가는납작벌레과의 미기록종인 Ahasverus advena (Waltl) (곡식가는납작벌레, 신칭), Psammoecus trimaculatus Motschulsky (닮은모래가 는납작벌레, 신칭)을 한국에서 처음으로 보고한다. 각 종에 대한 외형과 진단형질, 분포지도를 제공한다.

북한체제의 성격을 법의 지배(the rule of law) 이념에 비추어서 규명하 는 데에는 이론적 난점들이 있다. 그 이념의 내용에 관하여 논란이 많고, 그것과 법에 의한 지배(rule by law) 및 인치(⼈治)를 선명하게 구별하기가 쉽지 않기 때문이다. 프랭켈의 이중국가 이론과 최근의 관련 연구는 민주적이지 않은 체제의 성격과 구조를 법과 관련해서 파악하는 데 크게 도움이 된다. 프랭켈은 나 치 체제 전반기 독일에서 변호사로 활동하면서 그 체제의 성격을 탐구해서, 그 체제를 이중국가로 규명하였다. 그것은 법을 존중하는 규범국가와 법을 무시하는 대권국가가 상호 의존적이면서도 갈등하며 공존하는 체제이다. 프 랭켈의 연구에 기초한 최근의 연구들은 권위주의 체제에서 법이 존중되는 법문화가 작동하는 법적 공간에 주목한다. 북한에도 헌법과 그에 기초하는 법들이 법체계를 이루고 있다. 그러나 북한은 유일 집권정당인 노동당이 국가를 통제하기 때문에, 북한의 법체계 는 정치적인 대권국가의 통제를 받는다. 따라서 북한은 표면적으로 이중국 가이다. 그러나 북한에서 법의 실상을 보면, 법이 공권력을 제어하는 작용 을 하지 못하고, 법적 사고와 법적 분쟁해결로 특징지어지는 법문화가 부재 하다고 할 정도로 왜소하다. 이는 북한체제의 전체주의적 성격의 결과이다. 따라서 북한체제는 표면적으로는 이중국가이지만 실질은 대권국가인 전체 주의 체제이다.

In the “宀” radical of Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字): “家，凥也。从宀，豭省聲。𠖔，古文 家.” Duan Yucai believed that, the character “家” (jia) is composed of the radicals “宀” and “豕”, and should be classified under the radical “豕” instead of “宀”. The so-called “豭省聲” mentioned by Xu Shen is baseless. Based on the research of scholars in the Qing Dynasty, as well as the evidence from oracle bone inscriptions and bronze inscriptions, it can be concluded that “豭” is a newly created character, and its ancient form should be “𢑓”, which is “豕” with an additional semantic stroke indicating a male pig. The original intention of “豭省聲” should be to omit the character form of “叚” while preserve the pronunciation of “叚”. This takes into account both the ideographic character “家” derived from “ (𢑓)” and the phonetic-semantic character “家” derived from “ (豭)”. Duan Yucai proposed the concepts of “the original meaning of character creation” and “the original sense of character usage” to distinguish between the original meaning and the extended borrowed meaning, which is the value of his theory.

Hypertension caused by high-fat and high-salt diets is is a well-known significant risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In this study, to confirm the relationship between hypertension and immune cells, angiotensin (Ang) II was administered to Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats and Dahl salt-resistant (SR) rats. Then the expression of immune cells and the proinflammatory cytokines were compared between the SS and SR rats. It was observed that after administration of Ang II (50ng/kg/min) for three weeks, blood pressure was increased in the SS rats, but there was no significant change in the SR rats. In addition, the expression of T helper (Th) cells and Th 17 cells in the spleen and the expression of Th cell Rorγt and regulatory T regulatory (Treg) cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells did not show a significant difference between the two experimental groups even after the administration of Ang II.IL-1β expression was significantly increased in the kidney tissue of the SS rats, while there was no significant difference in the IL-6 expression in all the experimental groups. The results of this study suggest that Ang II induces hypertension by stimulating IL-1β secretion from renal macrophage in SS rats.

