Hydraulic turbines can convert tidal current energy into electric energy, and the addition of a deflector cover to the turbine can improve the efficiency of the turbine's energy harvesting. The angle of the inlet section and the angle of the outlet section of the deflector will further affect the final energy-acquisition efficiency.A threedimensional numerical model for turbine flow field analysis is established, and the RNG k-ε turbulence model is selected by CFD method, and the best angles of inlet section and outlet section are analysed by the method of sliding mesh to obtain the best angle of inlet section and outlet section separately, and then three groups of angles are selected near the best angle of inlet section and outlet section to make orthogonal comparisons. The energy acquisition efficiency of the turbine is calculated at different angles of the inlet and outlet sections of the deflector, and the turbine streamline distribution, velocity and pressure maps are analysed with and without the deflector.The study shows that the deflector can play the role of convergence of the downstream flow, which can improve the efficiency of the turbine energy acquisition, and the maximum energy acquisition efficiency is at the inlet angle of 29° and the outlet angle of 40 °, and the maximum energy acquisition efficiency can be improved by about 32 percent.

본 연구는 신HSK 1·2급에 나온 문법등급과 기출문제와의 연관성을 알아보고, 독 해에 꼭 필요한 술어 부분을 구성하는 품사와 문장성분 등을 대상으로 출현빈도를 조사하여, 효과적인 HSK 대비 회화교재를 편성하는데 그 목적이 있다. K대학 항공 서비스학과 학습자들을 대상으로 회화교재를 기반으로 한 수업에 대한 설문을 진행 하였는데, 학습자들이 ‘단어의 양’에 부담을 느낀다는 것을 알게 되었다. 단어의 양을 줄이고, 학습의 우선순위를 찾기 위해서 신HSK 1·2급에 나온 문법등급과 기출문제 와의 연관성을 대조한다. 그리고 문법포인트의 범위와 출현 빈도, 필수단어의 출현 빈도 등을 제시하여, 신HSK 2급 시험을 대비한 교재 편성에 도움이 되고자 한다.

The small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus, is a major insect pest for the rice plants. SBPH is also a known vector of rice stripe virus (RSV), which causes severe yield losses in rice crops throughout the East Asia. RSV is persistently transmitted by SBPH and can also be transmitted to offspring through transovarial transmission. SBPH is known to migrate from China to the west coast of the Republic of Korea (ROK). The study investigated the impact of temperature on the acquisition and transmission of RSV by SBPH in ROK, which is expected to experience increased migration and emergence of SBPH due to climate change. The results revealed that the acquisition and transmission rates of RSV were higher at 27°C compared to 24°C, with rates of 100% and 78.3%, respectively. However, at 30°C, the acquisition and transmission rates of RSV was decreased. The results suggests that temperature can impact the transmission of RSV by SBPH. To investigate this further, SBPH adults were fed on RSV-infected plants and infection rates were compared across various tissues, including the head, salivary glands, midgut, Malpighian tubules, ovary, and hindgut. Results showed that at 36 hours post-infection, RSV was highly detected in the Malpighian tubules, ovary, and hindgut. At 48 hours post-infection, RSV was also detected in the thorax. These results suggest that the transmission rates of RSV in SBPH increase with temperature between 24-27°C, but decrease at 30°C, indicating that the vectorial capacity of SBPH for RSV decreases above a certain threshold.

본 연구는 방사형 K-공간 획득 기법 중 하나인 JET 기법을 적용하여 어깨관절 자기공명영상 검사에서의 움직임 인공물과 노이즈를 감소 효과를 평가하였다. 2023년 2월 1일부터 3월 31일까지 어깨관절 자기공명영상 검사를 받 은 35명을 대상으로 선정하여 후향적으로 분석하였다. 평가는 JET 기법 적용 여부에 따라 신호 대 노이즈 비, 평균 대 표준편차 비, 움직임 인공물 발생 여부에 대한 영상 평가를 수행하였다. JET 기법을 적용한 그룹에서는 신호 대 노이즈 비, 평균 대 표준편차 비, 움직임 인공물 발생 여부에 대한 영상 평가 값이 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 본 연구를 통해 어깨관절 자기공명영상 검사 시 JET 기법의 도입은 움직임 인공물의 감소뿐만 아니라 신호 대 노이즈 비와 평균 대 표준편차 비가 향상된 영상을 얻을 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 JET 기법이 어깨관절 영상 취득에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 더 나아가 다양한 부위에 적용되는데 있어 서도 기여할 수 있을것으로 예상된다.

