본 고는 법화경 ｢신해품｣의 장자궁자의 내용이 불교 상담의 과정과 연관되어 있음을 보고, 신해품의 비유를 불교 상담적 관점에서 해석하며 불교 상담사에게 필요한 자질에 대해 고찰하였다. 신해품의 장자궁 자 비유에서 장자는 소승의 마음을 가진 궁자의 의식 상태를 알아차리 고 궁자에 대한 자비심을 내어 대승의 마음을 가질 수 있을 때까지 존중하고 배려하는 태도를 견지한다. 궁자는 장자의 보살핌을 통해 자신을 올바로 인식하고 자신에게 본래부터 있던 불성의 유산을 받아들일 수 있도록 변화한다. 본 연구에서는 이런 일련의 과정이 불교 상담에서도 일어나고 있다는 입장으로 불교 상담사의 역할을 논의하였다, 불교 상담사는 내담자의 트라우마를 바라보는 자비의 마음과 지혜로운 관점을 유지하며 보살로서의 역할을 해나가야 한다. 이를 이행하기 위해 불 교 상담사는 먼저 자기 인식을 넓히고 의식의 성장을 거쳐 대승의 마음 을 갖춰나가야 할 것이다. 이런 불교 상담사의 자기 성찰이 기본이 되고 나서 장자가 궁자를 대하듯 내담자의 아픔을 자신의 고통처럼 받아 들이고 상호의존하며 함께 성장해가는 과정을 만들어 나갈 수 있겠다. 이런 상호존중의 과정을 불교 상담사와 내담자가 더불어 이루어 가는 것이 불교 상담이 가진 특이점으로서 보여 진다. 따라서 불교에 기반으로 한 불교 상담을 진행하는 불교 상담사는 연기적 관점과 보리심을 지난 보살의 마음을 지녀야 한다. 또한 불교의 사성제를 이해하고 무상과 무아에 대한 올바른 앎을 지니며 내담자의 고통을 해결할 수 있는 불교적 치유기법을 익히는 노력이 필요하다. 지금까지의 결과를 토대로 활동하는 불교 상담사의 기본 자질과 마음 자세를 수련하고 실습하는 체계적인 교육과정이 구축된다면 현대인의 심리적 고통을 치유하는 방법으로서의 불교 상담이 지금 시대에 자리 잡게 될 것이다.

염불을 통해 고향으로 돌아간다는 ｢염불환향곡｣과 『법화경』 ｢신해품｣ 의 ‘장자궁자유(長者窮子喩)’는 ‘무명(無明)으로 길을 잃은’ 중생이 마침내 고향에 돌아간다는 내용과 ‘장자궁자유’의 ‘궁자’가 아버지의 집으로 돌아오게 되는 과정이 유사하다. 염불환향곡의 ‘본원자심’과 장자궁자유 에서는 아버지의 집은 깨달음의 세계를 상징적으로 표현하고 있으며 이것이 곧 ‘고향’이다. 이는 곧 중생에게 존재하는 ‘불성’이며, 심리학적 관점에서의 ‘참자아’와 같은 의미로 이해할 수 있다. 본질을 통찰하지 못하여 본원자심을 잃어버린 중생의 상태는 마치 신체적 성장과 정신적 성장 사이의 불균형으로 인하여 많은 심리적 갈등을 빚게 되는 사춘기 청소년의 모습과 같다. 사춘기에 접어든 청소년들이 자신이 존재에 대 해 고민하기 시작하는 것이 바로 자신의 무의식을 인식하는 것으로 볼 수 있듯이 장자궁자유와 염불환향곡의 실향한 사람이 발심하는 계기가 곧 자신의 정체성을 고민하게 되는 청소년기에 비견할 수 있다. 고향으로 돌아가고자 한다면 먼 데서 찾을 것이 아니라 바로 눈앞에 펼쳐지는 ‘나’의 진면목, 즉 근본 자리로서의 ‘마음[心地]’을 살펴보아야 한다. 이는 깨달음이란 지극히 일상적인 것이어서 ‘깨침의 세계는 우리들 현실을 떠나 존재할 수 없다’는 효봉스님의 말씀과 일맥상통함을 알게 한다. 무명으로 길을 잃은 사람과 궁자는 진정한 자아를 모르고 살아가는 현대인들의 모습을 대변하고 있으며, ‘고향’으로 상징되는 불성, 곧 참자아를 찾아가는 과정을 통해 고향은 곧 본원자심이자 청정심이며, 현대인들의 진정한 자아이며 인간 본연의 모습임을 알 수 있다.

