본 연구에서는 인천광역시에서 유통되는 수산물의 안전 성을 확보하기 위하여 2023년부터 2024년까지 연안부두 활어도매시장, 소래포구 전통어시장 등에서 수거한 22품 목 107건을 대상으로 잔류동물용의약품 실태조사를 실시 하였다. 잔류동물용의약품 분석은 식품공전 일반시험법의 축·수산물 중 동물용의약품 동시 다성분 시험법으로 분석 가능한 동물용의약품 51종(2023년), 156종(2024년)을 분석 하였다. 수산물 107건 중 21건(19.6%)에서 잔류동물용의약품 이 검출되었으며 넙치 4건(3.7%)은 잔류동물용의약품 허용 기준을 초과하였다. 잔류동물용의약품 검출빈도는 넙치 14회 (53.8%), 조피볼락 3회(21.4%)로 다른 수산물에 비해 높은 검 출빈도 및 검출률을 나타내었고 가장 높은 검출빈도를 나타 낸 잔류동물용의약품은 oxytetracycline(8회), amoxicillin(6회), enrofloxacin(3회), trimethoprim(2회)로 나타났다. 넙치 4건에서 amoxicillin, benzylpenicillin, oxytetracycline이 잔류기준을 초과 하였으나 대부분 불검출 또는 잔류허용기준 이하로 검출되 어 안전한 수준으로 평가되었다. 그러나 일부 수산물에서 잔류허용기준의 최대 85.7배까지 잔류동물용의약품이 검 출되는 사례도 발생하므로 수산물의 안전관리와 소비자의 불안감을 해소하기 위해서 양식장, 어민 등을 대상으로 동 물용의약품의 올바른 사용법 준수, 휴약기간 준수 등 교 육과 홍보를 지속적으로 실시하고 잔류동물용의약품의 모 니터링을 통해 부적합 수산물의 유통을 사전에 차단하는 것이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

The 2020 revision of Japan's Wholesale Market Act aimed to improve the financial performance of wholesale companies. Before the revision, the wholesale market saw a continuous decline in transaction volume and value, and the operating profit margin of wholesale companies was 0.18% in 2018, with 38.2% of wholesale companies experiencing operating losses. After the revision of the Wholesale Market Act, the operating profit margin of wholesale companies significantly improved to 0.41% by 2022. The reasons for this improvement are as follows: The transaction amount and the rate of change between 2022 and 2018 showed little difference. The number of markets increased by one central wholesale market, and while the number of buying and selling participants decreased, individual purchase volumes increased. The proportion of auctions further declined, and the number of direct transactions rose. As consignment collection decreased, purchased collection increased, leading to an improvement in financial performance. Ultimately, despite the short time frame, the revision of Japan's Wholesale Market Act led to positive changes that improved the financial performance of wholesale companies.

In the evolving global food industry, international certifications have become essential for seafood export companies to ensure product safety, quality, and sustainability, as well as to meet consumer demands and regulatory standards. This study analyzes the decision-making factors influencing the acquisition and maintenance of international certifications among Korean seafood export companies, using decision tree analysis. The research surveyed 134 seafood export companies, focusing on six key factors: corporate characteristics, environmental factors, input factors, organizational structure, company capabilities, and external relationships. The decision tree analysis revealed that among corporate characteristics, the size of sales revenue, number of employees, and proportion of exports were found to play significant roles. For environmental factors, specific demands from overseas buyers, shifting consumer preferences, and compliance with global standards were identified as having a major impact. Regarding input factors, certification costs, validity periods, and investments in processing facilities were revealed to be critical variables. Organizational factors such as managerial support and dedicated personnel, capability factors like inter-departmental collaboration and processing system capacity, and relationship factors including partnerships with certification and export support agencies were also critical in the certification process. This study identified various factors influencing the decision-making process for acquiring and maintaining international certifications among Korean seafood export companies and analyzed the importance of detailed variables for the first time. Additionally, it provides practical and policy-oriented implications to promote the adoption of international certifications as part of efforts to enhance the global competitiveness of Korean seafood. Furthermore, this study contributes to the academic understanding of the decision-making process related to international certifications in seafood export companies.

