This study aimed to enhance the operational efficiency and safety of offshore eel trap fisheries by developing six types of automated fishing equipment: a bait crusher, bait cutter, main line arranging device, trap cleaning device, eel sorting device, and fish pump system. Sea trials demonstrated that the bait crusher and bait cutter significantly reduced manual labor and processing time while maintaining bait quality. The main line arranging device improved productivity and safety by automating the sorting of looped cords. The trap cleaning device effectively removed fouling organisms using high-pressure water and rotating brushes. The eel sorting device enabled automatic size-based selection, improving resource management and operational efficiency. The fish pump system transferred eels rapidly with minimal physical damage, reducing unloading time by over 80% and decreasing labor requirements. A satisfaction survey of fishery participants confirmed that all developed devices were highly effective in reducing workload, enhancing safety, and improving operational performance. The automated equipment developed in this study is expected to contribute to the sustainable management of offshore eel trap fisheries and to offer potential applicability to other coastal and offshore fisheries.

This study examined the offshore eel trap fishing process using one year of fishing logs and fishermen’s insights to identify key operational challenges and propose equipment improvement for greater efficiency and safety. Conger eel catches varied significantly by season, depth, and temperature, peaking in winter at 85–90 m and 23°C. The western waters of Jeju Island were identified as a major fishing ground, with the highest catch recorded in November and the lowest in July, reflecting seasonal trends. Each fishing operation deployed about 10,000 traps, with an average loss of 38 traps, posing economic concerns. The process involved intensive manual labor in bait preparation, trap retrieval, catch separation, line loading, and unloading, leading to high physical demands and safety risks. To address these issues, the study proposed automation through the development of a line loading device, trap cleaning device, bait processing machine, and automatic catch separator. These innovations could reduce the labor force required by one to two workers per process, alleviate workloads, and enhance resource management. By integrating quantitative logbook analysis with field-based knowledge, this study offers practical value. Further research is recommended on automation development, cost-effectiveness, and field validation to support safer and more sustainable eel trap fisheries.

龍崗秦簡은 진(秦)의 사회와 법률을 이해하는데 중요한 출토 문헌으로 본고에서 는 제23간부터 제34간까지의 내용을 해독하고 주석을 붙였다. 이 12매의 죽간에는 금원(禁苑) 안에 들어온 짐승에 관한 규정, 불법적으로 얻은 재화에 관한 처리, 금원 및 금원을 둘러싼 공터(격리지대)에서의 사냥 및 어로(漁撈) 행위에 대한 허용 범위 와 금지 사항에 대한 기록이 담겨 있다. 본고는 龍崗秦簡 제23간부터 제34간에 대 한 기존의 연구 성과 및 적외선 카메라로 재촬영한 죽간 사진을 토대로 더욱 정확한 고석(考釋)을 진행하고자 하였으며, ‘敺’와 ‘驅’·‘每’와 ‘毒’·‘灋’와 ‘法’ 등의 한자에 대해 서 고대한자 자료에 보이는 관련 자형을 수집해 보다 상세하고 명확한 주석을 작성 하고자 하였다.

This study investigated and analyzed the recognition and needs for Korean communication competency among non-Korean learners who participated in an online Korean language course. To this end, the importance, performance, and necessity of the categories of communication competency recognized by Korean language learners were measured, and then IPA(Importancce-Performance Analysis: Martilla & James, 1977) analysis and Borich’s needs analysis(Borich, 1980) were used. After implementation, we examined whether there were differences in outcomes depending on learner variables. After examining the sub-items, it was found that there were differences in importance, current level, and need depending on the learner’s home country, and there were differences in current level, demand, and necessity depending on academic background and Korean language proficiency. In addition, there are differences in need depending on the learner’s reason for learning Korean, so it is necessary to respond to individual learnier’s needs according to learner variables when designing curriculum for online foreign language learners of Korean.

This paper compares the language policies implemented in Korea and Japan based on the Korean Language Basic Law and the Promotion of Japanese Language Education Act. The research examines the purpose, background, key policy agencies, measures taken, and achievements of legislation in order to gain insight into the philosophy behind and direction of national language education as a foreign language. The findings are summarized as follows: Firstly, there are differences between Korea and Japan in terms of the process and background of enacting policies for native language education as a foreign language. But in both cases, the legislation regarding language policies carries significant meaning as it imposes obligations on responsible bodies. Secondly, there are points worth noting regarding the content aspect that constitutes educational curricula. Within educational curricula frameworks lie ideological values inherent within them. Both Korean and Japanese languages’ educational curricula as foreign languages fundamentally embrace multilingualism and interculturalism.