인간에게 존재하는 불성(佛性)을 소에 비유한 심우도는 선(禪)의 수 행 단계를 소와 동자에 비유한 그림이다. 방황하는 자신의 본성을 발 견하고 깨달음에 이르기까지의 과정을 10단계의 그림으로 표현하였 다. 반면에『법화경』「신해품」에 나오는‘장자궁자의 비유’는 아버지 인 장자의 곁을 떠나 타국에서 고생하던 아들이 아버지 곁으로 돌아 와 모든 재산을 상속받는다는 이야기이다. 불성을 잃어버린 중생들 이 삼계를 윤회하고 있음을 불쌍히 여기고 깨달음을 주기 위해 비유 적으로 설법한 이야기이다. 여기서 장자는‘부처’를 그 아들인‘궁 자’는 불성을 찾아 헤매는 구도자나 무지한 중생으로 해석된다. 그러 나 경우에 따라서는 무엇인가를 찾아야겠다는 생각에 세상 속을 헤 매고 있는, 이것저것 도모해 보지만 갈피를 잡지 못하고 갈등하는 정 신적 사춘기를 상징하거나, 또는 자아의 근원을 찾아 방황하며 떠도 는 인간 그 자체로 볼 수도 있을 것이다. ‘장자궁자의 비유’는 궁자의 가출에서 귀향까지의 과정이 심우도 에서 동자가 소를 찾기까지의 과정과 닮은 점이 많다. 마음의 본질을 한 단계씩 깨우쳐 나아가면 성인(聖人)이 되고 결국 지혜를 얻게 된 다는 이야기인‘심우도’와‘장자궁자의 비유’에서 궁자의 귀향 과정 은 마치 인생을 살아가며 성장해 가는 자아인식의 단계들처럼 보이 기도 한다. 본고는‘심우도’와『법화경』이라는 매우 이질적인 종파적 배경 속에서 표현되고 있는 설법의 내용을 상담심리학적 관점에서 접근하여 자아발견의 과정으로 보았다. 두 내용을 형태상으로 대별 하여 비교 분석함으로써 두 사상의 지향점이 지니는 공통분모가 무 엇인가를 살펴보았다.

The aim of this study was to investigate change of plasminogen activators (PAs) and their inhibitors (PAIs) mRNA and protein expression level by heat stress in porcine endometrial cells. The endometrial epithelial cells were isolated from endometrial epithelium in porcine uterus and cultured in different temperature conditions (38.5 and 41.5℃) for 24 h. Expression of urokinase-type PA (uPA), tissue-type PA (tPA), PA inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and -2 (PAI-2) mRNA in epithelial cells were analyzed using reverse transcription-PCR and protein levels were measured by immunofluorescence. In result, mRNA expression of uPA, tPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 were decreased in 41.5℃ than 38.5℃ culture condition, however, significant differences were no detected. uPA, tPA and PAI-2 protein were mainly expressed in nucleus, whereas PAI-1 was distributed in cytoplasm and nucleus. uPA and tPA protein levels were increased by heat stress treatment and significant difference was only detected in tPA level (p<0.05). In contrast, two types of PAIs protein level were decreased in 41.5℃ cultured group compared with 38.5℃ group. In present study, tPA protein expression was upregulated by heat stress in porcine endometrial cells. This result suggest that change of tPA by heat stress may be related to blood flow into uterus and intrauterine microenvironments, and could directly and indirectly influence to reproductive performance in pigs.