In this research, a new Test and Evaluation (T&E) procedure for defense AI systems is proposed to fill the existing gap in established methodologies. This proposed concept incorporates a data-based performance evaluation, allowing for independent assessment of AI model efficacy. It then follows with an on-site T&E using the actual AI system. The performance evaluation approach adopts the project promotion framework from the defense acquisition system, outlining 10 steps for R&D projects and 9 steps for procurement projects. This procedure was crafted after examining AI system testing standards and guidelines from both domestic and international civilian sectors. The validity of each step in the procedure was confirmed using real-world data. This study's findings aim to offer insightful guidance in defense T&E, particularly in developing robust T&E procedures for defense AI systems.

이 연구는 해외의 복수국적 제도를 살펴보고 한국의 제도와 비교해 보 며, 한국의 복수국적제도의 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 지난 20년 사이, 전 세계에서 복수국적의 취득이 점점 더 많이 허용되고 있음에도 불구하 고 한국은 여전히 다중국적 취득을 부정적으로 생각한다. 이는 하나의 국적을 가진 일반인들에게 상실감과 역차별 논의를 제공할 수 있기 때문 이다. 그러나 이제 전통적인 국가의 개념이 약화된 만큼, 편리한 삶을 위 해 다국적 제도의 선택적 기능을 활용할 필요가 있다. 복수국적 취득 제 한은 정체성의 형성 과정 및 표현과 생활 영역 선택 등을 제한하여 물리 적인 거주·이전의 자유와 행복추구권에 대한 제한이 되며, 국적 보유의 자유에 대한 제한이 된다. 재외동포단체들은 국내 체류 동포를 국적으로 구분하지 말고 한국 사회의 주요 구성원으로 수용해 주기를 희망하였다. 이에 본 연구자는 현재 허용되고 있는 복수국적자의 연령을 하향하여 경 제활동 인구 증가 등 국가에 이익이 되는 정책을 제안하였다. 또한 설문 을 통해 차세대의 국민됨의 인식이 ‘국적’ 자체보다는 사회·정서적 교감 을 더 중요시한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이 결과는 미래세대의 인식 변 화에 맞게 국적 제도도 변화가 필요하다는 것을 의미하는 것이다.

Silicon (Si) has the potential to improve plant growth and stress tolerance. The study aimed to explore Si-involving plant responses and molecular characterization of different Si-responsive genes in alfalfa. In this study, the exogenous supplementation of Si enhanced plant growth, and biomass yield. Si-acquisition in alfalfa root and shoot was higher in Si-supplemented compared to silicon deficient (-Si) plants, implying Si-acquisition has beneficial on alfalfa plants. As a consequence, the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was significantly increased in silicon-sufficient (+Si) plants. The quantitative gene expression analysis exhibited a significant upregulation of the Lsi1, Lsi2, Lsi3, NIP5;1, and NIP6;1 genes in alfalfa roots, while BOR1, BOR4, NIP2, and NIP3 showed no significant variation in their expression. The MEME results further noticed the association of four motifs related to the major intrinsic protein (MIP). The interaction analysis revealed that NIP5;1 and Lsi1 showed a shared gene network with NIP2, BOR1, and BOR4, and Lsi2, Lsi3 and NIP3-1, respectively. These results suggest that members of the major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) family especially Lsi1, Lsi2, Lsi3, NIP5;1, and NIP6;1 genes helped to pass water and other neutral solutes through the cell membrane and those played significant roles in Si uptake and transport in plants. Together, these insights might be useful for alfalfa breeding and genome editing approaches for alfalfa improvement.

This study investigates how native Korean speakers, who moved from Kyungsang province to Seoul, acquire /w/ retainment in Seoul Korean (SK). The specific objective is to examine how mobile speakers adopt the SK-like /w/ retainment and evaluate how linguistic and non-linguistic factors influence this acquisition. Furthermore, the study aims to establish whether having explicit awareness of the SK-like /w/ retainment is a prerequisite for acquiring it. The overall results suggest that most speakers have successfully adopted the SK-like /w/ retention, but there is noticeable diversity among speakers in terms of the extent to which they retain /w/. This variability can be linked to linguistic and non-linguistic factors, such as where /w/ appears in speech and individual attitudes towards SK. This research sheds light on the acquisition of /w/ retainment among native Korean speakers who have relocated from Kyungsang province to Seoul, highlighting the impact of linguistic and non-linguistic factors. It underscores the role of explicit awareness and reveals significant interspeaker variation in the adoption of SK-like /w/ retainment, contributing to our understanding of dialect acquisition dynamics.

