The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the perceptions and attitudes of adult native speakers of Korean and Chinese toward the pronunciation of World Englishes. Fifty-two Korean and 63 Chinese speakers listened to six variations of World Englishes and then completed a questionnaire outlining their perceptions and attitudes toward the different pronunciations. The survey results revealed that Korean adult English learners showed less favorable attitudes toward different pronunciations of World Englishes than Chinese adult language learners did. Korean adult learners preferred American English, but Chinese adult learners preferred Canadian English. Among the three individual variables measured, the first language showed the greatest influence in their responses. The findings of this study imply that, in the context of English education in Korea, it is necessary to raise the awareness of both teachers and learners to the acceptability of World Englishes through exposure to a wide variety of English pronunciations.

Hong miju. (2023). “Phonological Variation in Messenger Conversations-Conversations of Female Speakers in Seoul 30-50s, Korea, in Their 30-50s”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 31(2), 125-155. This study aimed to identify the phonological variation in the messenger conversations of female speakers in their 30-50s. In addition, we compared the phonological variation of speakers in their teens and twenties. To this end, we divided phonological variation into replacement, addition, elision, and contraction in the National Institute of the Korean Language messenger corpus and presented the degree of realization using quantitative methods. As a result, we found that replacements accounted for a significant proportion of phonological changes in messenger conversations of people in their 30s and 50s, with a large proportion of vowel replacements and a variety of types. Among the vowel replacements, the degree of vowel rising and labialization was high. In addition to the phonological variants in Messenger conversations reflecting spoken pronunciation, we also observed a number of variants that are not realized in spoken language. In terms of age, the types of vowel replacement, consonant replacement, vowel addition, and consonant addition were more varied in the conversations of 30-50 year olds, while the variation of replacing a plain vowel with a labialized vowel was more active in the conversations of 10-20 year olds.

In this paper analyzed the features of how native Korean speakers (K) and native Vietnamese Korean learners (VKL) organize the Apology conversation, focusing on the functional phase. Based on the discourse analysis, a role play was conducted to collect data. In order to investigate the influence of social variables (social status, intimacy), learners' mother tongues and learners' Korean proficiency, different social variables were given in role-play situations, and learners' Korean proficiency was limited to intermediate and advanced levels. The results of analyzing conversations focusing on ‘Error Checking–Apology-Apology Acceptance’, which is the intermediate phase of Apology conversation, are as follows. First, in the Error Checking Phase, K tended to make indirect or preliminary remarks. In contrast, VKL immediately presented communication purposes, and advanced VKL tended to use indirect speech and additional statement. Second, in the Apology phase, the higher social status the other party has and the lower intimacy the two speakers has, the more passive K were. Interestingly, VKL showed the same pattern. For intermediate-level VKL, it was observed that the dialogue sequences were not completed. Third, in the Apology Acceptance phase, K repeatedly expressed apologies through complex dialogue sequences. However, VKL performed a concise conversation by simple dialogue sequences, and the intermediate-level VKL expressed ‘relief’ and ‘gratitude’.

Este estudio aborda el aprendizaje de la pronunciación en español como una tercera lengua por parte de los hablantes nativos de coreano en los EEUU. Específicamente, profundiza en las características de sus pronunciaciones, las perspectivas desde las que se pueden entender las pronunciaciones y los puntos que los investigadores de L3 deben tener en cuenta para examinar sus pronunciaciones. Para ello, primero este estudio presenta modelos sobre la percepción y producción de L2, así como modelos sobre la morfosintaxis de L3. Luego, aplica los principios principales de los modelos a las situaciones y características del aprendizaje que muestran los estudiantes coreanos de español en los EEUU. Por último, con base en los fundamentos teóricos y sus características del aprendizaje, hace sugerencias para estudios empíricos que examinen la pronunciación de español como L3. Este estudio puede ser útil para los estudiantes coreanos de español como L3 y sus padres, profesores de español e investigadores de L3. Además, algunas sugerencias de este estudio se pueden aplicar a los estudiantes coreanos de español como L3 que viven en Corea y países angloparlantes que no sean los EEUU.

