In recent times, there has been a significant demand for supercapacitors in energy storage applications due to their rapid charging– discharging capabilities, high power density, and excellent stability. Nevertheless, the synthesis of electrode materials with a substantial surface area, exceptionally high porosity, and superior electrochemical performance is still challenging. Activated carbons with a distinctive porous structure and exceptional electrochemical properties emerged as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. In this study, we used a porous activated carbon (PAC) derived from petroleum coke followed by KOH activation as an efficient anodic electrode material. The ultra-high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 2105.6 m2 g− 1 with stacked layers of carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional hexagonal structure makes the PAC an efficient candidate for a supercapacitor electrode. The PAC delivers a specific capacitance of 470 F g− 1 at a current density of 0.5 A g− 1 over a potential window of 0 to −1 V. The excellent cycling stability in a three-electrode setup with a capacitance retention of ⁓98% even at a high current density of 10 A g− 1 makes the PAC a potential anodic electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor applications.

Zirconium(Zr) alloys are commonly used in the nuclear industry for applications such as fuel cladding and pressure tubes. To minimize the levels and volumes of radioactive waste, molten salts have been employed for decontaminating Zr alloys. Recently, a two-step Zr metal recovery process, combining electrolysis and thermal decomposition, has been proposed. In the electrolysis process, potentiostatic electrorefining is utilized to control the chemical form of electrodeposits(ZrCl). Although Zr metals are expected to dissolve into molten salts, reductive alloy elements can also be co-dissolved and deposited on the cathode. Therefore, a better understanding of the anodic side’s response during potentiostatic electrorefining is necessary to ensure the purity of recovered Zr and long-term process operation. As the first step, potentiodynamic polarization curves were obtained using Zr, Nb, and Zr-Nb alloy to investigate the anodic dissolution behavior in the molten salts. Nb, which has a redox potential close to Zr, and Zr exhibit active or passivation dissolution mechanisms depending on the potential range. It was confirmed that Zr-Nb alloy also has a passivation region between -0.223 to -0.092 V influenced by the major elements Zr and Nb. Secondly, active dissolution of Zr-Nb was performed in the range of -0.9 to -0.6 V. The dissolution mechanism can be explained by percolation theory, which is consistent with the observed microstructure of the alloy. Thirdly, passivation dissolution of Zr, Nb, and Zr-Nb alloy was investigated to identify the pure passivation products and additional products in the Zr-Nb alloy case. K2ZrCl6 and K3NbCl6 were identified as the pure passivation products of the major elements. In the Zr-Nb alloy case, additional products, such as Nb and NbZr, produced by the redox reaction of nanoparticles in the high viscous salt layer near the anode, were also confirmed. The anodic dissolution mechanism of Zr-Nb alloy can be summarized as follows. During active dissolution, only Zr metal dissolves into molten salts by percolation. Above the solubility near the anode, passivation products begin to form. The anode potential increases due to the disturbance of passivation products on ion flow, leading to co-dissolution of Nb. When the concentration of Nb ion exceeds the solubility, a passivation product of Nb also forms. In this scenario, a high viscous salt layer is formed, which traps nanoparticles of Zr metal, resulting in redox behavior between Zr metal and Nb ion. Some nanoparticles of Zr and Nb metal are also present in the form of NbZr.

In this paper, we report graphene composite membranes prepared by transfer of a layer of chemical vapor deposition graphene onto porous anodic alumina (AA) substrates with nominal pore size 20 and 30 nm, referred as 20AA and 30AA. The coated and uncoated substrates were characterized using optical and electron microscopy techniques. The bare substrates exhibited a smooth surfaces with a well-organized array of hexagonal pores, displaying an average pore size of 17 ± 3 (20AA) and 23 ± 3 nm (30AA). The scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses confirmed the successful transfer of graphene layer onto the target substrates. The molecular transport study was performed by introducing 0.5 M potassium chloride (KCl) and deionized water in a Side-bi-Side Franz diffusion cell. The graphene/20AA specimen blocked 66% ions transport, and graphene/30AA membrane about 64%. The ions blockage exceeded 90%, near the characteristics of defectfree graphene when the defects of the transferred graphene were sealed with Nylon 6,6. The results of this study suggest the potential use of graphene on AA substrates for water desalination and gas purification applications.

Salt, as food, is the most essential element for human survival due to its significant physiological functions. Here, we report the simultaneous detection of Pb and Cd in sea salt by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Stripping voltammetric measurements were conducted using a manufactured rotating disk electrode system (MRDES). The detection limit was 3.6±0.18 µgL− 1 for Pb and 3.9±0.37 µgL− 1 Cd in NaCl solution. When the pH increased from 5.5 to 8.5, the peak currents of Pb and Cd decreased. At a pH of 8.3, the ratio of the current drop compared with that at a pH of 5.5 was 0.6 for Pb and 0.73 for Cd. The concentrations corrected by the current drop are in agreement with the concentrations obtained with ICP (inductively coupled plasma). This system demonstrates the reliable detection of heavy metals in aqueous media and, at a high Na + concentration, the successful application for the determination of Pb and Cd in sea salts.