This article conducts a multidimensional quantitative data analysis of writing scores and related variables such as word frequency, stroke number, and the number of components in the corpus of Chinese character acquisition of primary Chinese learners from non-Chinese culture circles, and then analyzes the cognitive characteristics and rules of Chinese character acquisition reflected in the data from the perspective of cognitive psychology. Data analysis shows that there are “stroke number effect” and “component number effect” when learners write Chinese characters, and the influence of the stroke number and component number on writing depends on the level of Chinese characters in the whole book frequency, and the dividing line is about 200. From the perspective of cognitive rule, frequency, stroke number and component number affect the whole process of perception, memory and extraction of Chinese characters. There are differences in the recognition methods of Chinese characters with different frequencies when writing. Learners use compressed and holistic recognition for high-frequency words (frequency>200), while partial and feature recognition for medium and low-frequency words (frequency≤200), and the basic units of feature recognition are strokes and components.The score of wrongly used characters is not significantly correlated with frequency, strokes and components, and the cognitive rules reflected by wrongly used characters need further study.

This study investigated the effects of processing three types of texts, namely expository texts, narrative texts, and a combination of both known as twin texts, on incidental vocabulary acquisition and retention in L2 learners. College freshmen (N = 109), who were lower to upper intermediate learners of English, were assigned into a control group and three experimental groups representing different reading conditions. Over a period of seven weeks, the experimental groups engaged in two reading sessions to read their assigned texts accompanied by output tasks and input enhancement. The participants’ receptive and productive vocabulary gains were measured with an immediate posttest and a delayed posttest to assess retention. Results revealed significant impacts of text genres on L2 incidental vocabulary learning and retention. Processing twin texts and expository texts yielded significantly greater vocabulary gains than processing narrative texts alone. These effects might be due to different processing mechanisms required for texts structured in distinct ways. Expository texts are informative and explanatory in nature, providing explicit and contextually rich information for word comprehension and retention.

국내의 공공공사는 국가･지방자치단체･정부 기관이 건축주가 되어 시행하거 나 지방자치단체의 보조로 시행하는 공공 토목건축 공사를 말한다. 이러한 공 공공사는 ｢국가를 당사자로 하는 계약에 관한 법률｣로써 계약에 관한 기본적 인 사항을 정하여 원활한 계약업무를 수행할 수 있도록 하고 있다. 한편 공공 공사 수행을 위해서는 용지가 필요한 바 ｢공익사업을 위한 토지 등의 취득 및 보상에 관한 법률｣에 공사용지 확보는 사업시행자가 하도록 명시하고 있고, 공 사계약일반조건에서도 공사용지 확보와 관련하여 발주기관은 계약상대자가 공사의 수행에 필요로 하는 날까지 공사용지를 확보하여 계약상대자에게 인도 하도록 규정하고 있다 그러나 실제 고속도로 공사현장에서는 공사용지 확보가 공사수행을 위해 필요 한 날까지 제대로 이루어지지 않는 경우가 많아 준공기한 준수를 위해 돌관공 사가 빈번하게 이루어지는 등 현실적인 어려움이 자주 발생하고 있다. 따라서, 본고에서는 관계법령 및 공사계약일반조건에서 규정한 공사용지 확보 관련규정에 대한 문제점을 제시하고 이에 대한 개선안을 제시함으로써 향후 공공공사를 시행함에 있어 공사용지 확보와 관련하여 발주기관 및 계약상대자 가 겪는 어려움을 해소하는데 일조하고자 한다.