Vibrio vulnificus는 그람 음성 세균의 호염성 세균으로, 5월에서 10월 사이 해수 온도가 18oC 이상이고 염도가 15- 25 practical salinity units (psu)일 때 가장 활발하게 증식 한다. 전 세계적으로 해수, 강 하구, 갯벌 등 다양한 해양 환경에 서식하며, 굴, 전복 등 해산물에서 자주 검출되는 경향이 있다. 지속적인 지구온난화로 인한 해수 온도의 상 승으로 V. vulnificus의 분포 범위가 점차 확장되고 있으며, 그에 따라 비브리오 패혈증 감염에 대한 위험도가 증가하 고 있다. 본 연구에서는 수산물에서 V. vulnificus 분리, 항 생제 감수성 검사, MLST 분석, 전장 유전체 분석을 통한 병원성 유전자 확인, MIC를 통한 항생제 내성 유전자 분 석, 더 나아가 bv-brc에 등록된 아시아에서 분리된 V. vulnificus 균주들과 함께 cgMLST 분석을 진행하였다. 2023 년4월-7월까지 서울, 경기도 및 충청도 지역의 대형마트에 서 유통되는 수산물 시료 총 84건에서 V. vulnificus가 바 지락에서 총2주(2.4%) 분리되었으며, 2균주 모두 colistin 에 강한 저항성을 보였으나, V. vulnificus의 치료에 사용되 는 ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol 항생제에 내 성을 보이지 않았다. Whole genome sequencing 분석 결 과, 유전자 상 두 균주는 동일한 클론으로 확인되었으며, multi-locus sequencing typing 결과 기존에 보고되지 않은 새로운 sequence type으로 확인되었다. Virulence gene 분 석 결과, 총123개의 병원성 유전자가 확인되었으며, 그 중 중요한 병원성 유전자 rtxA, vvhA, viuB, ompU유전자가 확 인되었다. 항생제 내성 유전자 분석 결과 분리된 두 균주 에서 모두 tet(34), tet(35), varG, norM 내성 유전자가 확 인되었다. cgMLST 분석을 진행한 결과 본 연구에서 분리 된 두 균주는 동일 cluster로 확인되었고, 기타 국내 및 아 시아 지역에서 분리된 V. vulnificus를 포함한 분석에서 균 주 간 역학적 연관성은 관찰되지 않았다. 이는 V. vulnificus 가 해수의 흐름을 타고 이동하여 분포 범위가 넓고 특정 지역에 일정한 특징을 가진 균이 밀집되지 않기 때문으로 보인다. 따라서 V. vulnificus로 인해 매년 사망자와 환자가 발생하는 것은 V. vulnificus가 가지는 잠재적인 위험성을 보여주고 있고, 본 연구결과가 향후 질병 발생 시 V. vulnificus의 연구에 도움이 될 것으로 보이며, 지속적으로 V. vulnificus 검출 연구, 항생제 내성 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 해산물을 통한 V. vulnificus 감염 위험성 이 증가하고 있는 상황에서 국내 수산물을 통한 V. vulnificus 전파 위험도에 대한 체계적 연구는 부족하다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 수산물 생산 및 유통 단계에서 V. vulnificus 의 모니터링 및 위험도 평가의 중요성을 제시한다.

본 연구에서는 2023년 전라남도 내 유통 수산물 중 동 물용의약품 모니터링을 하였다. 수산물 124건에 대하여 동 물용의약품 136종을 식품공전 수산물 중 동물용의약품 동 시 다성분 시험법으로 모니터링 하였다. 검사결과 잔류허 용기준 이하로 검출된 시료는 16건(13%), 검출되지 않은 시료는 108건(87%)으로 나타났다. 동물용의약품이 검출된 수산물은 광어, 조피볼락, 도미, 미꾸라지 4종으로, 검출된 잔류동물용의약품은 엔로플록사신, 옥시테르라사이클린, 트리메토프림, 아목시실린이 각각 검출되었다. 동물용의약 품 잔류허용기준이 초과한 수산물은 없었으나 동물용의약품이 잔류한 수산물이 꾸준히 검출되고 있어 안전한 수산 물 유통을 위해서는 모니터링을 강화하여야 할 것으로 생 각된다.