This study was conducted to examine the architectural characteristics of Hak-seong Lee Family's Geun-jae-gong Historic House located in Seok-cheon-ri, Ung-chon-myeon, Ulju-gun, Ulsan. The house is said to have been rebuilt in the early 20th century after it was built in the 18th century, and now there are nine buildings left, including the An-chae, Sa-rang-chae, Sa-dang, storehouses and etc. This house is a large-scale house that is difficult to find similar cases in near region. The division of areas on each building is clear, and it is evaluated that it retains the typical characteristics of the head family in the late Joseon Dynasty in terms of its overall size and layout. In addition, the current wooden structure, which is said to have been rebuilt in the early 20th century, shows the composition method and space utilization method of the 3-Dori type upper structure, which have become more diverse since the late Joseon Dynasty. This has not been dealt with in the previous survey, and should be considered in detail through this paper.

본 연구는 계란의 품질 유지를 위한 온도변화의 영향을 평가하고 실제 유통 환경에서 난각에 Salmonella Enteritidis 가 오염된 비세척란의 적절한 온도 관리 방법을 결정하고 자 하였다. Salmonella Enteritidis가 접종된 비세척란은 총 7일간 25oC 항온보관 및 5가지의 다른 온도변화조건에서 보관하였다. 온도변화조건은 계란을 초기 25oC에서 보관 중 온도를 10oC 또는 35oC로 변화하였다. 보관 중 기실의 높이, 중량감소율, 비중 및 농후난백 비율을 1일 간격으로 평가하였다. 기실의 높이, 중량감소율, 비중은 25oC 보관 3일 및 4일차에 10oC로 온도를 낮추었을 때 초기값이 유 의적으로 보존되었다. 농후난백 비율은 초기 값과 비교하 였을 때 보관 조건에 따른 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았 다. 이러한 결과는 25oC 보관 3일 및 4일차에 10oC로 낮 추는 것이 실제 유통 시 비세척란의 안전관리에 적합함을 시사하였다.

Prebiotics are known as components of intestinal microbiota that can improve and maintain human health status by stimulating the growth and activity of the intestinal tract as a method of controlling the intestinal environment. In this study, we examined whether 2’-fucosyllactose (FL) could affect intestinal microbial population and bowel activity. Water content and frequency of mouse feces were increased in the 2’-FL treated group at a high concentration (1,000 mg/kg), with brightness of the color enhanced and physical properties diluted. In addition, intestinal microbial analysis showed that harmful bacteria Clostridium and Staphylococcus strains were decreased and beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus strains were markedly increased in the group treated with a high concentration of 2’-FL compared to those in the control group. These findings suggest that administration of 2’-FL can maintain healthy bowel activity by reducing harmful bacteria population and improving diluted physical properties.

Most of the changes found on the toi-maru of the Sang-chun-heon Historic House indicate that the upper structure of the toi-maru of the late Joseon Dynasty houses where toi-bo was installed was not completed in an instant. Toi-maru with stud is especially typical in 3-Dori type Structure, and can be found in many historic houses in Yang-dong Village, where the many 3-Dori type Structure is located. This type can be interpreted as the intermediate type that began at the eaves was settled as a toi-maru with a separate toi-bo. It seems that the toi-maru in front of the on-dol room at the time of the construction of the Sang-chun-heon historic house would not have been the same as it is now. The members dividing the on-dol room, the walls, and the various incomplete appearances seen in the window composition can be construed as traces of the change. The fact that all three types of houses that occurred during the spread of toi-maru after the mid-Joseon Dynasty can be examined can be added to the existing evaluation of cultural property houses in Yang-dong Village.

