본 연구에서는 지방 알코올을 이용하여 탄소 길이에 따른 술폰산계 음이온 계면활성제를 합성하였으며, 합성한 계면활성제들의 구조를 FT-IR과 1H NMR 분석을 통하여 확인하였다. 음이온 계면활성제의 임계미셀농도(critical micelle concentration: cmc)는 10-5∼10-3mol/L이며, 임계미셀농도에서의 표면장력 값은 26∼32 mN/m이었다. 합성한 술폰산계 계면활성제의 분자당 최소 영역값은 1.68∼1.30nm2이다. 음이온 계면활성제의 분자당 최소 영역이 감소하였다. 합성한 계면활성제의 물성은 임계미셀농도, 기포력, 유화력, 접촉각을 측정하였다.

본 연구에서는 계면활성제 분석법의 개발을 위하여 High performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection(HPLC-ELSD) 기기를 이용하여 음이온 및 비이온 계면활성제 중 다소비 계면활성제인 Alkyl polyglucoside(APG)와 Alpha olefin sulfonate(AOS)를 분석하였다. 실험 결과 APG와 AOS 모두 직선성의 상관관계 계수(R2)가 0.99 이상으로 직선성이 양호하였으며, 검출한계는 APG가 2.29 mg/L, AOS가 16.55 mg/L로 나타났고, 정량한계는 APG가 7.63 mg/L, AOS가 55.16 mg/L로 나타났다. 또한, 회수율 검증을 실시한 결과 APG는 99.29%, AOS는 96.11%로 나타나 회수율 100±10% 이내의 검증기준을 모두 만족하였다. 정밀성 및 정확성을 판단한 결과 APG의 정밀성은 상대표준편차 0.30%, 정확성은 0.26-0.52%로 분석되었으며, AOS의 정밀성은 상대표준편차 0.10%, 정확성은 0.01-0.52%로 분석되어 모두 상대표준편차 1.0% 이하의 검증기준에 적합하였다. 확립된 분석법을 주방세제에 적용하여 분석한 결과 샘플 3종 모두에서 APG와 AOS가 각각 검출되었으며, 표준사용량을 기준으로 APG, AOS의 평균 함유량은 각각의 LD50에 크게 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여 확립된 음이온 및 비이온 계면활성제의 분석법은 모든 성분에 대해 감응함으로 한가지 검출기를 이용하여 여러성분을 동시에 측정할 수 있어 식기 등의 잔류물질 혹은 식품 중 혼입되어 있는 다양한 계면활성제 함유량 분석에 적용하여 계면활성제의 관리를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 본다.

Silicone dioxide absorbed polyoxyethylene alkylether sulfate (EU-S133D) surfactant was prepared. Core-shell polymers of inorganic/organic pair, which have both core and shell component, were synthesized by sequential emulsion polymerization using Acrylate as a shell monomer and potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator. We found that when Acrylate core prepared by adding 2.0 wt% EU-S133D, silicone dioxide/Acrylate core-shell polymerization was carried out on the surface of silicone dioxide particle without forming the new silicone dioxide particle during acrylate shell polymerization in the inorganic/organic core-shell polymer preparation. The structure of core-shell polymer were investigated by measuring to the thermal decomposition of polymer composite using thermogravimetric analyzer and morphology of latex by scanning electron microscope(SEM).

The inorganic-organic composite particles with core-shell structure were polymerized by using styrene and potassium persulfate (KPS) as a shell monomer and an initiator, respectively. We studied the effect of surfactants on the core-shell structure of silicone dioxide/styrene composite particles polymerized in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), polyoxyethylene alkylether sulfate (EU-S133D), and at none surfactant condition. We found that SiO2 core / polystyrene(PS) shell structure was formed when polymerization of styrene was conducted on the surface of SiO2 particles, and the concentration SDS and EU-Sl33D was 8.34×10-2mole/L. The core-shell structure was confirmed by measuring the thermal decomposition of the polymer composite using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and the morphology of the composite particles was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM).