This study analyzed the export determinants necessary for establishing Korean seafood export strategies to ASEAN. According to the results of the analysis, the real GDP magnitude of the export target country and the previous seafood export volume were found to have a greater influence than the real exchange rate in the Korean seafood exports to ASEAN. Therefore, in order to expand Korean seafood exports, it is necessary to first select major export target countries based on real GDP, which represents the market size. In terms of market size, Indonesia is the most superior country among ASEAN countries. Among ASEAN countries, the second and third largest market sizes are Thailand and Singapore, and the countries with similar market sizes are the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia. Therefore, in order to expand Korean seafood exports to ASEAN, it is necessary to establish an export strategy centered on these top six countries. The real exchange rate, which is a price factor, was found to be a significant export determinant only in three ASEAN countries: Indonesia, the Philippines, and Singapore. Although the real exchange rate is a significant determinant influencing Korean seafood exports to ASEAN, its influence is not as general as real GDP. Therefore, it is necessary to additionally consider the real exchange rate only when establishing seafood export strategies for these three countries.

Marine microalgal biotoxins can accumulate in seafoods, posing significant risk to human health. These toxins include tetrodotoxin (TTX) and can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). With accelerating climate change, the frequency and intensity of harmful algal blooms capable of producing biotoxins have increased. In South Korea, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) regulates traditional toxins, including TTX and toxins causing PSP, DSP, and ASP. In contrast, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have established regulatory standards for a broader spectrum of marine biotoxins, including yessotoxins (YTXs), brevetoxins (BTXs), azaspiracids (AZAs), and ciguatoxins (CTXs), to ensure seafood safety. To effectively address this global concern, the MFDS launched an R&D project entitled "Establishment of the Safety Management System for Marine Biotoxins" (2020–2024). This project focused on enhancing analytical methods to detect unregulated toxins, assessing contamination levels, and developing rapid detection techniques. The project proposal emphasizes the need to establish a comprehensive monitoring system to mitigate future risks, particularly as climate change expands the range of toxic marine species. This project aims to advance our understanding of marine biotoxin contamination and strengthen seafood safety measures in South Korea by aligning them with international standards. This special issue compiles knowledge accumulated and technical advancements related to marine biotoxins, stemming from the outcomes of this project. It includes 12 papers describing analyses of various regulated and unregulated marine biotoxins, the current prevalence of seafood contamination, toxicity assessments, rapid analytical methods, and the state of safety management.

식품의약품안전처는 기후 변화 및 수입 식품 다변화에 따른 위험 요소에 선제적으로 대응하기 위해 신규 출현 가능 해양생물독소 뿐만 아니라 현재 관리하고 있는 분야 까지 포함한 ‘해양생물 독소의 선제적 대응을 위한 안전 관리망 구축’ 사업을 5년에 걸쳐 추진하고 있다. 이 사업 을 통해 국내 연안에서 발생하는 해양생물독소 뿐만 아니 라 해외에서 발생하는 독소 사고에 신속하게 대응함으로 새로운 해양독소의 유입과 피해를 방지하고, 국내외에서 관리되는 독소 및 신규 독소를 국가 차원에서 관리 감독 할 수 있는 시스템을 마련하여 우리나라 수산물 안전관리 수준을 국제적으로 향상시켜 국내 수산업의 안전을 강화 하고 수출 경쟁력 확보에도 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