본 연구는 간 담도기 이미지에서 CAIPIRINHA, 압축 센싱(CS), 딥러닝(DL) 기법을 비교하여 주관적 영상의 질과 국소병변 을 평가하였다. 후향적 연구로 간 담도기 이미지를(획득 시간, CAIPIRINHA 16초, DL 11초, CS 15초; 절편두께, 3mm, 3mm, 1.5mm) 포함한 가도세틱산 조영증강 자기공명영상을 시행한 51명의 환자에서 3개의 이미지와 국소 간 병변은 주관적 이미지 질 평가를 분석하였다. 간 가장자리 선명도는 CAIPIRINHA(3.9±0.8), DL(4.5±0.6), CS(4.5±0.8), 호흡에 의한 운동 허상은 CAIPIRINHA(4.3±0.9), DL(4.7±0.6), CS(4.5±0.8)를 보였다. 21명 환자의 48개 병변에서, 가장자리 선예 도는 CAIPIRINHA(4.3±0.7), DL(4.5±0.6), CS(4.6±0.5), 선명도는 CAIPIRINHA(4.4±0.7), DL(4.7±0.5), CS (4.7±0.5)을 보였다. DL은 검사 시간을 줄이면서 CAIPIRINHA와 비슷한 질을 보이고 호흡 허상을 줄일 수 있다. CS는 얇은 절편 영상의 획득이 가능하여 비슷한 영상의 질을 보여 선택적으로 유용하게 사용할 수 있다.

In vitro digestibility and protein digestibility corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS) were investigated to verify the availability of protein in various Rhizopus oligosporus fermented products of domestic soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars. Danbaegkong (DBK), Daepung (DP), Daewonkong (DWK), Saedanbaek (SDB), Seonyu (SY), and Cheongja4ho (CJ4) were used as raw samples, which were fermented using commercially available Rhizopus oligosporus for 48 h. All cultivars showed increased crude protein content after fermentation. The crude protein content of DBK and SDB was significantly higher than that of the other samples (55.12% in DBK and 54.22% in SDB) (p<0.001). CJ4 had the highest alanine content of 28.88 mg/g (p<0.001), and no significant difference in cysteine content was detected among the cultivars. In most of the fermented samples, the in vitro digestibility was 0.9 or higher, indicating high protein in the fermented samples. However, it is considered that restrictions on digestion are low. In DWK, the amino acid content and PDCAAS, which together indicate protein quality, were 0.917 and 0.855, respectively, confirming that it was the best cultivar to provide the raw material for fermentation. In conclusion Rhizopus oligosporus fermented soybean products can be considered a prospective source of protein with high utility value.

코로나19라는 전 지구적 위기 발생 이후 지속가능발전목표(SDGs) 관 련 논의에 새로운 접근이 요구되었다. 특히 재원 발굴, 정책 효과성 문제 해결을 위한 개발 파트너십 확대 필요성이 논의되면서 인적·물적 자원, 기술을 보유한 기업이 주요 행위자로 대두되었지만 SDGs 이행 과정에서 기업의 역할에 대한 학문적 논의는 부족하다. 본 연구는 개발 파트너십 의 개념과 등장 배경, 기업이 주목받는 원인을 소개하고, 기업의 사회적 책임(CSR)을 국제개발협력 관점에서 분석하여 개발파트너십 확대에 관한 이론적 근거를 밝히고자 하였다. 주주 중심론, 이해관계자 중심론, 기업 시민론적 관점을 통합한 이론적 분석틀을 토대로 기업의 ESG와 SDGs의 연계를 제안하여 개발파트너십 확대에 관한 정책적 함의를 도출하였다. 기업이 개발 파트너십에 능동적으로 참여하기 위해서는 SDGs 이행참여 를 통한 ESG 성과 향상이 ESG 투자 확대를 유발한다는 주주 중심론, 긍정적인 기업 이미지를 창출한다는 이해관계자 중심론, 기업의 ESG 목 표와 SDGs의 연계가 국제규범과의 정합도를 향상시킨다는 기업시민론적 논의를 통합하여 기업에게 제공할 유인책을 고려할 필요가 있다.