본문은 일상적인 대화에서 화자가 청자에게 전달하는 구문 내용은 크게 ‘사건정보’ 와 ‘화자정보’로 나누어지며, 청자가 두 가지 정보를 모두 이해하면서 완전한 의사소 통이 이루어진다고 보았다. 또 ‘능원동사(조동사)’가 표현하는 의미에는 ‘화자정보’의 요소가 더 많이 함유되어 있기에, ‘사건정보’를 중심으로 한 어법기능이나 품사분류 에서 모호한 성분으로 남을 수밖에 없다고 판단하였다. 지금까지 연구에서는 ‘사건정 보’를 기반으로 한 어법관계를 통해서 능원동사의 어법기능을 파악하고자 하였고, 또 양태의미를 통한 의미영역의 분석에서도 개별 능원동사의 ‘다의성(多义性)’만을 제시 했을 뿐이다. 그래서 본문은 ‘사건정보’보다는 ‘화자정보’의 측면에서 능원동사의 의 미정보가 서로 다른 언어환경에서 어떻게 변화하는지를 고찰하고자 하였다.

This study investigates phonological variations of the Gyeongsang dialect speakers in dialect contact situations in Seoul. This study also examines what factors have significant effects on these phonological variations. It focuses on social factors: ‘gender’, ‘language attitude’, ‘length of residency in Seoul’ and in particular, ‘age group’ that is classified based on whether the participants received compulsory education where standard Korean is used. The tendency of the phonological variation is disproportionate for each phonological variable. In direct dialect contact situations in Seoul, Gyeongsang dialect speakers undergo phonological variation almost all the phoneme and phonological rule but the relatively low toneme. But this quantitative loffwness of the variation degree on toneme variant is not absent in the knowledge of the phonological pattern of Seoul Korean, but rather is hard to adapt or habituate it. In other words, the achievement of toneme variation requires a certain amount of acquisition period compared to the other variants. This study shows that it may take about 20 years to adapt to the phonological patterns of Seoul Korean. The statistical analysis of phonetic data suggests that all social factors investigated in this study influence a speaker's frequency of use of the Seoul Korean variants. Especially, each age group shows different tendency of influence of social factors. Old speaker group influences by social factors in the following order: ‘gender’, ‘length of residency’ and ‘language attitude’. In the case of young, on the other hand, the order is ‘language attitude’, ‘length of residency’ and ‘gender’.

This paper investigates Korean-Chinese bilingual speakers’ processing of Korean plural marker -tul. It employed masked priming experiments with a word judgment task for Korean-Chinese speakers from Yanbian, China. The masked priming experiments compared the subjects’ response time in three different prime-target pairs: identical condition, unrelated condition, and test condition. The data of the experiments was analyzed in two different ways: subject analyses and item analyses. The subject analyses of the study showed partial priming effects and the item analyses full priming effects. These findings indicate that Chinese-Korean bilinguals seem to be sensitive to morphological structure of a morphologically complex words in Korean and less dependent on the lexical storage of the full form, as is usually found in L2 learners’ morphological processing.

Okamura, Kana. 2017. “Korean Native Speakers’ Perception of and Responses to Interrogative Greetings”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(1). 143~165. This research examines (1) if native speakers of Korean perceive phrases such as “어디 가 (Where are you going)?” and “밥 먹었어 (Have you eaten)?” as questions or as greetings, and (2) how speakers respond to these phrases. Various expressions are used as greetings in Korean, but interrogative greetings in particular are considered to be widely favored because they express personal interest in the interlocutor. Previous studies claim that because the phrases function more as greetings than questions, it is enough to respond with a general answer rather than an honest or detailed answer. To verify this claim, a questionnaire was distributed to 144 native Korean speakers in their 20s. The degree of intimacy between the speakers and the circumstances of the interaction were used to investigate the perception of and responses to interrogative greetings. The statistical analysis of the questionnaire results found that while the phrases do function as greetings, they still retain their interrogative function, and as such, many native speakers give honest answers such as “응, 먹었어 (Yes, I ate).” Additionally, interlocutor intimacy and situation did indeed influence how the phrases are perceived and answered.