국내에서 V. parahaemolyticus로 인한 식중독 사고가 지 속적으로 보고되고 있으며, 최근 국내 수산물 판매량 및 수산물 양식에 사용되는 항생제 판매량은 증가하는 추세 이다. 따라서 본 연구는 국내에 유통되는 수산물에서 분 리한 V. parahaemolyticus의 분포, 항생제 감수성, 유전적 특성 및 유전학적 통계를 조사하였다. 79건의 유통 수산 물로부터 47건(59.5%)에서 V. parahaemolyticus가 분리되 었다. 항생제 내성 양상의 경우, 총 47균주의 분리 균주에 서는 ampicillin에 2균주(4.3%)가 내성을 보였으며, 이외 균주는 모든 항생제에 대해 감수성을 보였다. 항생제 내 성 유전자의 경우, 모든 균주(100%)로부터 blaCARB family gene, tet(35), catC가 확인되었으며, 1균주(2.1%)에서는 fos 가 확인되었다. 병원성 유전자 여부의 경우, 모든 분리 균 주에서 tdh, trh 유전자는 확인되지 않았으나, T3SS1은 모든 균주(100%), T3SS2는 1균주(2.1%)에서 확인되었다. MLST의 경우, 17균주로부터 15가지의 ST가 확인되었으 며, ST 658가 3균주, 이외 14가지 ST는 1균주씩 확인되 었다. 확인된 ST는 대부분 중국, 태국 등의 환경 분리주로 확인되었으며, ST 396, ST 3042는 중국 임상 분리주로부터 확인되었다. 이로써, 최근 국내에 수산물과 관련한 식중독, 유통량, 항생제 판매량 등의 추세에 따른 위험성에 V. parahaemolyticus에 대한 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사 료되며, 본 연구는 그에 대한 도움이 될 것이라 사료된다.

In this study, the effect of Distribution efficiency through the fishery production base distribution center (FPC) on the production site board facility was studied. FPC is a new distribution system for Korean fishery products that has been promoted in earnest since 2012, and in this study, the effect before and after the introduction of FPC was analyzed using the DID (Difference in Difference) model for the effect of FPC in the fishery industry. The results of analysis shows that in the case of Wando Geumil FPC, the volume and unit price of consignment sales decreased during the analysis period, which was statistically significant. In the case of Sokcho FPC, the volume of consignment sales decreased during the analysis period, which was statistically insignificant. But the unit price of consignment sales rose during the analysis period, which was statistically significant. In the case of Gyeongju FPC, the volume of consignment sales increased during the analysis period, which was statistically significant at the 90% confidence level. But the unit price of consignment sales fell during the analysis period, which was statistically significant.

This study analyzes the impact of import country environments on Korean fishery exports. To achieve the research objective, focusing on trade facilitation and import market aspects, the import country environment was modeled and analyzed by panel gravity analysis technique. In the basic export model considering only the trade facilitation aspect, agriculture and institutional factors had a significant impact on Korean fishery exports. However, when considering both trade facilitation and import market aspects, it was found that import market aspect had a greater influence on Korean fishery exports than trade facilitation aspect. Specifically, the import market factor that had the most positive impact on Korean fishery exports was the GDP of the import country. GDP, representing the economic scale of the country, indicates consumer purchasing power through per capita GDP. Hence, a higher GDP level implies a higher consumer purchasing power, suggesting a higher potential consumption of fishery products. The second positive factor influencing Korean fishery exports was food imports in the import country. Therefore, to expand Korean fishery exports, it is essential to target countries with high levels of GDP and food imports. Conversely, factors negatively affecting Korean fishery exports were merchandise imports and population in the import country. Therefore, countries with high levels of these negative factors should be managed as demarketing targets. Additionally, trade facilitation variables, which have relatively smaller influence, such as transparency and institutions, also significantly impact Korean fishery exports. While transparency has a positive effect, institution has a negative effect. Thus, to expand Korean fishery exports, strategies should focus on countries with high transparency and less stringent institutional regulations.

In the post-COVID-19, the food industry is rapidly reshaping its market structure toward online distribution. Rapid delivery system driven by large distribution platforms has ushered in an era of online distribution of fresh seafood that was previously limited. This study surveyed 1,000 consumers nationwide to determine their online seafood purchasing behaviors. The research methodology used factor analysis of consumer lifestyle and Heckman’s ordered probit sample-selection model. The main results of the analysis are as follows. First, quality, freshness, selling price, product reviews from other buyers, and convenience are particularly important considerations when consumers purchase seafood from online shopping. Second, online retailers and the government must prepare measures to expand seafood consumption by considering household characteristics and consumer lifestyles. Third, it was analyzed that consumers trust the quality and safety of seafood distributed online platforms. It is not possible to provide purchase incentives to consumers who consider value consumption important, so improvement measures are needed. The results of this study are expected to provide implications on consumer preferences to online platforms, seafood companies, and producers, and can be used to establish future marketing strategies.