소에서 저수태 발생율은 5∼35%로 지역, 조사방법 및 연구자 등에 따라 다양하게 보고 되고 있다(Purohit, 2008). 저수태의 원인으로서는 비정상적인 번식기관, 자궁 내 감염, 호 르몬 이상, 사양관리 부적합, 복합적 요인 등이 관여하고 있는데(Singh 등, 2008), 이 중에 서도 자궁 내 감염의 요인이 2.4∼20.0%로 비교적 높게 보고되고 있다(Rao, 1981). 자궁질 환을 가진 대부분의 암소들은 황체단계가 연장됨에 따라 무발정형태로 나타나게 되므로 적극적인 대처가 요구된다는 점에서, 호르몬 투여방법을 포함하여 PGF2α나 estradiol의 투 여 그리고 항생물질이나 povidone-iodine(PVP-I)의 자궁 내 주입과 같은 많은 치료방법이 적용되고 있다. 그러나 호르몬 잔류, 항생제 내성균 및 처리 중단시기 등의 문제점들을 가 지고 있다. PVP-I는 처리 중단시기가 필요하지 않고, 과도한 투여의 경우를 제외하고는 우유로 전이되지 않으며, 구입이 쉽고, 저렴하며, 투여하기가 용이하다는 실용성을 가지고 있기 때문에 매우 고무적인 방법이라고 할 수 있다(Rayos 등, 2002). 또한 자궁내막의 환 경을 개선하고, 암소의 자궁수촉을 촉진시키기 때문에 PGF2α를 생산하는 역할이 빨리 회 복된다(Ahmed와 Elsheikh, 2014). 그러나 PVP-I는 농도가 중요한데, 농도가 너무 높으면 자궁벽을 자극할 수 있고 문제를 더 키울 수 있는 반면에, 농도가 너무 약하면 효과가 나 타나지 않거나, 어떤 유형의 미생물이 제거되는 대신에 다른 기회적 미생물이 점유하기에 적합한 환경을 제공할 수가 있다(Rayos 등, 2002). 자궁내막염을 가진 암소의 경우에는 자 궁 내에 존재하는 화농과 유기물의 잔재가 PVP-I 용액의 살균효과를 저해할 수 있다는 부정적인 견해도 있으나(Nakao 등, 1988), 대부분의 연구자들은 1% 및 2% PVP-I 용액이 번식효율을 향상시키는데 매우 효과적이라고 보고하였다(Mido 등, 2016; Ahmed와 Nour, 2015; Ahmed 등, 2013; Knutti 등, 2000; Edwell 등, 2000; Rayos 등, 2002; Koujanz 등, 1996). 본 연구에서는 2% PVP-I 용액을 저수태우의 자궁 내에 주입하여, 발정발현 및 수 태율에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 저수태우에 2% PVP-I 용액을 50mL 자궁 내에 주입하여 자연발정 비율, 유기발정(PGF2α)에 의한 발정발현율, 자연 및 유기발정에 의한 수태율, 황체중기 및 황체중기 이외의 단계에 따른 자연발정 발현율을 조사하였다. PVP-I 처리 후 자연발정 비율은 27.3%(3/11두)였고, 유기발정에 의한 발정발현율은 87.5%(7/8두)였으며, 자연 및 유기발정에 의한 수태율은 63.6%(7/11두)였다. 황체중기(발정 주기 5∼10일) PVP-I 처리에 따른 자연발정 발현율은 60%(3/5두)였고, 황체중기 이외에 PVP-I 용액을 처리한 경우의 자연발정 발현율은 0%(0/6두)였다.