Background: Shoulder external rotation exercises are commonly used to improve the stabilizing ability of the infraspinatus. However, during exercise, excessive activation of the posterior deltoid compared to the infraspinatus causes the humeral head to move anteriorly in an abnormal position. Many researchers have emphasized selective activation of the infraspinatus during shoulder external rotation exercise. Objects: This study aims to delineate the optimal exercise method for selective activation of infraspinatus by investigating the muscle activities of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid according to the four shoulder exercise methods and two forearm positions. Methods: Thirty healthy individuals participated in this study. The participants were instructed to perform shoulder external rotation exercises following four exercise methods: sitting external rotation (SIER); standing external rotation at 90° abduction (STER); prone external rotation at 90° abduction (PRER); side-lying external rotation (SLER), and two forearm positions (neutral, supinated). The electromyography (EMG) signal amplitude was measured during each exercise. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, and biceps brachii. Results: EMG results of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid in PRER, were significantly higher than that of the other exercises (p < 0.01). The EMG ratio (infraspinatus/posterior deltoid) in SIER was significantly higher than that of the other exercises. EMG activation of the posterior deltoid in SIER, PRER, and SLER was significantly higher in neutral than in supinated (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the EMG of the infraspinatus in SIER was significantly higher in neutral than in supinated (p < 0.01). The EMG ratio (infraspinatus/ posterior deltoid) in SIER was significantly higher in neutral than in supinated (p < 0.05.) Contrarily EMG ratios in PRER and SLER were significantly higher in supinated than in neutral (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results show that clinicians should consider these exercise methods and forearm positions when planning shoulder external rotation exercises for optimal shoulder rehabilitation.

최근 한국에 체류하는 외국인의 수가 증가함에 따라 그들의 거주지 주변에 있는 공공재의 이용도 증가하고 있으며 도시의 공원도 예외는 아닐 것이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 공원 계획의 기초가 되는 외국인 밀집지역에서 외국인의 공원 이용행태에 관한 연구는 거의 찾아 볼 수가 없다. 본 연구에서는 대구시 달서구의 외국인 밀집지역에서 외국인들의 공원 이용특성과 공원 만족도가 체류 외국인 이용자의 삶의 질에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 검정하였다. 본 연구에서는 자료 분석을 바탕으로 2개의 도시공원을 연구대상지로 선정하고 172명의 이용자들을 대상으로 설문분석을 실시하였다. 설문분석에 따르면 공원 이용 패턴의 경우 응답자의 45.9% 가 매월 1, 혹은 2회 정도 공원을 방문했다. 그들의 공원 이용목적은 운동이었으며 공원의 체류시간은 1시간 이내인 것으로 나타났다. 응답자의 50% 이상이 야간에 공원을 이용하는 것을 선호했으며, 대부분의 외국인 응답자들은 걸어서 20분 이내인 공원 주변에 사는 것으로 나타났다. 공원의 이용특성과 만족도가 외국인 거주자들의 삶의 질에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 ANOVA 검정을 통해 조사하였다. 먼저, 삶의 질 지수가 가장 낮은 외국인 응답자는 일주일에 1회 내지는 2회 정도 공원을 이용한다는 응답자였다. 반면 매일 공원을 이용한다는 외국인 응답자의 삶의 질 지수가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 집에서 공원까지 접근시간이 30～40분 거리인 외국인의 삶의 질 지수가 가장 낮고, 접근시간이 10분 이내인 외국인의 삶의 질 지수가 가장 높았다. 한국에서 거주하는 외국인의 삶의 질과 공원 만족도 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 유의수준1% 에서 유의한 것으로 나타났고, 공원 시설과 관련된 9개 요인이 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 분석에 따르면, 그 중에서 9개의 요인 중 공원의 ‘자연적 시설’요인이 다른 요인에 비해 외국인 공원 이용자들의 삶의 질에 더 큰 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구는 이전까지 없었던 외국인 밀집지역에서 외국인들의 공원이용 특성과 만족도를 분석하였고, 외국인의 공원 이용을 긍정적으로 유도하고 그들의 삶의 질 향상을 위한 공원 계획의 기초 데이터를 제공하였다는데 큰 의미가 있다고 생각된다.

