This study examines the correlation between livestock odor civil petitions and the establishment of malodor control areas in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, focusing on swine farms where numerous civil petitions regarding malodors have been received. After the designation of the malodor control areas, high odor concentrations occurred in Aewoleup and Jocheon-eup, and the odor concentration decreased in other areas. The number of civil petitions shows a consistent annual trend, with increased petitions from March, peaking during summer (July and August), and decreasing from September into winter. In Jeju-si, there were many civil petitions in Hallim-eup and Aewol-eup where there were many malodor control areas. However, in Seogwipo-si, there were also many civil petitions in Pyoseonmyeon, where there is no malodor control area. Additionally, we compared the average multiple of compound malodors and the rate of exceeding the maximum allowable emission level for compound malodors with the number of livestock malodor civil petitions to assess the actual state of malodors. The results reveal a stronger correlation between the number of civil petitions and the rate of exceeding the compound malodors allowable emission level than the average multiple for compound malodors. These findings provide valuable insights into addressing livestock odor concerns and enhancing malodor control measures in Jeju Island.

This review comprehensively summarizes the livestock odor reduction method by dietary manipulation, in-housing management, and manure management. The gut microbial metabolism of animals can be stimulated by low-crude protein feeding and the addition of probiotics, enzymes, plant extracts, and/or organic acids to their feed. These methods can result in reduced odor emissions from manure. For in-housing management, it is important to maintain the proper breeding density in the barn facilities, regularly remove dust and manure, and periodically clean the barn facilities. A barn using litter on the floor can reduce odor at a relatively low cost by adding adsorbents such as zeolite, biochar, etc. Although masking agent spraying can be the simplest and quickest way to control odors, it is not a fundamental odor mitigation strategy. Odor emissions can be reduced by installing covers on manure slurry storage facilities or by acidifying the manure slurry. It is necessary to install a solid-liquid separator in an enclosed facility to minimize odor emissions. Other methods for reducing odor emissions include covering manure composting plants with semi-permeable membranes or using reactor composting technology. In order to minimize odor emissions in the liquid manure composting, sufficient oxygen must be supplied during the fermentation process. Furthermore, the odor reduction effect can be achieved through the liquid manure pit recharge system which supplies matured liquid manure fertilizer to the slurry pit in the pig house.

The livestock industry continues to grow around the world, but livestock odor is becoming an environmental problem that is difficult to solve. In this review paper, the current status of the domestic livestock industry, livestock odor complaints, mediation cases involving environmental disputes related to livestock odor, livestock odor management policies and standards, livestock odor sources, major odor compounds, and emission characteristics are summarized. Domestic meat supply and meat consumption per capita are increasing, and livestock farms are becoming large-scale and intensive. Livestock odor complaints increased 4.5 times over the last five years (2014-2019), and its proportion to total odor complaints was 19%-30%. Livestock facilities larger than a certain size are classified as odor emission facilities and are managed based on the Odor Prevention Act. The information presented in this paper can be used to establish strategies to promote the sustainable development of the livestock industry while resolving air quality deterioration and public health problems caused by odor emissions from livestock farms.

The sampling bag is used as a storage container for odor gas samples. It is known that the substances recovery rate of odor bags decreases during storage time, and the degree of recovery varies depending on the characteristics of the gas sample and the material of the bag. This study investigated the recovery rate of VFA (ACA, PPA, BTA, VLA) in PEA bags during storage time. In addition, a model was developed to estimate the recovery rate of each substance as a function of time. Standard gas (ACA, PPA, BTA, VLA mixed) recovery rate was used for the model development. The concentration of the compound in the bag was measured by SIFT-MS at intervals of 1 to 2 hours. The recovery rate according to the storage time was calculated as the ratio to the initial concentration. The recovery rate of each substance according to the storage period (12h, 24h, 36h, 48h) was ACA (66.2%, 62.8%, 55.6%, 52.0%), PPA (77.6%, 72.1%, 63.0%, 58.1%, 86.6%), BTA (86.6%, 81.3%, 71.6%, 66.9%), VLA (94.8%, 89.0%, 76.6%, 71.7%). The recovery rate continued to decrease over the course of 48 hours of storage time. ACA, PPA, and BTA showed the greatest decrease within the initial 12 hours, which is form of exponential decrease. Therefore, we considered a 1~3 degree polynomial regression model and a 1~2 degree exponential decay model. Each developed model was evaluated by r², RMSE, MAPE, AIC, and then a model for each substance was selected. Selected models were tested with recovery rate data from swine farm odor samples. Only the ACA model exhibited a good performance (r² = 0.76).