Lee Jee-won. 2014. The Interactional Use of Speaker Head Movements in Direct Reported Speech of Mandarin Chinese. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 22(1). This study examines the coordination of talk and head movement in the production of direct reported speech in Mandarin Chinese conversation. Analysis of several instances suggests that in direct reported speech, a speaker's head movement plays a crucial role in the interaction. Speakers employ their head movements to mark the boundaries of reported/original speakers. Speakers turn their heads toward recipients when they convey their stance toward the reported utterance while reproducing it. Recipients are thus able to parse a larger telling into parts that reenact the events and parts that communicate their affective stance. Through the way in which the speakers arrange their head with respect to the recipients, the participants create a public, visible locus for the organization of a collaborative storytelling process.

This study examines Chungnam dialect speakers’ perceptual dialect boundaries, their images of Korean dialects, and also their auditory ability to distinguish the dialects. Thirty Chungnam residents participated in this research as subjects and performed four tasks: pile-sorting, description of dialect images, dialect recognition, and a short interview. The focus of the study was to examine the informants’ subjective dialect boundaries among Chungnam dialect and geographically adjacent Chungbuk, and Jeonbuk dialects, the informants’ images about these dialects, and their ability to distinguish the three. The results from the tasks suggest that speakers of Chungnam dialect perceive Jeonbuk dialect at least as close as or even closer than Chungbuk dialect. The results from the dialect recognition experiment also reveal auditory-perceptual similarity between Chungnam and Jeonbuk dialects. Chungnam dialect speakers were, in addition, analyzed as having relatively favorable images about their dialect.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the expressions that are designated as prohibited words on the internet, and to examine the strategies that are used by netizens to evade these prohibitions. Words that are prohibited on the internet are defined as "the language expressions that are blocked up writing and searching for a dignified language life, youth protection, and the preservation of public order in cyberspace." It is a new language culture and a taboo of the 21st century that has happened in cyberspace. The main body of this study consists of three chapters. In chapter 2, the concepts of taboo and internet prohibited words, and the interrelationship of them are examined. From this, in chapter 3 we analyze the types and examples of prohibited words by referring to some lists of prohibited words. The counter-strategies of speakers are verified in chapter 4. Through this process, we get to understand the taboo or the expressions that are prohibited in cyberspace. We learn the background of the prohibition of words from netizens, as well. In addition, we report on language use strategies and linguistic variations in the internet age by examining the countermeasures adopted by netizens against the prohibition of words.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the morpheme "-sab-" is used in the contemporary Korean historical drama scenario. Since the "-sab-" is always used with a word(s) showing the meaning of politeness, its function is to express speaker's politeness. Especially, the politeness word is optionally used with the morpheme "-sab-" but the "-sab-" is always required to use with the politeness word. A grammatical principle to express the politeness is generally related to the speaker's intention. Although the "-sab-" does not exist in the sentence presenting the politeness, the sentence does not have any problem with the grammaticality. The "-sab-" is limitedly used in the addresseehonorifics scale. In the scale, the "-sab-" can be combined with 'ha-so-seo'(old polite level form), 'hap-syo'(new polite level form) and 'hae-yo' (semi-polite level form). This means that the addressee is not respected by the speaker as much as the speaker is supposed to express the politeness. The morpheme "-sab-" is used in forms of regular combination "-sa-ob-/-sa-o-" and "-ob-/-o-" which are phonologically conditioned allomorphs. Sometimes, the "-sab-" is also used in a irregular combination form, which seems to be historically fixed. (188)

This study aims to explicate characteristics of bilingualism among members from a Hwagyo(overseas Chinese) community who live in Seoul. For this purpose, this study used two research methods: One was to analyze an example of the conversation between two Hwagyo persons, and the other was to conduct a questionnaire-based survey with 21 Hwagyo persons including the two participating in the conversation. Using these two research methods integrated, this study was to show characteristics of bilingualism revealed individually by the Hwagyo speakers, and in addition, this study was also to investigate bilingualism and bilingual development among the members of the community they belong to. As a result of the analysis of the conversation, this study observed that the Hwagyo participants were creating ‘bilingual codes’ in their dialogue used routinely through borrowing or insertion of Chinese words and constructions, and used Korean-Chinese code-switching strategically. This study dealt with such bilingualism as a product of the ‘bilingual identity’ developed properly by the Hwagyo persons, and deepened understanding of the bilingual identity by showing through the survey the Hwagyo persons’ recognition of bilingual development, language choice, cultural identity, and language attitude.