Salt, as food, is the most essential element for human survival due to its significant physiological functions. Here, we report the simultaneous detection of Pb and Cd in sea salt by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Stripping voltammetric measurements were conducted using a manufactured rotating disk electrode system (MRDES). The detection limit was 3.6±0.18 μgL−1 for Pb and 3.9±0.37 μgL−1 Cd in NaCl solution. When the pH increased from 5.5 to 8.5, the peak currents of Pb and Cd decreased. At a pH of 8.3, the ratio of the current drop compared with that at a pH of 5.5 was 0.6 for Pb and 0.73 for Cd. The concentrations corrected by the current drop are in agreement with the concentrations obtained with ICP (inductively coupled plasma). This system demonstrates the reliable detection of heavy metals in aqueous media and, at a high Na + concentration, the successful application for the determination of Pb and Cd in sea salts.

분리막(Separation membrane)을 이용하여 기체 또는 액체상태로 존재하는 분자들을 선택적으로 분리하는 기술은 화학, 생물, 제약, 석유화학 등의 산업에서 매우 다양하게 응용되고 있으며 산업적으로 매우 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) 막은 nanochannel의 직경, nanochannel 간의 거리 및 원통형 nanochannel의 길이 등을 정밀하게 조절 할 수 있어 AAO 막을 이용하여 혼합분자를 효과적으로 분리하려는 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 양 말단이 열려있어 through-hole 구조로 다양한 직경의 nanochannel을 가지는 AAO 막을 제작하였으며, 이것을 이용하여 용매에 녹아 있는 고분자 사슬의 수력학적 부피에 따른 선택적 투과를 관찰하였다. Nanochannel을 투과한 고분자 사슬의 회전반지름과 nanochannel의 직경 사이에 정량적인 관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 AAO 막의 nanochannel을 흐르는 고분자 용액의 유동 률(flow rate)이 Hagen-Poiseuille 관계식으로 정확하게 설명될 수 있음을 확인하여 AAO 내에 존재하는 원통형태의 nanochannel 내에서 흐르는 용액의 나노흐름(nanoflow)에 대한 이론적 해석이 가능함을 증명하였다.

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) has been widely used for the development and fabrication of nano-powder with various morphologies such as particle, wire, rod, and tube. So far, many researchers have reported about shape control and fabrication of AAO films. However, they have reported on the shape control with different diameter and length of anodic aluminum oxide mainly. We present a combined mild-hard (or hard-mild) anodization to prepare shape-controlled AAO films. Two main parameters which are combination mild-hard (or hard-mild) anodization and run-time of voltage control are applied in this work. The voltages of mild and hard anodization are respectively 40 and 80 V. Anodization was conducted on the aluminum sheet in 0.3 mole oxalic acid at 4oC. AAO films with morphologies of varying interpore distance, branch-shaped pore, diameter-modulated pore and long funnel-shaped pore were fabricated. Those shapes will be able to apply to fabricate novel nano-materials with potential application which is especially a support to prevent volume expansion of inserted active materials, such as metal silicon or tin powder, in lithium ion battery. The silicon powder electrode using an AAO as a support shows outstanding cycle performance as 1003 mAh/g up to 200 cycles.

Vertically oriented nickel nanowire arrays with a different diameter and length are synthesized in porous anodic aluminium oxide templates by an electrodeposition method. The pore diameters of the templates are adjusted by controlling the anodization conditions and then they are utilized as templates to grow nickel nanowire arrays. The nickel nanowires have the average diameters of approximately 25 and 260 nm and the crystal structure, morphology and microstructure of the nanowires are systematically investigated using XRD, FE-SEM and TEM analysis. The nickel nanowire arrays show a magnetic anisotropy with the easy axis parallel to the nanowires and the coercivity and remanence enhance with decreasing a wire diameter and increasing a wire length.

Single crystalline Cu nanowires with controlled diameters and aspect ratios have been synthesized using electrochemical deposition within confined nanochannels of a porous anodic aluminium oxide(AAO) template. The diameters of nano-sized cylindrical pores in AAO template were adjusted by controlling the anodization conditions. Cu nanowires with diameters of approximately 38, 99, 274 nm were synthesized by the electrodeposition using the AAO templates. The crystal structure, morphology and microstructure of the Cu nanowires were systematically investigated using XRD, FE-SEM, TEM and SAED. Investigation results revealed that the Cu nanowires had the controlled diameter, high aspect ratio and single crystalline nature.