Since the implementation of the Odor Prevention Act in 2005, the number of odor complaints has continuously increased due to the increased interest in the living environment. The current odor control means is a concentrationbased method for the source of odor. That is why there is a difference between the odor sensitivity and the result of the odor measurement in the odor damage area. The government is considering the introduction of the grid method, which is the odor management method of Germany, as the method of odor investigation in the odor damage area in the second comprehensive Odor Prevention Policy (2019-2028). The grid method is receptor-based odor measurement method that investigators use to judge odors in the field, task that expensive and requires substantial manpower and time. To study an odor measurement method that is suitable for domestic conditions, this study compared the correlation between results based on the odor frequency concept grid method around the livestock facilities and the result of ammonia concentration measured by passive air sampler. The correlation coefficient (R) that is between the frequency of odor per spot for the entire odor and the ammonia concentration that was measured by passive air sampler was 0.65 which is relatively good. Among the entire odor detected by the grid method, the correlation coefficient (R) between the odor frequency selected only for livestock odor and the ammonia concentration was significantly increased to 0.80. In addition, the correlation between odor exposure (ECPexist) and the ammonia concentration for the overall odor was 0.81 (linear) and 0.86 (index). If only the livestock odors were selected, the correlation between odor exposure and the ammonia concentration was very high at 0.96 (linear) and 0.95 (index).

In this study, the odor generated in a livestock farm with 500 heads of finisher breed in 661 m² was monitored during 6 months using a gas sensor, a wired / wireless communication system and database server. Odor unit, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were monitored using the gas sensor. To show the tendency of odorous substances generation, the odor concentration was shown in the graph on a monthly and daily basis. Among the analysis items, the maximum generation of odor was found to be closely related to the generation of hydrogen sulfide. Through observing the daily and monthly trends of odor substances, it was found that each substance was a useful indicator for monitoring odor, because ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, odor and TVOC were increased and decreased in a similar pattern. The odors were highest in the hours of the early morning (00:00-05:00), the evening (18:00-23:00), and the morning (06:00-11:00) in a day. After the use of the microbial agent was discontinued in autumn (October), anaerobic digestion of the manure in a pit proceeded and the amount of hydrogen sulfide increased. Therefore, despite a slight decrease in ammonia production, the odor unit level did not decrease after October but rather was somewhat increased. In the future, the use of the odor monitoring system is expected to improve the efficiency of odor sources management.

We carried out basic study on the major odor substances from livestock waste treatment plant to design high efficiency offensive odor treatment facility. We choose Y and G-treatment plants and measured each samples from pre-treatment facility, water treatment facility, sludge treatment facility and offensive odor treatment facility. The odor was mainly produced from pre-treatment facility from above measurements. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide was very high as 1,200 ppm from impurity treatment facility. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide was detected as 100 ppm in waste water treatment facility(aeration facility and head) and 160∼252 ppm in sludgy treatment facility (retaining facility and scum tank). The offensive odor treatment facility was composed of washing tower using NaOCl as washing material and bio-filter. Efficiency of the offensive odor treatment facility on the hydrogen sulfide was 5∼33% and the efficiency on the ammonia was low except Y-treatment facility’s vortex mixer washing tower which is 98%. Reduction efficiency of hydrogen sulfide was increased from 14.7% to 96.3% by changing washing material, NaOH, at Y-treatment facility’s vortex mixer washing tower.

The present study investigated the emission characteristics of odorous elements from a local livestock waste treatment plant. Target materials were sampled twice from each place including the boundaries of the plant, exhaust of a fan from utility-pipe conduit and bio-filter bio-filter chamber. Among the sulfur compounds, methyl mercaptan was 3.0 ppb at the boundaryⅠ, 2.2 ppb at the fan exhaust, and 4,723.3 ppb at the outlet of bio-filter scrubber. In particular, one of main odor control facilities; bio-filter scrubber has released a large volume of methyl mercaptan. It also removes 76.8% of ammonia and 26.5% of trimethylamine.

This study was conducted to show the odor emission characteristics between the well maintained environment fundamental facility and the poorly maintained environmental facility. It also draws major components of odor emission based on facilities, stages, and suggest the proper way to reduce the level of odor for insufficient facilities. Insufficient facilities" air direct sensory and air dilution value levels are following: foodwaste ＞ livestock ＞ wastewater ＞ night-soil ＞ sewage. For the sewage and waste water facilities, the common characteristic of odor emission on each fundamental facility showed higher air dilution value in depositing reservoir and concentrator. And sulfur and aldehyde compounds came out to be the major odor causing components. In the case of night-soil and livestock facilities, the air dilution value was high in flow equalization tank and liquid erosion tank. And sulfur as well as ammonia component was the major malodorous substance. Foodwaste facility showed higher air dilution value than other facility, which sulfur and acetaldehyde compounds were acting as major malodorous substances.

