The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between white rice consumption and dietary intake, the risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean based on 1st (1998), 4th (2007~2009), 6th (2013) KNHANES. This study included 25,799 subjects who were age 10 or over. Three groups(low, medium, high) were divided according to white rice consumption (per day). In the low group, the meat and oil intake were significantly higher than the high group. In the 1st survey year, the BMI, waist circumstances, hypertriglyceridemia and fasting blood glucose in the high group were higher than other groups, however the 4th and 6th survey year showed no significant results. In the 1st survey year the risk of waist circumstances was higher in the high white rice consumption group and also had high risk with hypertriglyceridemia. Since the lower white rice consumption in 4th than 1st survey year we found no significant results. But in the 6th survey year with the lowest white rice consumption the risk of high diastolic pressure was reduced in high group. Because continuously reduced white rice consumption meantime showed more intake of meat and oil, it can be concluded that defensive effects with the Korean health.

The purpose of this study was to analyze average kimchi intake, general characteristics, frequency of daily meal intake, intakes of vegetables and fruits, and nutrient intakes in four serving size groups based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2012. The results showed an average amount of kimchi intake in subjects of 115.6 g, ranging from 0 g to 605.94 g. For daily meal intake except snacking according to kimchi serving size, all daily meal intakes increased significantly with increasing kimchi serving size (p<0.0001), and tendency of kimchi intake increased with more eating-out. As kimchi serving size increased, total intakes of vegetables and salted vegetables increased significantly (p<0.0001). However, unsalted vegetables intake did not show significant difference. Intake of fruits also increased with increasing kimchi serving size. As the serving size of kimchi increased, intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, sodium, and potassium increased significantly (p<0.0001). For intake of sodium, intakes of all groups exceeded 2,000 mg, which is the recommended level for Koreans. Moreover, the fourth serving size group consumed three times (6,546.35 mg) more sodium than the recommended level.

The purpose of this study was to synthetically examine the relationship between systemic diseases and periodontal diseases. The data obtained from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. SPSS 18.0 for Windows was applied for statistical analysis. The surveyed data were analyzed by using independent sample t-test for the difference between Body Mass Index and clinical test according to the existence of periodontal disease, and X2 test for the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic disease. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used in order to figure out the influence upon the periodontal disease prevalence among general characteristics and systemic diseases. As results, the values of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and HBA1C were statistically significant, depending on the presence of periodontal disease. As for the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic disease, hypertension (odds ratio 1.362, p<.05), cardiovascular disease (odds ratio 2.118, p<.05), arthritis (odds ratio 1.289, p<.05) and cirrhosis (odds ratio 6.124, p<.05) were statistically significant. According to Multiple logistic regression analysis, gender (odds ratio 1.24, p<.05), alcohol intake (odds ratio 1.25, p<.05), cardiovascular diseases (odds ratio 1.56, p<.05), and liver cirrhosis (odds ratio 1.17, p<.05) were related to the prevalence of periodontal diseases. In conclusion, the systemic diseases such as cardiovascular system, diabetes, and liver diseases revealed to have relationship with periodontal disease. To strengthen oral health education is needed to enhance systemic health as well as oral health. Moreover, basic biological research should be followed to support this surveyed study.

한반도 서부인 당진 지역에서 새로이 발견된 제4기 진관단층의 운동 특성과 단층활동 이력에 대한 윤곽을 잡기 위해 몇 개의 단층비지대로 구성된 진관단층의 기하 분석과 단층비지 물질에 대한 ESR 연령측정을 하였다. 진관단층은 정단층으로, N55˚E 주향의 이 단층은 낮은 곳에서는 경사가 57˚NW, 상부로 갈수록 경사가 수직에 가깝게 변화를 보여 주며 리스트릭 단층임을 보여준다. 단층비지대의 두께는 노두 하부의 기반암과 기반암 사이에서 2~3 cm, 중상부의 기반암과 제4기층 사이 경계에서는 20~30 cm 폭으로 보다 두껍다. 후자의 경우에 있어서 3개 이상의 단층비지대가 분리되거나 합쳐지기도 하며, 부분적으로는 서로 중첩되기도 하는데 이는 서로 다른 단층운동 사건들이 있었음을 지시한다. 지질단면도로부터 산출된 단층의 누적 총변위는 약 10 m이며 누적 총변위와 단층의 길이 사이 경험식에 따르면 약 2.5 km의 단층 길이에 해당된다고 할 수 있다. 그러므로 단층의 길이를 제대로 알기 위해 보다 연구가 요구된다. 단층대를 따라 채취한 세 단층암 샘플에 대한 ESR 연령측정 결과, 651±47, 649±96, 436±66ka 등으로 나타났으며 최소 두번의 단층운동이 있었음을 지시한다. 단층면에서 관찰되는 단층조선은 순전한 경사이동만을 지시하며(정단층 운동), 동북동-서남서 주향의 진관단층은 북북서-동남동 방향의 수평 최소 압축응력 환경에서 단층운동이 있었음을 제시한다.