This study was to investigate effect of progesterone (P4) on prostaglandin (PG) synthases and plasminogen activators (PAs) system in bovine endometrium during estrous cycle. Endometrium tissues were collected from bovine uterus on follicular and luteal phase and were incubated with culture medium containing 0 (Control), 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 ng/ml P4 for 24 h. The PGF2α synthase (PGFS), PGE2 synthase (PGES), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), urokinase PA (uPA), and PA inhibitors 1 (PAI-1) mRNA in bovine endometrium were analyzed using reverse transcription PCR and PA activity was measured using spectrophotometry. In results, COX-2 was higher at 2 ng/ml P4 group than control group in luteal phase (p<0.05), but, it did not change in follicular phase. Contrastively, PGES was significantly increased in 2 ng/ml P4 group compared to control group in follicular phase, but there were no significant differ among the treatments in luteal phase. uPA was no significant difference between P4 treatment groups and control group in both of different phase. PAI-1 was decreased in 20 ng/ml P4 group compared to control group in follicular phase (p<0.05). PA activity was decreased in 2 ng/ml P4 group compared to other groups in follicular and luteal phase (p<0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that P4 may influence to translation and post-translation process of PG production and PA activation in bovine endometrium.

Reproductive disorders in cows cause economic loss in livestock farms. Reproductive diseases, such as follicular cyst, luteal cyst, endometritis, pyometra, and repeat breeding cause infertility. Among these diseases, endometritis and pyometra are uterine infections that are leading causes of infertility. This study was performed to investigate the causative agents of uterine diseases using bacterial culture. Bacteria were obtained from the reproductive organs (vagina, uterine cervix, and uterine horn) of dairy cow diagnosed with endometritis or pyometra, and cultured on blood agar. The colonies obtained from cultivation for 24 hours were passaged. To identify the bacteria, the colonies grown in passaged culture Gram stained and applied to an automatic biochemical microbial identification system. Escherichia coli were commonly detected in vagina, uterine cervix, and uterine horn of dairy cows diagnosed to pyometra. The cows having endometritis showed not only Escherichia coli but also Pantoea spp. and Klebsiella spp. strains. Dairy cows that were infected with Escherichia coli in uterus caused mastitis or digestive disease. These results suggest that sanitary feeding and management beforehand are needed to prevent bacterial infections.

In order to achieve successful in vitro production of embryo, it is necessary to establish intrauterine environment during in vitro culture. Thus, this study was investigated to establish embryo culture system using co-incubated collagen matrix gel (CM) with endometrial epithelial cells (EC). Endometrial epithelial cells were isolated from porcine endometrium at follicular phase, the cells seeded in insert dish for co-incubation with CM-coated culture dish. Then, culture media treated with/without 2.0 IU/ml hCG or 10 ng/ml IL-1β. After incubation for 24 h, the co-incubated insert dishes were removed from CM-coated culture dish before embryo culture. Embryos at 48 h after in vitro fertilization (IVF) were cultured on the dish for 120 h with porcine zygote medium. We determined PTGS-2 expression in the ECs, VEGF protein in co-incubated CM with EC and observed cleavage rate and blastocyst development of embryos at 168 h after IVF. In result, expression of PTGS-2 was higher at co-incubated EC with hCG and IL-1β groups than EC without hCG and IL-1β. The VEGF protein was detected at co-incubated CM with EC, EC treated with hCG and IL-1β groups higher than CM group. Also, cleavage rate was no significantly difference among all group, however, blastocyst development was significantly higher in co-incubated CM with EC treated with hCG group than un-treated groups (p<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that novel embryo culture system using co-incubated collagen matrix gel with endometrial epithelial cells treated with IL-1β is beneficial and useful for enhancing the production of porcine blastocysts in vitro.

소장의 종양은 매우 드물게 발생하며 그중 선암의 빈도가 가장 많고, 그 외에 악성흑색종, 유암종, 림프종, 육종 등이 주로 확인되었다. 원발부위가 자궁경부인 소장의 편평세포 암 전이는 소장종양 중에서도 매우 드물며 자궁경부암의 소장 단독전이는 현재까지 한국에서 1예가 보고되었다. 본 저자들은 매우 드문 증례인 자궁경부암의 십이지장 전이와 이에 대한 고찰을 보고하는 바이다.