Chinese as a foreign language education is one of China's crucial national and governmental strategy. Over the past 70 years of development, Chinese as a foreign language education has made remarkable achievements, but it faces great challenges. In China, the term Chinese as a Foreign Language Education is the last in a series of terms from Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language to Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages and then to International Chinese Language Education, and in its development has passed from the 1.0 era to the 4.0 era. This article aims to present new goals by examining the achievements and characteristics of Chinese as a foreign language education step by step from the perspective of governance and drawing out their implications, identifying the causes of its development, and forecasting future tasks

우리나라에는 해안지역의 바위언덕을 중심으로 윷판암각화가 산재해있다. 본고에서는 먼저 윷판암각화의 위치와 형태상의 특징에 의거해서 놀이용이 아니라, 밤하늘에 뜬 달의 모양과 위치로 하루의 시간을 알려주는 달 시계의 역할을 했다는 점을 밝혔다. 또한 달의 변화를 주기로 한달간의 날짜를 표시하는 동시에, 사리와 조금의 날짜를 알려주는 캘린더의 역할을 했으 니, 이는 농경사회 이전의 어로(漁撈)사회에서의 시계/달력 역 할을 수행한 일종의 천문의기(天文儀器)였음을 논증했다. 그리 고 윷판암각화의 사분원(四分圓)을 시공간에 적용하므로써 동 서남북과 춘하추동을 구분하고 그에 따른 삶의 주기를 규정하 는 기준으로 삼았을 가능성을 분석해보았다. 윷판암각화는 고대 한반도에서 일어나 아메리카 대륙에 까지 영향을 미친 고대문명의 자취이자, 그 이후에도 한국인의 우주 론·세계관과 인생관 그리고 생활습속 등에 걸쳐서 달중심의 문 화를 형성하는 바탕이 되었다고 본다.

We analyzed work safety risk factors, which are likely to occur during fishing in gillnet fishing vessels using the written verdict of the Korea Maritime Safety Tribunal from 2016 to 2020, and considered work safety management. Of the total of 37 fatal accidents, three cases in the East Sea, six cases in the South Sea, and 28 cases in the West Sea were very frequent. The accident rate per vessel by sea area (%) was 0.08% in East Sea, 0.12% in South Sea, and 0.40% in the West Sea. Based on the East Sea, the number of fatal accidents was 1.6 times higher in the South Sea and 5.4 times higher in the West Sea. Six cases (16.2%) occurred during departure and preparation for fishing in the fishing process, and all other 31 cases (83.8%) occurred during fishing operation. In the order of accident types, 21 cases (56.8%) of being struck by object, eight cases (21.6%) of contact with machinery and six cases (16.2%) of falls from height were found to be fatal accidents in gillnet fishery. Human factors, such as fishers’ carelessness and negligent safety management by captain accounted for 27 cases (73.0%) of the main cause, and 35 cases (94.6%) of the secondary cause. In addition to human factors such as fisher’s carelessness and negligent safety management by captain, mechanical factors, environmental factors and management factors must be improved together to reduce human casualties. These results are expected to be utilized as basic data for reducing safety accidents during the work of fishers.

El objetivo de este estudio es proponer la verbalización metalingüística como una manera de ayudar a los estudiantes de español como lengua extranjera a convertir el conocimiento explícito en implícito. En las aulas de la segunda lengua, la verbalización metalingüística suele ser realizada por los profesores o aparece en el libro de texto. Pero, en este artículo, nos centraremos en la verbalización metalingüística llevada a cabo por los alumnos y analizaremos sus efectos en la adquisición del español como lengua extranjera. En primer lugar, dividiremos la verbalización metalingüística en tres fases (input, reestructuración y output) y presentaremos las acciones del alumno que aparecen en cada fase. En segundo lugar, explicaremos cómo influyen estas acciones en la construcción del conocimiento implícito, basándonos en la reflexión metalingüística, el aumento de la conciencia gramatical, la hipótesis del reconocimiento, el constructivismo cognitivo, el aprendizaje significativo y la hipótesis del output comprensible. Como resultado del estudio, se ha demostrado teóricamente que la verbalización metalingüística realizada por los alumnos es una manera de aprendizaje útil que ayuda a formar el conocimiento implícito. Sin embargo, no se debe olvidar que los alumnos tienen que practicar los elementos lingüísticos meta para que puedan procesar automáticamente el conocimiento adquirido.