필자는 요시무라 레이 吉村怜의 불교미술에 등장하는 연화화생 도상에 관한 연구를 통하여 불교미술에 등장하는 연꽃 문양은 몇 변화 단계를 거쳐 불·보살·天人(飛天)으로 化生된다는 것을 알게 되었다. 이를 토대로 관련 연구를 계속하면서 아래 사실이 있음을 알게 되었다. <요시무라가 주장한 연화화생 도상은 넓게는 화생 가운데 하나이며 더욱 넓게는 기의 표현 가운데 하나이다. 그리고 이 모든 기의 표현은 조금씩 차이가 나지 만 범세계적으로 전개되었으며 불교미술에 국한하지 않는다. 우리나라의 경우도 불교 전래 이전부터 도도하게 전개되었다. 특히 기(화생 연화화 생 포함)에 등장하는(표현하는) 여러 문양은 단순한 장식 문양으로 그치 지 않는다. 이들은 기(화생 연화화생 포함)를 표현하고 전달하며 상호 同格을 이루고 互換交互하며 連繫된다.> 필자는 위 견해를 1993년 발견 백제금동대향로 해석에 적용시켰다. 본고는 우리나라 신석기시대부터 기의 표현이 이미 존재했다는 것을 알 리고, 더불어 백제금동대향로 제작 특히 연화화생 등 기의 표현도 당시(6 ∼7세기) 이웃나라(특히 중국)의 영향이 아닌 우리나라의 오랜 전통을 따 른 것임을 알릴 목적으로 출발하였다. 이 논문에서 例示한 토기와 청동기에서 보듯 우리나라 신석기시대부터 삼국시대까지 기 화생 연화화생의 표현은 광범위하고 보편적으로 전 개, 전승되었다. 또한 앞애서 주장한 것처럼 기 화생 연화화생 표현 에 등장하는 여러 문양들은 상호 동격을 이루고 호환 交互하며 連繫된 상태를 어김없이 보여준다. 신석기시대 토기에는 주로 點文(점선문) 직선문 (연속)삼각문으로 표현하였고 기타 연화문 화염문 파상문 당초문 등으로 표현하였다. 이들을 통하여 산 태양 연꽃 또는 그 관련 기 화생을 표현하였는데 대 개 간단한 구성이다. 이 가운데 가장 흔한 (연속)삼각문(그 안 직선문 포 함)은 삼국시대에 이르면 분명 山文으로 정착되었다. 그리고 연화문을 나 타낸 웅기 송평동 출토 토기(도2), 연속 삼각문과 유사한 모습의 연화문 을 나타낸 통영 연대도 출토 토기(도7) 등을 통하여 볼 때 신석기시대에 도 蓮華化生山즉 ‘연꽃으로부터 山이 화생되는 표현’도 있음을 알 수 있 다. 이 山文이나 연화화 생산 표현을 계승, 발전시킨 도상 가운데 하나가 백제금동대향로이다. 청동기시대 기 화생 표현은 주토 청동기에 ‘짧고 조밀한 연속 직선 문’ 점문(점선문) 원문圓文(연속)삼각문 파형문巴形文당초문 등으로 나타냈다. 기본 바탕은 신석기시대의 것을 계승하였지만 비교할 수 없을 만큼 정교하고 치밀한 구성이다. 이들은 불교미술 등 후대에 깊 은 영향을 끼쳤다. 삼국시대(가야시대 포함) 토기에 보이는 기 화생 표현은 그 문양 등 에서 보듯 신석기시대 토기(기원전 5000년경∼기원전 2000년경)와 청동 기시대(기원전 2400년경∼기원전 600년경) 청동기로부터 영향을 받은 것 이다. 기 화생 표현은 더욱 다양화되었고 확산되었으며 특히 연화화생 표현은 더욱 보편화되었다. 연속 산문을 위시하여 원문 半圓文당초 문 연화문 인동문 등으로 나타냈으며 역시 철저하게 상호 동격을 이 루고 호환 교호하며 연계된 구성을 보여 준다. 이상을 통하여 우리 선조들의 강역(오늘날 滿洲와 한반도 지역)에서 신석기시대부터 7세기 중엽에 이르기는 시기에 전개된 기 화생 연화 화생 표현은 독자적 영역을 이루며 전승된 것으로 결론 내릴 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary habit and nutritional status by household income in female adults, using data from the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007~2009). Subjects were 8,356 women over the age of 20 years. The subjects were classified into 4 groups by household income level. Dietary data from 24 hr recall methods were used to analyze nutritional status. The obesity rate of the low income group was significantly higher than the rates of other income groups. Additionally, the nutritional status of the low income group was worse than those of other groups. The percentage of carbohydrate in total energy intake was higher and food security status was lower in the low income group than in other groups. Awareness and adherence to dietary guidelines were also lower in the low income group. Adherence to a dietary guideline of ‘avoiding salty foods and trying to eat foods with bland taste’ and ‘eating a variety of foods from each food group’ were lower than those of other groups. However, the frequency of skipping breakfast among the low income group was lower than that of others. Therefore, this study suggested that low income women should decrease the percentage of carbohydrate in total energy intake and adhere to dietary guidelines, especially those of avoiding salty foods and eating a variety of food groups, in order to improve their nutritional status.