Three-dimensional (3D) culture system is useful technique for study of in vivo environment and it was used various experiments. This study was investigated to establish of embryo co-culture system and changes of PAs activity in 3D cultured endometrial cells of pigs. In results, growth of stromal cells into gel matrix were detected only with endometrial and myometrial cells. The most rapid growth of stromal cells were confirmed in 2.5x105cells/ml and gel matrix containing 15% FBS. Expression of urokinase-PA (uPA) after treatment of hCG (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 IU/ml) were higher than without hCG, but, there are not significant difference among the treatment. On the other hand, expression of uPA after treatment of IL-1β (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml) were higher than without IL-1β, but, there are not significant difference. Expression of uPA after treatment of estrogen (0.2, 2, 20 and 200 ng/ml) were not difference, but PA activity was significantly decreased (p＜0.05). Blastocyst was producing in PZM-3 medium containing FBS and endometrial cells were grown in PZM-3 medium. When embryos development with cultured endometrial cells, cleavage rates were not significant difference and blastocyst were not produced in co-culture with stromal cells and 3D culture system. 3D culture system had similar activity to in vivo tissue and these features are very useful for study of in vivo physiology. Nevertheless 3D culture system was not proper in embryo co-culture system. Therefore, we suggest that 3D culture system with embryo co-culture need continuous research.

The aim of this study was to establish a three dimensional (3D) culture system of endometrial cells and to examine the plasminogen activators (PAs) activity in porcine uterine. The 3D culture system in porcine endometrial cells was composed to mixture 3D gel, stromal cells and epithelial cells. The 3D culture system was used to identify normal structure search as uterine tissue and PAs expression in this study. In results, porcine endometrium epithelial cells forming a top monolayer and endometrium stromal cells developed as fibroblast-like within 3D matrix scaffold. Expression of urokinase-type PA (uPA) and tissue-type PA (tPA) were observed during the 3D culture using immunofluorescence. PA activity in 3D-cultured endometrial cells was no significant difference between the tissue type, but 2D culture system were significantly lower than in 3D-cultured endometrial cells (P<0.05). Therefore, basic system and functional aspect of 3D culture could be established with similar system of endometrium tissue. We suggest that this study was assumed applicable as baseline data to investigate mechanism between porcine uterus cells in vitro.

The endometrium undergoes a cyclic growth and tissue remodeling as changes of epithelial cells, and plasminogen activators (PAs) are related to endometrium tissue remodeling. This study was to evulate expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in porcine uterine epithelial cells. In results, the uPA and tPA were expressed in uterine tissue, epithelium and secretory glands in porcine endometrial cell. In addition, the uPA and tPA were expressed in cultured epithelial cells, and it were mainly expressed in cytoplasm. In porcine uterine tissue and epithelial cells, uPA activity was higher than activity in tPA. In PAs mRNA expression levels, uPA mRNA level was significantly higher than tPA mRNA level (P<0.05). The fluorescence intensity of uPA protein was also higher than fluorescence intensity of tPA protein, and uPA protein expression was significantly higher than in tPA protein expression (P<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that a physiological function in porcine uterine epithelial cells should be more influenced by uPA than in tPA during pre-ovulatory phase. The endometrium undergoes a cyclic growth and tissue remodeling as changes of epithelial cells, and plasminogen activators (PAs) are related to endometrium tissue remodeling. This study was to evulate expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in porcine uterine epithelial cells. In results, the uPA and tPA were expressed in uterine tissue, epithelium and secretory glands in porcine endometrial cell. In addition, the uPA and tPA were expressed in cultured epithelial cells, and it were mainly expressed in cytoplasm. In porcine uterine tissue and epithelial cells, uPA activity was higher than activity in tPA. In PAs mRNA expression levels, uPA mRNA level was significantly higher than tPA mRNA level (P<0.05). The fluorescence intensity of uPA protein was also higher than fluorescence intensity of tPA protein, and uPA protein expression was significantly higher than in tPA protein expression (P<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that a physiological function in porcine uterine epithelial cells should be more influenced by uPA than in tPA during pre-ovulatory phase.