This study explores strategies to expand Korea's top 10 seafood export in the oversea market, with a specific focus on the impact of export concentration. For certain seafood items such as laver, crab, and mackerel, characterized by low export concentration, adopting a focused export expansion strategy is more effective. Conversely, highly concentrated seafood items such as toothfish, cod, pollack, and abalone face high risks in export performance due to their heavy reliance on a small number of key export countries. To ensure export stability, it is advisable to implement a diversified export expansion strategy for these highly concentrated seafood items. In the case of medium-concentration seafood items like tuna, oyster, and flounder, the decision between a concentrated or diversified strategy should be based on their specific export situations. Tailoring strategies to the distinctive market characteristics of each seafood item enables exporters to effectively increase oversea market share, promoting stability and sustained growth in export performance.

본 연구는 패류 독소 중 기억상실성 독성을 유발하는 domoic acid의 분석법 개선, 검증 및 분석적용성을 살펴보 았다. SAX 카트리지 정제, 검체 및 추출용매 양의 변경 과 더불어 이동상을 용매구매 조건으로 변경시킨 분석법 은 지중해담치, 홍게 그리고 멸치의 세 가지 매트릭스를 대상으로 세 농도에 대하여 식품공전법과 비교하여 유효 성을 검증하였다. 그 결과 변경된 분석법은 LOD 0.02-0.03 mg/kg, LOQ 0.05-0.09 mg/kg, 일내 및 일간 정확도 86.2- 100.4%와 일내 및 일간 정밀도 0.2-4.0%로 CODEX가이 드라인을 만족하는 우수한 분석능을 나타내었다. 특히 변 경된 시험법에서는 domoic acid와 유사한 머무름 시간을 갖는 방해물질이 검출되지 않아 위양성 결과를 방지할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 더 나아가 본 분석법이 국내 유통 중인 수산물을 대상으로 적용될 수 있는지 확인하고자 식 품공전의 기억상실성 패독 분석법과 함께 수산물에 적용 하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 5종의 수산물 87건 중 공전시 험법으로 분석했을 때 domoic acid가 검출된 시료는 없었 으나 변경된 분석법을 통하여 멸치 1건에 대하여 0.14 mg/ kg의 domoic acid이 미량 검출되었다. 따라서 본 연구에 서 확립된 분석법은 수산물 중 domoic acid 분석에 활용 이 가능할 것으로 보인다.

The United States is Korea’s important trading partner, ranking third (13.7%) in exports of fishery products in Korea. The impact on exports to the United States is expected to be significant if the seafood import provisions under the MMPA are implemented in 2024 accordingly. It is expected that documents proving production information will be required for all items when exporting to the U.S. Therefore, this study attempted to examine the current status of exports and exporters in order to understand the actual conditions of major fishery products exported to the United States. Besides, there are currently no official system and procedures in Korea to prove production information for all fishery items, so we tried to suggest implications by examining distribution channels for major export items to the U.S. In this study, five items including seaweed and halibut as domestic aquaculture items, tuna and squid as deep-sea fishing items, and fish cake using imported raw materials were selected as the target items for distribution channel investigation. In addition, this study is meaningful in that it investigated the routes from production to processing, distribution, and export of each item and identified detailed distribution channel for major items exported to the U.S.

V. parahaemolyticus causes waterborne and foodborne disease such as acute diarrhea. In this study, V. parahaemolyticus isolates from seawater, fish tanks, and distributed fishery products in Jeju were investigated for potential toxin or species-specific genes (tdh, trh, tlh, and toxR) using RT-PCR and their genetic characteristics were analyzed using Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Overall, V. parahaemolyticus of 90 strains (36.7%), including 33 strains from seawater, 8 strains from fish tanks, and 50 strains from fishery products, were isolated from 245 samples. All V. parahaemolyticus strains did not detect the tdh gene, whereas all strains detected tlh or toxR genes. In addition, trh genes were detected in 3 strains from seawater and 1 strain from fishery products. Monthly quantitative testing of seawater revealed that V. parahaemolyticus was positively correlated with water temperature. The 90 strains of V. parahemolyticus obtained in this study showed by gene homology between types, ranging from 64.0–97.3%. Among these, thirteen types showed 100% homology between genes. These results indicate that continuous monitoring is needed to facilitate food poisoning epidemiological investigations because some isolated V. parahaemolyticus strains harbored toxin genes and V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from seawater, fish tanks, and distributed fishery products showed genetic similarity.