中国第5代新领导层决定了积极推动新型城市化战略。在确保18亿亩耕 地红线的同时，为了确保新规划的城市土地面积，必须使农村集體建设用地 转换成城市建设用地。所以，农村土地制度需要进行全面的改革。 但是在中国，土地制度属于国家的基本经济制度。土地制度的改革会使 得中国的政治经济制度以及发展方式，利益结构发生巨大变化。因此，围绕 着具体的改革方式和速度存在着许多不同的意见。在2013年11月开幕的中国 共产党第18届三中全会决定了今后积极推动农村土地制度改革，还提出了改 革的基本方向和原则。 农村土地制度改革的理解程度对于掌握整个中国的经济以及政治社会的 变化非常重要的。本论文为了更好的了解整个中国的经济以及政治社会的变 化，分析考察了现行土地制度的内容和缺陷，到如今为止的改革推进过程和 改革延迟原因，土地制度改革的主要论点，以及18届三中全会《决定》中提 出的土地制度改革方向，改革的预期效果和展望等。

A powder-in-sheath rolling method was applied to a fabrication of a carbon nano tube (CNT) reinforcedaluminum composite. A STS304 tube with an outer diameter of 34 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm was used as asheath material. A mixture of pure aluminum powders and CNTs with the volume contents of 1, 3, 5 vol was filled inthe tube by tap filling and then processed to 73.5% height reduction by a rolling mill. The relative density of the CNT/Al composite fabricated by the powder-in-sheath rolling decreased slightly with increasing of CNTs content, but exhib-ited high value more than 98. The grain size of the aluminum matrix was largely decreased with addition of CNTs; itdecreased from 24 µm to 0.9 µm by the addition of only 1 volCNT. The average hardness of the composites increasedby approximately 3 times with the addition of CNTs, comparing to that of unreinforced pure aluminum. It is concludedthat the powder-in-sheath rolling method is an effective process for fabrication of CNT reinforced Al matrix composites.

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of nutrient intake according to metabolic syndrome in Korean elderly. Data on 1,200 elderly (men 545, women 655) over 65 years was obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010. The subjects were divided into metabolic syndrome (MetS) and normal groups based on NCEP-ATP III guidelines and by applying the Asia-Pacific definition with waist circumference. The prevalence of MetS was 48.9% in all subjects, 35.6% in men and 58.9% in women, respectively. All nutrient intake was significantly lower in MetS than normal subjects, except iron, vitamin A, carotene, and retinol. In the carbohydrate: protein: fat (C:P:F) ratio, MetS showed a higher rate for carbohydrate, but a lower rate for protein and fat than normal. MetS was lower in calcium, vitamin B1, and vitamin C by the nutrient adequacy ratio than normal. Mean adequacy ratio of MetS (0.69) was lower than that of the normal group (0.72). These results demonstrated that undernutrition, not excess intake of specific nutrients - energy, fat, or cholesterol was associated with the risk for MetS in Korean elderly with MetS. Therefore, it is recommended to have a healthy dietary pattern with diverse nutrients for the prevention of MetS.

