standard, objective understanding and others are not consistent. The characteristics of exclamatory sentences marked by pronouns are as follows: first, when the "Ni" "zhe" and the noun predicate constitute an exclamatory sentence, the way of expressing feelings is negative. General ellipsis. "Ni" "zhe" after the addition of nominal predicate exclamatory sentences can only use the second person pronouns. But behind the plus noun predicate, second person or third person can use; second, "Shenme" "hedeng" "zenme" "Zenyang" "duoshao" interrogative pronouns in exclamatory sentences are used to represent the exclamatory mood, then you no longer have the pronoun itself with the interrogative mood.

The combining 'adverb+noun' in Chinese sentence has been regarded as a special case which break a regular grammar rule. Regardless its conception, the combination is used frequently, and further it make a new grammar rule for itself. Based on this context, various scholars have been arguing its suitability about whether accepting new grammar rule in Chinese or not. The present study aimed two things: first, as historical approach, 'adverb+noun' was analyzed based on its birth, usual usage patterns, and types of adverb+noun used for the combination. Second, as grammar perspectives, syntax and pragmatics of the combination were articulated. As conclusion, this study discussed the direction and tips for teaching this sentence structure for accomplishing efficient pedagogical purposes.

本文运用语料库方法对‘程度副词+V得/不C’结构的使用情况进行了调查，检索结果发现在1223个动词当中，可适用于该结构的动词有199个。经分析表明‘V得/不C’能否受到程度副词修饰、能否带宾语都与可能补语结构的词汇化程度、结构形式、充当补语的词类无关，而是由可能补语结构本身具有的可能意义表达出来的状态、性质特征所决定的。因此，本文将这些能受到程度副词修饰的可能补语结构看成一个语块(chunk）。并且把‘程度副词+V得/不C+O’中的‘O(宾语)’视为表示状态、性质的一部分，也将其包括在语块范围在内，因此该结构应该分析为‘程度副词+(V得/不C+O）’结构。

For analysis the distributional characteristics of ‘PP + NP’ structure (prepositional phrase) in Chinese syntax, we have approached through the relation between adverbial phrase and complement. Until recently, analysis of grammatical function of adverbial phrase and complement has been conducted. In addition, analysis of ‘PP + NP’ structure of ‘adverbial case’ which has the same grammatical function and position is divided into ‘prepositional phrase’ and ‘special structure’. It is probably result from the conflict between ‘function’ and ‘meanings’. Therefore, we are going to approach this topic ‘why ‘PP + NP’ structure is differently divided into ‘prepositional phrase’ and ‘special structure’ through the investigation of ‘Zeitlichkeit’ and ‘congnitive case’.

This study is aimed at applying conjunctive adverbs of type of "그러-‘ for education site of Korean language by clearing up syntactical condition and contextual meaning and mutual replacement relation of conjunctive adverbs having similar meaning to be able to use opposition conjunctive adverb of type of "그러-’. According to inclination of foreign learner who want to learn Korean by rule and formula instead of meaning explanation. So this study was represented table and chart as suggesting way of each items, and it could be called as new tryout that we could not find in existing studies. This discussion might be little different with meaning of conjunctive adverbs explained in the study of Korean language. In the selection of example, used example of Korean language text book for foreigners by considering level of learners. Therefore, this study was inconvenienced by impractical sentence and non-suggestion of concrete plan to be able to be used in practice lesson. But if teachers fully understood schematic pictures and used them in class, it could become a little help to reduce learner"s confusion occurred by using opposition conjunctive adverbs of type of "그러-."

본 연구는 일상 대화 말뭉치를 통해 <너무/되게/엄청 + 형용 사>의 의미적 선호를 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 분석 결과, <너무+형 용사>에서는 [경험-심리]가 높은 선호도를 보였으며, <되게+형용사> 에서는 [경험-논리], <엄청+형용사>에서는 [사물-측량]이 높은 선호도 를 보였다. 한편, 세 정도부사에서 사물에 대한 추상적 묘사를 의미하 는 [사물-추상]의 의미 선호는 1건도 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 대부분의 의미 유형에서 <너무+형용사>의 의미 선호가 가장 많았으나 [사물- 형태]에서는 <되게+형용사>의 의미 선호가 많았다. 향후 정도부사의 피수식어로 동사나 ‘명사+이다’ 등의 의미적 선호 양상 분석이 이루어 지기를 바란다.

This study has focused on the two factors. The first things has investigated the way the Korean L2 learners apply the pattern of ‘adverb+ verb collocation’ in English to their ‘opinion paragraph writing’ on the topic sentences, with the focus on two factors: meta-discourse perspective on the genre of paragraphs and the writers’ strategies for selecting particular collocation types. Second element with the findings of the first step has suggested the effective writing methods for the Korean L2 learners. From 15th October to 2nd November, 2018, the researchers had examined the L2 learners’ topic sentences shown as in the their first drafts, to identify the attitude (I agree), engagement (consider) markers or self-mentions (I, We) and boosters (completely, fully, strongly, etc.) in meta-discourse resources which were founded on the types of essays. We had proposed that the learners would produce proper English ‘adverb+verb’ collocations based on the semantic features for verbs and adverbs in English and Korean with the feedback comments. Secondly, the researchers had reanalyzed the learners’ final products which have been focused on the learners’ self-correction for the deviant English-Korean collocations or non-collocation in English. The researchers had found out some pedagogical implications which had suggested for learning the suitable English collocation usage based on the findings of the study. The major thing has shown that the learners would depend on the meta-discourse resources in the process of accepting the academic writing styles or genre. Another implication of the findings is that the new insights into the development of L2 ‘adverb+verb’ collocational competence should be based on the nature of teaching methods that stress input-based or refrain from explicit vocabulary teaching.

The question of how and where adverbs are licensed has relatively been discussed less vigorously. It will be argued here that though the hierarchy suggested in Cinque(1999) reflects the cross-linguistic order of functional heads, it leaves room for a revision for the so-called sentential adverbs and the adverbs modifying NP/DP found in English and Korean. Based on the observations in Bogal-Allbritten(2014) and Lee(2008), the licensing relationship between the syntactic heads and adverbs suggested in Potsdam(1998) will be revised. Also, the hierarchy for adverbs suggested in 박(2000) will be slightly revised for the adverbs modifying NP/DP found in English and Korean.

본 논문은 한국어 유의 관계 부사 중에서 정도부사의 교육 방안을 연구하고자 한다. 각 유의어군의 말뭉치(corpus)의 용례를 바탕으로 의미 변별 기준을 제시하고, 현재 한국어 교육에서 유의 관계 정도부사 교육현황과 사용실태를 살펴본다. 그리고 이 자료를 바탕으로 한국어 수업 시간에 활용할 수 있는 유의 관계 정도부사의 교육 방안을 마련하고자 한다.