Chlorhexidine is a cationic bisbiguanide with broad antibacterial activity, and diverse activity encompassing gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes, and some lipophilic viruses. Chlorhexidine alters the permeability of the bacterial membrane. They also neutralize periodontal pathogens such as Streptococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia. Porphyromonas gingivalis were cultured to isolate the Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membranes (OPG). Also, OPG were used to prepare large unilamellar liposomes with total lipids (OPGTL) extracted and prepared with the phospholipids mixture (PL). The effect of chlorhexidine digluconate on cell membrane kinetic changes was investigated using fluorescence polarization of n-(9-anthroyloxy) stearic acid with different rotational mobility depending on the probe substitution position (n) in the membrane phospholipid aliphatic chain. Chlorhexidine digluconate increased the hydrocarbon rotational mobility interior of the OPG, OPGTL and PL, but native and model membranes interfacial mobility were decreased. The sensitivity to increasing chlorhexidine digluconate effect on rotational mobility was proportional to the depth of probe position in descending order of 16-AP, 12-AS, 6-AS and 9-AS. Chlorhexidine digluconate disordering or ordering the effects on the membrane lipids may cause its bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal actions.

Xinji Zangjing Yinyi Suihanlu (新集藏經音義隨函錄), Newly Compiled Sounds and Meanings of Tripitaka; Kehong Sound and Meaning) is a large work that identifies textual corruption in handwritten copies of Buddhist scriptures using informal (non-standard form) Chinese characters through sounds and meanings. It was written by Kehong based on Buddhist scriptures of the Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties Period to faithfully present the actual situation of the use of Chinese characters in copying Buddhist scriptures at that time, making considerable contribution to the research of classical Chinese, classical text proofreading, and corrections of large lexicographic works. Kehong Sound and Meaning contains a wide collection of “lexicographic entries” sorted by the sequence of appearance in scriptures, interpretations and explanations of the form, sound, and meaning of each entry with a range of jargons. In her doctoral thesis, A Study of Kehong Sound and Meaning: A Perspective of Characters, Xiaojing Han introduces the denotations and connotations of jargons including: “orthographical form”, “other form”, “also known form”, “alternative form”, “appropriate form”, “colloquial form”, “classical text”, and “classical text form”. This paper attempts to identify and explore the 114 entries of jargons explicitly marked as “classical text” in Xinjizangjingyinyisuihanlu published by the SWF Company (Tripiṭaka Koreana: XXXIV and XXXV) in order to elucidate the “classical text” citied in Kehong Sound and Meaning, and conclude that the phenomena of characters require special attention.

Nuclear power plant’s safety against seismic events is evaluated as risk values by probabilistic seismic safety assessment. The risk values vary by the seismic failure correlation between the structures, systems, and components (SSCs). However, most probabilistic seismic safety assessments idealized the seismic failure correlation between the SSCs as entirely dependent or independent. Such a consideration results in an inaccurate assessment result not reflecting real physical phenomenon. A nuclear power plant’s seismic risk should be calculated with the appropriate seismic failure correlation coefficient between the SSCs for a reasonable outcome. An accident scenario that has an enormous impact on a nuclear power plant’s seismic risk was selected. Moreover, the probabilistic seismic response analyses of a nuclear power plant were performed to derive appropriate seismic failure correlations between SSCs. Based on the analysis results, the seismic failure correlation coefficient between SSCs was derived, and the seismic fragility curve and core damage frequency of the loss of essential power event were calculated. Results were compared with the seismic fragility and core damage frequency of assuming the seismic failure correlations between SSCs were independent and entirely dependent.

Thermal external cracks can be initiated at the parting line, which is the dividing line that splits the core and cavity halves of a molded exhaust manifold-turbine housing. The fatigue cracks are often resulted from hot-cold cycle loads called by thermal shock cycles, and are accompanied by large plastic strains. This paper investigated the effects of parting lines of the integrated exhaust manifold-turbine housing and compared the magnitude of plastic strains directly correlated to low cycle fatigue damages or cracks. The finite element results showed that the plastic strains at runner junctions including parting line was calculated by 0.68%, which is approximately 60% higher than that of the turbine housing considering no parting line. So, if the analysis target is less than 0.50 % of plastic strain amplitude, the fatigue damages or cracks could be expected by considering the parting lines in integrated exhaust manifold-turbocharger.