An uterus is female reproductive tract organ that affected estrus cycle. During a various changes occur at uterus in estrus cycle, one of them is body fluids secretion be called uterine fluid. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the changes of protein patterns using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in uterus fluids during the follicular and luteal phases in estrus cycle of pigs. In changes of protein spots were confirmed during the follicular and luteal phases. The 136 spots were expressed in follicular phase, the 57 spots of them showed reproducibility. On the other hand, the 140 spots were expressed in luteal phase, the 73 spots of them showed reproducibility. Also, spots expressed in follicular phase were number 69 and 94 spots and spots expressed in luteal phase only were number 156, 157, 184～187, 190 and 191 spots. The spots which of higher expression levels in the luteal phase than in follicular phase were number 76 and 79 spots. In conclusion, the spots expressed in follicular and luteal phases were confirmed with difference levels and these differences are function of RNA resolving, protein synthesis and cytoskeletal architecture.

The present study was performed to identify the relationship between plasminogen activator (PA) and Heat Shock Protein-90 (HSP-90) in porcine uterus tissues during the estrous cycle. Porcine uterus tissues were obtained from preovulatory (Pre-Ov), post-ovulatory (Post-Ov) and early to mid-luteal (Early-mid L) stages. The protein was extracted from uterus tissue by using M-PER Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent. Proteins were refined by RIPA Buffer and quantified by BCA methods. As results, t-PA expression was significantly (p<0.05) higher from pre-ovulatory(Epithelium tissue: 29,067 μg/μl, Myometrium tissue: 30,797 μg/μl) compared to the post-ovulatory stage(Epithelium tissue: 54,357 μg/μl, Myometrium tissue: 53,270 μg/μl) and early to mid-luteal stage(Epithelium tissue: 42,380 μg/μl, Myometrium tissue: 43,139 μg/μl). On the other hand, the uPA expression indicated higher from early to mid-luteal stage (Epithelium tissue: 0.02198 μg/μl, Myometrium tissue: 0.02412 μg/μl) than pre-ovulatory stage (Epithelium tissue: 0.01577 μg/μl, Myometrium tissue: 0.01531 μg/μl) and post-ovulatory stage(Epithelium tissue: 0.01414 μg/μl, Myometrium tissue: 0.01429 μg/μl). However, expression of u-PA did not differ from each estrous cycle in the epithelium tissue and myometrium tissue(p<0.05). Expression of HSP-90 was differ t-PA and u-PA from pre-ovulatory in Epithelium tissue(25,423 μg/μl) and early to mid-luteal stage in epithelium tissue(177,922 μg/μl) and myometrium tissue(26,664 μg/μl). These results suggest that HSP-90 and u-PA were related with change of uterus cycle according to the reformation of the tissues in porcine uterus.

Cho Nam-min 2012. A Study on The Emergence of Terms for Female Body, and Changes in Perspectives - with focus on female words such as pregnancy, delivery, and womb. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 20(2). pp. 425-446. This research studies emergence and changes of female words, especially about pregnancy, delivery, and womb, through analysis of medical books and female literature in Chosun dynasty and modern enlightenment era. It studies how females recognized their bodies and gender differently from Chosun dynasty’s patriarchal system to rapidly changing modern enlightenment period. Birth (and delivery) is one of the indispensable steps of human life, and the whole process of pregnancy and delivery is closely related to pregnant mother. Through pregnancy and delivery, infants and mothers attain new social status, and, at the same time, experience significant changes in family relationship. As a consequence, while related literatures such as medical books published in Chosun dynasty were focused on being pregnant and delivering infant, those published in modern era paid more attention to pregnant mothers’ body and health. It was thanks to the import of western medicine and enhanced scientific understanding of pregnancy and delivery. More frequent mention about female health and body were found in modern female and family literature, and it was found that perspective on and understanding about pregnancy, delivery, and infant care were changed. It was the results of changes in social and cultural understanding of females given that perception on bodies are developed and defined in social and cultural ways.