The core-shell composite particles of inorganic/organic were polymerized by using styrene(St) as a shell monomer and potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator. We studied the effect of core-shell structure of silicone dioxide/styrene in the presence of an anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and polyoxyethylene alky lether sulfate (EU-S133D). We found that when SiO2 core/PSt shell polymerization was prepared on the surface SiO2 particle, to minimize the coagulation during the shell polymerization, the optimum conditions were at concentration of 2.56×10-2mole/L SLS. The structure of core-shell polymer was confirmed by measuring the thermal decomposition of polymer composite using thermogravimetric analyzer and morphology of core-shell polymer particles by transmission electron microscope (TEM).

The core-shell latex particles were prepared by sequential emulsion polymerization using alkyl methacrylate as a shell monomer and potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator. We study the effects of core-shell structure of calcium carbonate/alkyl methacrlyate in the presence of an anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate (EU-S133D)). The structure of core-shell polymer were investigated by measuring to the thermal decomposition of polymer composite using thermogravimetric analyzer and morphology of latex by transmission electron microscope (TEM).

The rheological properties and surface tensions of polymer solutions and polymer-surfactant mixed solutions were investigated. The polymers used in this study were a homopolymer of acrylic acid crosslinked with an allyl ether of pentaerythritol, an allyl ether of sucrose, or an allyl ether of propylene (CARBOMER), acylate/C10-30 alkyl acylate crosspolymer (AAAC), and ammonium acryloydimethyltaurate/VP copolymer (ADTV). A solubilizing agent PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (HCO-40) and an emulsifying agent polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (POLYSORBATE 60) made the micelles intervening between AAAC polymers, resulting in the increase of viscosity. However, HCO-40 made this behavior over the wider range of surfactant concentration than POLYSORBATE 60. From the view point of surface tensions in the same range of surfactant concentration, AAAC/HCO-40 solution showed the area of increasing surface tension with surfactant concentration in contrast to the AAAC/POLYSORBATE 60 solution showing no increasing area.

The interaction between anion and zwitterionic surfactants was investigated by means of surface tension, NMR spectroscopy, and fluorescence studies. These systems are N-tetradecyloxymethyl-N,N-dimethyl betaine (C14, TDB), N-octadecyloxymethyl-N,Ndimethyl betaine (C18, ODB), and sodium dodecylethoxy sulfate (SDE). These systems show a composition dependency in micellar properties. When the molar fraction of TDB and ODB was about 0.6, the cmc values of these systems showed minima, whereas the solubilized amount of a water insoluble dye, NMR line width showed maxima. These changes comes from the intramolecular complexes formed in the mixed micelles. The complexes are due to the electrostatic interaction of oppositely charged head groups of betaine and sodium dodecylethoxy sulfate. A comparison of betaine and SDE alkyl methylene group line widths to those of n-methyl group indicates that the interior of the micelle in the restricted region is more immobile than the head group.

Oligomer type anionic surfactants(RmM-Na or RmD-Na were synthesized from C8~C16 long chain alkylvinylether and maleic anhydride (or maleic diethylether). And also their fluorescent anionic surfactants (RmF- Na) were obtained from alkali neutralization which opens the lactone ring of the condensing materials produced by maleic anhydride alkylvinylether copolymer and 3-aminophenol. The measurement results for the surface active properties of water soluble oligomer type anionic surfactants with fluorescent structure (RmF-Na) exhibited a remarkable surface tension lowing property, foam breaking property, and a ernulsing power.

A proposed method of determining the composition of mixed micelles in equilibrium with monomer of known composition is described. The systems were sodium α-sulfonated dodecanoyl ethyl esther (α-SR12Et) or sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether (Brij 35) un water and in 0.1M sodium chloride solution at 25℃. This technique applies the Gibbs-Duhem equation to the mixed micelles, which is treated as a pseudophase. This proposed methodology, which needs only critical micelle concentration data as a function of monomer composition, is applied to an anionic/nonionic surfactant pair. The calculated monomer-micelle equilibrium is found to be very similar to the much-used regular solution for nonideal systems.