본 연구에서는 수산물 시료 중 Salmonella spp. 검출을 위해 단시간의 전배양(2시간 이내)과 탈염과정을 포함한 DNA 추출법을 사용하여 분자생물학적 검출을 위한 수산 물 전처리 방법에 대해 연구하였다. 배양 시간에 따른 증 균 효율을 탐색하기 위해 100, 101 및 102 CFU/mL농도 의 Salmonella spp. 5종을 NB 0.5에 접종하여 증균 전, 1시간 및 2시간 동안의 증균 효율을 비교하였다. 그 결 과, 2시간 동안 모든 농도에서 약 1 log CFU/mL가 증균 되어 초기 농도와 유의적인 차이가 나타났다. 또한 지역 별 패류시료에 S. Typhimurium을 인위적으로 감염시킨 뒤 DNA를 추출하여 염농도를 측정한 결과, 모든 시료의 염농도가 0%로 DNA 추출과 동시에 탈염이 이루어진 것 을 확인하였다. 이후 추출한 DNA를 사용하여 PCR을 수 행한 결과 모든 시료에서 S. Typhimurium의 특이적 양성 밴드가 확인되었다. 다음으로 수산물 시료 중 Salmonella spp. 검출을 위한 증균 과정과 탈염을 포함한 DNA 추출 방법의 검증을 위해 멸균 홍합시료 및 비멸균 홍합시료 에 Salmonella spp. 5종을 인공적으로 약 100, 101, 102 CFU/g의 농도로 오염시켜 전배양과 DNA를 추출하여 PCR로 특이적 증폭 밴드의 여부를 확인한 결과, 모든 농 도의 Salmonella spp. 5종에서 특이적 밴드가 확인되었다 . 결과적으로 본 연구에서 제시한 전배양 및 DNA 추출 방법을 포함한 전처리 방법과 PCR을 사용하여 수산물 시 료에서 10 CFU/g 미만의 Salmonella spp.를 검출하였으 며, 시간과 비용면에서 효율적이며 과정이 복잡하기 않기 때문에 수산물의 처리 현장에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기 대된다.

This study analyzed the determinants that affect the purchase of ready-to-cook seafood products using the “Consumer Attitude Survey on Processed Foods” from 2018 to 2021. Dietary lifestyle, food awareness and preference survey questions were categorized, and factors affecting the purchase probability of ready-to-cook seafood were identified through a binomial logit model. The main research findings are as follows. First, consumers had higher preference for quality, safety, and new taste factors than health and price factors when purchasing HMR (Home Meal Replacement). Second, through binomial logit model analysis, the probability of purchasing ready-to-cook seafood products was low in the group pursuing taste and economy. On the other hand, the purchase probability was high in the group seeking convenience. Third, the purchase probability of ready-to-cook seafood products was higher in households with two or more persons than in single-person households. These results suggest that differentiated product development and marketing strategies should be needed for each consumer groups in the seafood convenience food market

The Korean tariff rate for fishery products is a single tax rate of 10% for live fish and frozen seafood, and 20% for all others. Since FTAs have been concluded with several countries, the tariffs is not an appropriate means to protect domestic fishery producers. The differential tariff rate according to the scientific name (genus) of the fishery products, which was implemented 30 years ago to protect fishery products produced in the Korean coastal waters has lost its original purpose. It seems that future fishery trade policy should focus on IUU prevention, hygiene and safety of consumers rather than protecting fishery producers through customs tariffs. This paper suggest that a paradigm shift in the fishery producers protection policies such as direct financial support from the state, protection and development of fishery resources, and support for fostering the 6th industry rather than indirect protection through tariffs.

The introduction of the wholesalers system is being considered from various aspects in order to improve the problems of the listed auction system of wholesale corporations. The wholesalers system is a corporation that receives designation from the creator and purchases or consigns agricultural and fishery products to wholesale or broker sales, and has the advantage of reducing the distribution stage and distribution costs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the wholesalers system introduced to improve the problems of the listed auction system of wholesale corporations through a case study of market wholesalers handling fishery products.