감귤류의 껍질은 플라보노이드의 중요한 소스 중의 하나로서 동아시아에서 내장 및 염증성 질환을 치료하는 민간 의약품으로서 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 하귤 (C. natsudaidai) 껍질에 포함되어 있는 플라보노이드 성분을 고성능액체크로마토그래피-이중질량분석법 (HPLC-MS/MS)으로 10 개성분을 동정하였다. 플라바논, 플라본 및 쿠마린 유도체는 각각 hesperetin, noviletin 및 coumarin을 사용하여 유효화 하였으며 유효화된 방법으로 정량하였다. 상관계수 (r2)는 > 0.9970으로서 높은 값을 보여주었다. LOD는 >0.01 mg/L이었으며 LOQ는 >0.05 mg/L이었다. 플라보노이드의 총량은 9229.7 ± 0.5 mg/kg 이었다. Naringin의 량이 5010.0 ± 4.5 mg/kg으로 가장 많았으며 sinensetin의 량이 0.6 ± 0.1 mg/kg으로 가장 적었다. 항산화력을 25 μg/mL 에서 500 μg/mL의 농도범위에서 DPPH·, ABTS·+, NO· 소거능 및 FRAP의 항으로 분석하였다. 감귤 플라보노이드의 항산화 능력은 시료의 량이 증가하면 증가함을 알 수 있다.

Cleanroom could be largely classified into industrial cleanroom that can be contaminated by particles and bio-cleanroom that can be contaminated by biological particles. Electrical manufacturing companies producing precision machines and electrical parts essentially have industrial cleanroom facilities and clean technologies to produce defects free products due to particles. Industrial cleanroom should be controlled in respect of 4M1E to prevent from foreign materials of sub-micro unit and to keep out contamination sources from outside. In this paper, a concept for a quantitative methodology to measure the particles from running components was suggested by combining both newly making clean booth such as wear tester and laser particle counter.

The purpose of this study was to provide a practical guide to the proper way of lifting a patient using various types of stretcher that rescue crews use by analyzing the load on the lumbar region. The experiment was conducted with working male and female rescue crews. Having mixed groups of gender complete tasks such as lifting, moving, and unloading a patient using four different types of stretcher, we recorded variations of the lumbar bending angle and calculated the load on the lumbar region using 3D SSPP. The data showed, in terms of the lumbar bending angle, it was greater when only females were involved in the work, and there were very significant differences in the angle depending on the types of stretcher used and body sizes of each subject. In the analysis of the load on the lumbar based on the bending angle, NIOSH was over the recommended limit in certain groups. Utilizing the analysis, it is recommended, in the medium and long term, to improve equipments for rescue personnel and to guide them to the proper way of working.

The research studied the nutritional composition and health effects of the Giwongo with its efficacy in providing nourishment to blood, liver and kidney as well as being an aid to the mental stability. The Giwongo is made by boiling the same amounts of Lycium fructus and Longanae arillus. Giwongo was analyzed to measure proximate nutritional composition, mineral contents, free sugar content and polyphenol compound content. The DPPH scavenging activity and its antioxidative effectiveness were also analyzed. Giwongo was composed of 16.7% water, 4.9% crude protein, 3.7% crude fat, 3.8%, crude ash 70.9% carbohydrate with the content per 100 g of 336.5 kcal. The Giwongo mineral contents were potassium, sodium and calcium in sequence according to contents. Per 100 g Giwongo were found 9.62 g glucose, 4.67 g fructose and 18.00 g sugar. The Giwongo had 60.67% DPPH electron donating ability and 32.19 °Brix. The Giwongo made of Lycium fructus and Longanae arillus had effectiveness of tonify the liver and kidney, nourish blood, and psychologic stability. As such Giwongo may help prevent the symptoms of unbalanced health due to excessive stress and unhealthy diet.

공주 근교의 상수리나무림을 대상으로 단근처리 방법을 적용하여 토양호흡량에 대한 뿌리호흡량의 기여율을 파악하였다. 토양호흡구(control plot)와 미생물호흡구(trenched plot)를 설치하고 2011년 6월부터 2012년 5월까지 IRGA 토양호흡측정기를 사용하여 CO2발생량을 측정하였다. CO2발생량은 하절기에 증가한 후 동절기에 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 토양호흡구와 미생물호흡구의 CO2발생량은 8월에 가장 높았으며, 이때 토양호흡구와 미생물호흡구의 CO2발생량은 각각 1.345, 0.897g CO2 m-2 hr-1로 토양호흡구에 비해 미생물호흡구에서 33.31% 낮게 나타났다(P〈0.05). CO2발생량은 1월에 가장 낮았으며, 이때 토양호흡구와 미생물호흡구에서 각각 0.097, 0.032g CO2 m-2 hr-1로 토양호흡구에 비해 미생물호흡구에서 67.01% 낮게 나타났다(P〈0.01). 연간 CO2발생량은 토양호흡구와 미생물호흡구에서 각각 4.320, 2.834kg CO2 m-2 yr-1로 나타났다. CO2발생량은 토양호흡구와 미생물호흡구에서 토양온도와 높은 상관관계가 있었다. 토양호흡구와 미생물호흡구간의 CO2발생량 차이로 추정한 뿌리호흡량은 토양호흡량 중 약 34.40%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다.