To compare the photocatalytic performances of titania for purification of waste water according to applied voltages and doping, TiO2 films were prepared in a 1.0 M H2SO4 solution containing NH4F at different anodic voltages. Chemical bonding states of F-N-codoped TiO2 were analyzed using surface X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activity of the co-doped TiO2 films was analyzed by the degradation of aniline blue solution. Nanotubes were formed with thicknesses of 200-300 nm for the films anodized at 30 V, but porous morphology was generated with pores of 1-2 μm for the TiO2 anodized at 180 V. The phenomenon of spark discharge was initiated at about 98 V due to the breakdown of the oxide films in both solutions. XPS analysis revealed the spectra of F1s at 684.3 eV and N1s at 399.8 eV for the TiO2 anodized in the H2SO4-NH4F solution at 180 V, suggesting the incorporation of F and N species during anodization. Dye removal rates for the pure TiO2 anodized at 30 V and 180 V were found to be 14.0% and 38.9%, respectively, in the photocatalytic degradation test of the aniline blue solution for 200 min irradiation; the rates for the F-N-codoped TiO2 anodized at 30 V and 180 V were found to be 21.2% and 65.6%, respectively. From the results of diffuse reflectance absorption spectroscopy (DRS), it was found that the absorption edge of the F-N-codoped TiO2 films shifted toward the visible light region up to 412 nm, indicating that the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 is improved by appropriate doping of F and N by the addition of NH4F.

Recently, nanotubes have considerably researched because of their novel application about photocatalysis, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), lithium ion battery, etc. In this work, self-standing nanotube arrays were fabricated by anodic oxidation method using pure Ti foil as a working electrode in ethylene glycole with 0.3M + . Growth behavior of nanotube arrays was compared according to temperature, voltage and time. The morphology, structure and crystalline of anodized nanotube arrays were observed by FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscope) and XRD (X-ray diffraction).

Ni nanowires were fabricated using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane as a template by electrochemical deposition. The nanowires were formed within the walls of AAO template with 200 nm in pore diameter. After researching proper voltage and temperature for electrochemical deposition, the length of Ni nanowires was controlled by deposition time and the supply of electrolyte. The morphology and microstructure of Ni nanowires were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SE), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM).

A nano-porous structure of tin oxide was prepared using an anodic oxidation process and the sample's electrochemical properties were evaluated for application as an anode in a rechargeable lithium battery. Microscopic images of the as-anodized sample indicated that it has a nano-porous structure with an average pore size of several tens of nanometers and a pore wall size of about 10 nanometers; the structural/compositional analyses proved that it is amorphous stannous oxide (SnO). The powder form of the as-anodized specimen was satisfactorily lithiated and delithiated as the anode in a lithium battery. Furthermore, it showed high initial reversible capacity and superior rate performance when compared to previous fabrication attempts. Its excellent electrode performance is probably due to the effective alleviation of strain arising from a cycling-induced large volume change and the short diffusion length of lithium through the nano-structured sample. To further enhance the rate performance, the attempt was made to create porous tin oxide film on copper substrate by anodizing the electrodeposited tin. Nevertheless, the full anodization of tin film on a copper substrate led to the mechanical disintegration of the anodic tin oxide, due most likely to the vigorous gas evolution and the surface oxidation of copper substrate. The adhesion of anodic tin oxide to the substrate, together with the initial reversibility and cycling stability, needs to be further improved for its application to high-power electrode materials in lithium batteries.

Self-standing TiO2 nanotube arrays were fabricated by potentiostatic anodic oxidation method using pure Ti foil as a working electrode and ethylene glycol solution as electrolytes with small addition of NH4F and H2O. The influences of anodization temperature and time on the morphology and formation of TiO2 nanotube arrays were investigated. The fabricated TiO2 nanotube arrays were applied as a photoelectrode to dye-sensitized solar cells. Regardless of anodizing temperature and time, the average diameter and wall thickness of TiO2 nanotube show a similar value, whereas the thickness show a different trend with reaction temperature. The thickness of TiO2 nanotube arrays anodized at 20℃ and 30℃ was time-dependent, but on the other hand its at 10℃ are independent of anodization time. The conversion efficiency is low, which is due to a morphology breaking of the TiO2 nanotube arrays in manufacturing process of photoelectrode.

Aluminum was anodized in a H2SO4 solution, and titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) was electrodeposited into nanopores of anodic porous alumina in a mixed solution of TiOSO4 and (COOH)2. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared film was analyzed for photodegradation of methylene blue aqueous solution. Consequently, we found it was possible to electrodeposit TiO2 onto anodic porous alumina, and synthesized it into the nanopores by hydrolysis of a titanium complex ion under AC 8-9 V when film thickness was about 15-20μm. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2-loaded anodic porous alumina (TiO2/Al2O3) at an impressed voltage of 9 V was the highest in every condition, being about 12 times as high as sol-gel TiO2 on anodic porous alumina. The results revealed that anodic porous alumina is effective as a substrate for photocatalytic film and that high-activity TiO2 film can be prepared at low cost.

본 연구에서는 산성전리수의 일반적인 생물학적 특성을 간략히 살펴보았다. 직선형 DNA를 산성전리수에서 4˚C와 25˚C에서 약 10분간 반응시킨 결과 각각 40%와 50%의 DNA가 분해되었다. 그러나 산성전리수를 사용한 고온에서의 DNA 증폭반응 실험에서 DNA 분해없이 정상적으로 DNA증폭반응이 일어났다. 산성전리수가 단백질의 안정도에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 증류수에서는 총 7일 동안의 반응시간동안 단백질의 분해가