In this study, factors such as improvement of a fishing process and safety, reduction of the labor force and headcount and development of the automation technology for offshore (eel and crab) pot fishing vessels were analyzed. A questionnaire survey was conducted to analyze and select the key factors using independent/paired sample t-test and correlation analysis, and a living lab was operated with ship owners, skippers and experts to discuss practical needs of the site. From the result of questionnaire survey and field requirements, it was possible to understand the level of awareness of ship safety, general safety equipment, fishing work process and fishing safety equipment from the point of view of the field. In addition, there were differences in the measurement results of each items because the working environment and experience were different according to the position of the ship owner and the skipper. The results of the questionnaire survey and various perceptions of field stakeholders were reflected when analyzing the fishing system and fishing process to choose the development equipment applicable to the field. From the analysis results, the selected development equipment based on the fishing equipment and process currently in operation are pot washing device, catch separation and fish hold injection device, length limit regulations and bait ejection device after use, automatic main line winding device, bait crusher, automatic (crab) pot hauling separator and so on.

이 글은 싱가포르 화교 언어공동체에서 최근 ‘구어 싱가포르 영어’, 즉 싱글리시(Si nglish)와 ‘표준 싱가포르 영어’의 우세 속에서 중국어가 경험하고 있는 위상의 변화를 사회언어학적 관점에서 서술하는 것이 목적이다. 싱가포르의 화교 언어공동체에서는 표준중국어와 기타 중국계 언어들, 싱다린(Singdarin) 등 다양한 중국어가 사용 되고 있다. 싱가포르, 특히 싱가포르의 화교 언어공동체의 다중언어사용은 세계 시민이자 싱가포르인, 화인(華人)으로서의 하이브리드 정체성과 관련을 맺고, 각각의 언어들은 다층적인 정체성 위계를 나타내는 정체성 표지이다. ‘2020년 인구센서스’가 보여주듯이, 최근 싱가포르에서 영어의 확산과 중국어의 위축 추이는 명확하다. 싱가 포르에서 이민자들의 언어인 중국어는 더 이상 지배적인 언어가 아니고, 화교 언어 공동체의 대부분의 아이들은 지배적인 언어인 영어와 함께 성장하면서 영어를 능통하게 구사하지만 중국어를 유창하게 구사하는 이들은 일부에 불과하다. 싱가포르에서 중국어는 점점 유산어의 성격을 띠고 있다.

In order to collect basic data for the improvement of fishing systems in coastal improved stow net fishery, a questionnaire survey and on-site hearing were conducted from May 10 to June 11, 2019 on the basic items of coastal improved stow net fishery and safety accidents that occurred during fishing operation. The questionnaire for the survey on the actual conditions of coastal improved stow net fishery consisted of a survey on basic matters (six questions) and a questionnaire (six questions) on safety accidents occurring during fishing operation. The results of the survey on basic items were analyzed by region (Incheon, Seocheon, Gunsan and Mokpo), by the captain’s age (less than 50 years of age, 50 to 60 years and more than 60 years of age), by the captain’s career (less than 20 years, 20 to 30 years, 30 to 40 years and more than 40 years) and by the age of fishing vessel (less than 10 years, 10 to 20 years and more than 20 years). According to the survey on basic items of coastal improved stow net fishery such as the captain’s age, the captain’s career, the age of fishing vessel, the fishing nets in use, the crews on board and the operation days per voyage by region, the average captain’s age was 55.7 years, the average captain’s career was 20.5 years, the average age of fishing vessels was 9.0 years, the average numbers of nets used by fishing boats was 14.0 sets, the average numbers of crew on board a fishing boat was 4.4 persons and the average numbers of operation days per voyage was 4.9 days (p < 0.05). As a result of the survey on safety factors during fishing operations, such as experience of ship accidents, major causes of ship accidents experienced, causes of ship accidents (first priority), experience of human accidents, major causes of human accidents, and causes of human accidents (first priority), more than 96% of the respondents experienced ship accidents including collisions with other vessels or fishing gear during fishing operations. The most significant cause of the accident was the other’s fishing gear installed in the fishing grounds. The first possible causes of ship accidents during fishing operations were found to be other fishing gear installed in fishing grounds, steering or engine failure, and inability to avoid accidents during casting and hauling nets. The survey of the experience of human accidents, such as injuries or sea falls, showed that more than 90% of the respondents experienced human accidents during fishing operations. The most important cause of accidents experienced during fishing operations was stucked in a fishing gear during casting and hauling nets. The first important causes of accidents during fishing operations were movement of the fishing gear during casting and hauling nets, damage of the fishing gear such as rope cutting. The results are expected to be provided as a basic data to prevent safety accidents occurring during fishing operation and improve the fishing system in the coastal improved stow net fishery.