병렬영상기법인 SENSE 기법은 슬관절 자기공명영상의 검사 시간을 획기적으로 단축할 수 있다. 그러나 기법 적용 시 SENSE factor를 증가시키면 영상에 인공물의 발생이 증가하는 문제점이 있어 개선을 위해 본 연구에서는 최소의 시간이 소요되면서 인공물이 발생하지 않는 최적의 SENSE factor를 제시하고자 하였다. 연구 방법은 SENSE factor 1.0을 기준 으로 0.5 간격씩 5.0까지 변화시켜 팬텀 실험과 임상실험을 시행하였다. 3.0T 초전도 자기공명영상장치와 dS Knee 코일 을 사용하여 T1, T2 강조영상을 획득하였으며, 영상의 비교평가는 임상 경력 10년 이상의 방사선사 10명이 5점 척도로 평가한 후, 일원배치 분산분석과 사후분석을 통해 유의한 차이가 있는지 판단하였다. 연구 결과 팬텀 실험은 T1, T2 강조 영상 모두 SENSE factor를 1.5 이하로 하였을 때 기준 영상과 차이가 없었으며, 임상실험은 SENSE factor를 2.0 이하로 하였을 때 기준 영상과 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 슬관절 자기공명영상 시 검사 시간을 단축하면서 인공물이 발생하지 않는 최적의 SENSE factor는 팬텀 실험의 경우 1.5, 임상실험의 경우 2.0이 적정하리라 사료된다.

The advent of CLT in the 1980s led to the CLT-SLA debate which continued unabated for the last forty years. This paper asks, Does the now dominant Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) promote Second Language Acquisition (SLA)? In addressing this question, the paper first reviews and explains the social academic history of CLT; different versions of CLT (strong, weak); how CLT operates; its relationship to SLA, such as perceptions of SLA that have contributed to the development of CLT pedagogy (communicative competence, input, output, interaction hypothesis); and techniques used in CLT. Next, it deliberates on the most controversial issues of the CLT-SLA debate, including language forms, corrective feedback, teachers' perceptions of and approaches to CLT, and classroom conditions, followed by a discussion of the ease/difficulty of implementing CLT. It concludes with a discussion of how teachers can best practice CLT in their classrooms.

KINAC is trying to build a comprehensive aerial view of the nuclear material balance to predict North Korea’s weapons-grade nuclear material production capacity. We are creating a visualization model for North Korea’s nuclear facilities as part of these efforts. However, information on North Korea’s nuclear facilities is scarce, and it is not easy to consider additional facilities other than those already known. In addition, in the case of a model that targets only exceptional situations, it is not easy to secure objectivity for model validation, so it is necessary to upgrade to a general-purpose analysis tool that can be applied more generally. The following two examples are proposed as an analysis tool that can be a high degree of analysis. The first case is an Acquisition Path Analysis (APA) utilized to introduce IAEA’s State-Level Approach (SLA). The acquisition path analysis aims to find and evaluate the technically possible pathways to obtain nuclear materials for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive development. It can be an acquisition route if it is possible to produce at least 1 Significant Quantity (SQ) of weapongrade nuclear material within five years. The assessment of technologically feasible pathways is based on available information about the country’s past and present nuclear cycle capabilities. The second is the IAEA Physical Model. The IAEA Physical Model was carried out to introduce a comprehensive approach to all information on a country’s nuclear activities. It describes and characterizes the technologies and processes expressed at all levels of the acquisition path, depending on the development objectives. The IAEA Physical Model attempts a multi-tiered acquisition path analysis to identify all known technologies and processes in the nuclear fuel cycle, from raw material production to weapon usable material acquisition. Based on this analysis, the IAEA evaluates the signs of nuclear proliferation in a specific country. Based on the two cases discussed above, we intend to derive the following implications and priorities for extending the existing nuclear cycle model to a more general-purpose for a specific country. First of all, the requirements necessary to evaluate nuclear non-proliferation or verification of denuclearization must be at a level that the international community can recognize. In the stage of actual denuclearization verification, since verification will be conducted through the IAEA, a corresponding level of tools and technology will be required. From this point of view, the following is presented as a prerequisite for adding versatility to the existing physical model: It is necessary to derive all processes related to the nuclear cycle and standardize relevant indicators and data. In order to determine the signs of nuclear activity, detailed information on technologies, materials, by-products, and wastes, which are essential for each process, is required. For denuclearization verification, cumulative information from the past to the time point is required, and a comparative analysis of the operation history information of all facilities and the amount of nuclear material is required. To this end, it is necessary to make it possible to trace the history at every point where it can be determined that nuclear material has been diverted so that missing nuclear material can be found. Based on this, it is expected that it can be possible to evaluate a hypothetical threat state, but it is also expected that it will be easy to verify the model through the evaluation of easily accessible domestic facilities.