This study was performed to obtain the emission characteristics of odor compounds generated from a livestock wastewater treatment process. The sampling of odor compounds was performed twice, on May 9th and June 14th 2006, at 4 and 5 sites in the boundary and source areas, respectively. The odor concentrations obtained from the air dilution sensory test ranged from 10 to 100 in the boundary area. Of the 5 source sites, the odor concentrations found at the pre-treatment building had the highest values, which were 14422 and 20800 for the first and second dates, respectively. To estimate the major odor compounds produced during a live wastewater process, the contributions of 12 odor compounds to the total odor were calculated from the concentration and odor threshold values of each compound. At the pre-treatment building and outlet of the activated carbon tower of the source sites, the contribution of sulfur compounds to the odor was 97%, and at the outlet of the biofilter that of NH₃ was 90%. The order of the contribution to the odor in the boundary area sites was; from highest to lowest: H₂S, C₂H₆S, i-C₅H10O, C₃H₉N, NH₃. The correlation coefficient between the theoretical odor concentration from the odor threshold of 12 odor compounds and that obtained from the air dilution sensory test was 0.73. This result indicated a limit to the correct analysis of the odor concentration obtained from the air dilution sensory test when only 12 odorous compounds at a livestock wastewater treatment process are used. The odor removal efficiency of the deodorization facilities showed that for the activation carbon tower, the odor concentration was reduced to 4% and the contributions of H₂S, C₂H₆S and NH₃, which were estimated to be the major odor compounds, were reduced to 20, 26 and 11%, respectively. With respect to the bio-filter, the removal efficiency of the odor compounds revealed an odor concentration of 0% because the major odor compounds were calculated as negative percentages.

Odor emission effects of unit processes in 10 livestock farms and 3 manure treatment facilities in Y and I cities, Kyonggido, were simulated using puff model after the odor emission rates were measured. 2 degree level of odor intensity and 1 degree level of it were predicted by the puff model in the adjacent area of odor emission source and within the 8km radius range of it, respectively. As real time odor modelling system was operated at specific manure based fertilizer making facility located in Y city, the highest odor concentration was predicted at the entrance of that facility and relatively lower odor intensity was estimated at the place more or less be aparted from the emission sources. The higher odor intensity was evaluated at dawn and evening because the odor was accumulated in case of stable air condition.

Odor emission characteristics of unit processes in 10 livestock farms and 3 manure treatment facilities in Kyonggi province were examined in terms of odorous compound concentration and dilution ratio values of the threshold limit measured by instrumental analysis and air dilution sensory test, respectively. The highest odor concentration was detected at the compositing process unit of each facility and the dilution ratio showed high correlation with the treatment capacity as well as hygiene of the facility. Odor intensities in some facilities showed severe fluctuations (10 to 27 times difference) in response to the wind speed and direction as well as other weather conditions. According to the instrumental analysis, the major odorous compounds in the research area appeared to be ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, trimethyl amine, acetaldehyde and carbonyl compounds. Although some facilities breed same livestock, the types of odorous compounds as well as their concentration profiles were dependent on the type of composting process and management skill. In addition, dilution ratio of the threshold limit did not always show positive correlation with the odorous compound concentrations, which indicates the necessity of applying both methodologies, sensory test, and instrumental analysis.

본 연구는 전국에서 사육되고 있는 돼지 중 전라북도 내에서만 12%(1,151,406 두수)에 달하는 돼지를 사육하고 있으며, 다량의 악취를 배출하고 있는 돼지 사육두수가 많아 지속적으로 주변지역에 악취 영향을 미치고 있다. 특히 돼지는 최소취기감지농도가 낮은 악취물질을 배출함으로써 사람이 느끼는 심리적인 영향이 크고, 대부분 악취대책은 우선순위에서 제외된다. 특히 익산농장, 금오농장, 신촌 농장은 대규모 축사시설로 악취발생의 주요 원인으로 주목되고 있다. 주요 축산시설 익산시 민원 중 가축 분뇨에 대한 민원이 18% 이였으며, 축사 민원이 16%, 분뇨냄새에 대한 민원이 23%로 총 민원의 50% 이상이 축사와 분뇨 냄새에 대한 민원 이였다. 민원은 여름철 6,7,8월 여름철 민원이 많이 차지하고 있었다. 완주군 민원조사에서는 전체 악취 중 축산에 관련된 민원은 33%이상를 차지하고 있었으며, 공업 악취와 같이 가장 많은 비중을 차지하고 있다. 악취 중 왕궁 축산단지 근처 둔산리 악취 민원이 25%, 김제 용지면 근처 혁신도시 민원이 8%로 나타났다. 축사시설 배출원별 복합악취 측정결과는 익산 소규모 2, 익산 중대규모 2, 김제 소규모1, 정읍 중대규모 1 시설이 기준치를 초과 하였다. 특히, 김제 소규모 1은 복합악취 희석배수가 100배로 기준치의 6배를 넘는 수치를 보여주었으며, 배출원별 지정악취 주요 측정결과는 전체 축사시설에서 암모니아, 황화수소, 메틸멀캅탄 모두 부지경계선 지정악취 배출허용 기준을 초과하지 않았다. 메틸멀캅탄의 경우는 모든 지역에서 불검출 되었으나, 규모별로 평가 시 김제시 소규모 축사시설에서 암모니아는 337.4 ppb, 황화수소는 3.7 ppb 로 가장 높은 농도를 보여주었다. 연구결과를 토대로, 주변지역에 미치는 악취 영향권 분석을 수행하여 효율적인 악취저감을 위한 시설관리방안과 악취저감 정책을 제안하여, 지자체에서 축산단지의 효율적인 악취 민원관리를 제시하고자 한다.