Density, viscosity, conductance, dye solubility and carbon-13 nmr studies were performed in aqueous solution of three disodium 4-n-alkyl-3-sulfonatosuccinate anionic surfactant at 20℃. The cmc values were 0.14 mol/l for the disodium-4-n-octyl-3-sulfonatosuccinate(R8)S), 0.041mol/l for the disodium-4-n-decyl-3-sulfonatosuccinate(R10S), and 0.018mol/l for the disodium-n-dodecyl-3-sulfonatosuccinate 〈R12S). The aggregation numbers determined viscometrically and conductimetrically were 28 for R8S, 48 for R10S, and 67 for R12S. The volume changes upon micellization were 8.9cm3/mol for R8S, 9.5cm3/mol for R10S, and 10.1cm3/mol for R12S. Binding constants for the dye pada to the micelles and the fractions of unbound counter-ion were also obtained. The two polar heads with their carbon linkage were likely in an aqueous environment in the R8S micelles with the micelles themselves being spherical.

The sodium α-sulfo fatty acid vinyl ester oligomers, which are oligomer type surfactants were prepared by polymerization with fatty acid vinyl acetate. The α-sulfonation of fatty acid vinyl ester oligomers were carried by direct addition of sulfur trioxide. The dispersing performance of oligomer type anionic surfactants and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) in the aqueous suspension of iron oxide and titanium dioxide particles was evaluated by particle size distribution and zeta-potential measurement. As results, the particles of iron oxide and titanium dioxide were flocculated by addition of small amount of oligomer type anionic surfactants and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), then the flocks redispersed by more addition of oligomer type anionic surfactants and SDS. The flocculation, redispersion process was observed in lower concentration range of oligomer type anionic surfactants than SDS. Especially, the dispersing action of sodium α-sulfo palmitic acid vinyl ester oligomer was better than sodium α-sulfo lauric acid vinyl ester oligomer.

A series of long chain N-acyl amino acid type anionic surfactants were prepared by treating fatty acid chlorides with three kinds of amino acids, that is, sodium N-acyl-sarcosinates, sodium N-acyl-N-methyl-β-alaninates and sodium N-acyl-N-methyl-taurates in an alkaline solution. All prepared biodegradable surfactants were purified by thin layer chromatography and column chromatography, and identified their structures by spectral analysis.

Fluorescent anionic oligo surfactants were synthesized by the condensing products of long chain alkylvinylether-maleic anhydride cooligomers and resorcinol including dye structures. Their various surface activities and dispersing action were studied on the aqueous solution. These oligo surfactants exhibited a remarkable surface tension lowering property, lower foaming and a large dispersing action for the particles of α-copper phthalocyanine blue. Further it was ascertained that the binding of oligo surfactant onto the pigment surface caused the deviation towards lower wavelengths at the maximum fluorescent intensity as compared with aqueous oligo surfactant solutions, These surface active properties of the oligo surfactants may be attributed to rigid and hydrophobic structure of dye groups, besides surface-active groups of alkylether groups and carboxylic group of the anionic oligo surfactants.

최근 주거지역 내에서 발생되는 음식물류 폐기물에 대한 관리 및 수거 시스템의 일환으로 가정용 오물분쇄기의 도입이 고려되고 있다. 이와 더불어 가정용 오물분쇄기를 통해 수거되는 음식물류 폐기물의 처리와 에너지화를 동시에 달성할 수 있는 혐기성 소화 공정이 관심을 받고 있다. 가정용 오물분쇄기를 이용하여 음식물류 폐기물을 수거하는 경우 세제의 주성분인 음이온 계면활성제가 잠재적으로 유입 또는 농축될 수 있다. 음이온 계면활성제인 LAS(Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate)는 ABS(Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)의 대체 성분으로 생분해도가 높고 친환경적이라고 알려져 있으나 혐기성 상태에서 완전히 분해되지 않는다. 따라서 계면활성제 또는 계면활성제의 주성분인 LAS의 혐기성 메탄 생성에 대한 연구가 많은 연구자들에 의해 수행되었으며 일정 농도 이상에서는 메탄 생성에 저해를 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 계면활성제 또는 LAS가 혐기성 수소 발효에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 거의 미미한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 일련의 회분식 실험을 통해 LAS가 혐기성 수소 발효에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 수정 Gompertz식을 이용한 비선형회귀분석 결과 LAS의 농도 증가에 따라 최대 수소 발생량은 선형적으로 증가하였으나 수소 발생율은 일정 농도 이상의 LAS가 투입되는 경우 점차 감소하는 결과를 보여 잠재적인 저해현상을 나타내었다.

본 연구는 건조된 코아세르베이트 필름의 물리적 특성이 샴푸 건조 후 모발 사용감에 미치는 상관관계를 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 단순 샴푸 조성물은 동일한 조성의 계면활성제에 양이온 전하 밀도가 서로 다른 두 종류의 양이온 폴리머를 사용하여 제조하였다. 이 단순 조성물을 물에 희석하여 코아세르베이트(Coacervate)를 형성되도록 하였고,3000 rpm, 30 min 조건으로 원심 분리하여 형성된 코아세르베이트를 얻었다. 얻어진 코아세르베이트를 유리판 위에 균일한 두께로 도포하고 50 ℃ 건조기에서 1 h 건조하여 코아세르베이트 필름을 얻었다. 이렇게 얻어진 코아세르베이트 필름의 접촉각과 코아세르베이트의 SEM 이미지 조사를 수행하였고, 코아세르베이트의 수분 보유량과 수분 유지력을 동시에 조사하였다. 샴푸 후 건조된 모발의 부드러움과 보습감은 모발타래를 이용하여 전문 미용 패널이 평가를 수행하였다. 본 실험결과 건조된 코아세르베이트 필름의 특성이 샴푸 후 건조된 모발의 부드러움 및 보습감에 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다.

Ultrasound and Surfactant aided soil washing process has been shown to be an effective method to remove diesel from soils. The use of surfactants can improve the mobility of diesel in soil-water systems by increasing solubility of adsorbed diesel into surfactant micelles. However, a large amount of surfactant is required for treatment. In addition, synthetic surfactants, specially anionic, are more toxic and the surfactant wastewater is hard to treat by conventional wastewater treatments even by AOPs. Ultrasound improves desorption of the diesel adsorbed on to soil. The mechanisms are based on physical breakage of bonds by hot spot, directly impact onto soil particle surface, the fragmentation of long-chain hydrocarbons by micro-jet and microstreaming in the soil pores. The use of ultrasound as an enhancement method in both anionic and nonionic surfactant aided soil-washing processes were studied. And all experiments were examined proceeded under CMC surfactant concentration, frequency 35 khz, power 400 W, Soil-water ratio 1:3(wt%), particle size 0.24 ~ 2mm and initial diesel concentration. 20,000 mg/kg. Combination with ultrasound showed significant enhancements on all the processes. Especially, nonionic surfactant Triton-X100 with ultrasound showed remarkable enhancements and diesel removal rate enhanced by ultrasound helps desorpting of surfactant adsorbed onto soils which prevented decreasing surfactant activity.

일반적으로 음이온 계면활성제는 효소의 disulfide bond를 분해시켜 효소의 활성이 없어진다. 따라서 특정한 캡슐에 효소를 포집하여 안정도를 증대시킨다. 본 연구에서는 polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), 그리고 PEG- PPG-PEG block copolymer 등의 폴리올을 이용하여 papain 효소의 안정도를 증대시켰다. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)와 confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) 분석을 통하여 폴리올은 고분자층과 효소의 중간에 위치하며, 이들은 완충액으로 작용하여 효소의 안정도를 증대시키는 것으로 확인하였다. 또한, 이온 복합체를 이용하여 다층 캡슐을 제조하여 wash-off 형태의 세정제에 응용하였다. 세정제 내에서 계면활성제와 물은 효소캡슐의 표면에 분산되었으며, 캡슐의 중앙부분으로 서서히 침투되었다. 반면에 본 연구에서 사용된 sodium lauroyl sarcosinate와 polyguaternium-6는 물이 효소부분으로 침투하지 않는 것을 in vivo 시험을 통하여 확인하였다.