The objective of this study was to investigate changes in the cyanogenic glycoside (CN-Glc) content of apricot and plum chungs over the sugaring-ripening period and to evaluate their quality characteristics. The whole and flesh parts of the apricot and plum were mixed with sugar to a mixing ratio of 1:1 (w/w) to prepare their chungs, after which the fruit-sugar mixtures were stored for 13 months. The CN-Glc content dramatically increased within 3-4 months, reached the maximum, and gradually decreased over storage by 13 months. The apricot and plum chungs with seeds exhibited much higher CN-Glc contents than those without seeds. All chungs stored for 10 months were filtrated and treated for 30 min at 85oC to measure their quality characteristics. Similar soluble solid contents (53.4- 53.6oBx) were found in all chungs. The apricot and plum chungs without seeds exhibited the higher concentrations of total carbohydrate, organic acid, and total polyphenolic compounds than those with seeds. In addition, the color of the apricot and plum chungs without seeds was darker and deeper yellow than those with seeds. Overall, the apricot and plum flesh may be better for producing the stone fruit chungs with minimal CN-Glc content and better nutrition.

Carbon materials with tailorable structures and superior properties have great potential applications in environmental protection, energy conversion, and catalysis. Plant biomass as abundant and green non-toxic raw materials has been considered as good precursors for synthesizing heteroatom-doped carbon materials. However, few studies have been reported on the different natures of carbon materials derived from different parts of the same plant biomass. In this study, we prepared carbon materials from the petioles and blades of apricot leaves by direct pyrolysis without additives. Detailed characterizations indicate that these two carbon materials are similar in element composition and graphitization degree, but differ greatly in surface area and pore volume. These differences can be attributed to the different contents of inorganic salts, vascular bundles, and proteins in petioles and blades. When used as catalysts for the oxidation of ethylbenzene, the petiole-derived carbon shows better catalytic performance than the blades derived carbon due to its high surface area, large average pore size, and doped nitrogen atoms. Furthermore, the carbon catalysts derived from the petioles and blades of poplar leaves and parasol tree leaves show the same difference in catalytic reaction, implying that the above-mentioned conclusion is rather universal, which can provide reference for the synthesis of carbon materials from leaves.

The Eurytoma maslovskii conduces the unexpected plum dropping. It stayed overwinter inside the pits of the dropped plums and able to oviposit on plum surface when the diameter of the plums are over 16 mm prior to endocarp hardening. To control this harmful pests is too much essential to plum orchard. Therefore, the plum seed crusher (PSC) was designed and developed according to the purpose of perishing the pests through destroying the dropped plums. The rocks and the weeds were removed from the plum orchard prior to the test. Manually operated plum seed crusher picked-up the dropped plums from the ground and crushed them. The performance of PSC was evaluated by applying 2.5 and 3.0 km/h travelling speeds, and controlling the gaps; 18, and 28 mm intervals between plum pick-up discs. The test result showed the plum pick-up rate was 98±2.0%, and 92±5.3% with the machine travelling speed of 3.0 km/h in laboratory. Further, it changed to 95±8.7%, and 93±5.8% when the travelling speed was used 2.5 km/h. In both cases of test plum pick-up discs were maintained 18 mm, and 28 mm gap intervals, respectively. Furthermore, in field conditions, pursuing to similar gap intervals, the plum pick-up rate was 94±4.0%, and 92±2.0% with the speed of 3.0 km/h albeit it showed 92±4.0%, and 90±3.5% when the speed was decreased to 2.5 km/h. The maximum plum pick-up rate was found at 18 mm disc intervals with 3.0 km/h travelling speeds. The crushing teeth were selected 8 mm in height by repeated test to destroy the plum seeds. The result showed 100% crushing efficiency was facilitated to entire tests at 280 RPM crushing speeds regardless of plum sizes and shapes. This machine is preferred for the farmers to control the damage of plums by preventing the propagation of the identified pests.

Grapholita molesta (Busck) is a major pest of stone fruits. Immature fruits of apricot and plum are well known food source during early summer for G. molesta, but those immature fruits have rarely been evaluated. Thus, we assessed biological and behavioral attributes of G. molesta when provided with immature fruits of apricot and plum in laboratory. The initial response rate (when larva reached to the center from release point in Y-tube olfactometer) of first instar was not different between apricot (70.0%) and plum (60.0%) of which sugar content was more on plum (5.92 brix in apricot and 7.30 brix in plum). However, pupal weight was less in apricot (7.5 mg) than in plum (11.4 mg), and this might be affected by difference in hardness of the fruits (17.2 N on apricot and 13.3 N on plum). The preoviposition period was also longer in apricot (6.3 d) than plum (3.6 d), and fecundity was lower on apricot (64.5) than on plum (135.0). Therefore immature plum fruit would be better food source for G. molesta than apricot during early summer.

매실에서 복숭아씨살이좀벌에 대한 친환경 방제법 개발을 위해 2년 동안 수행하였다. 낙과된 매실 핵을 수거하여 보관 장소를 달리하였는데, 장마전에 수거해서 노지에 방치한 경우는 10.7%가 월동하여 모두 성충이 되었다. 수거한 매실 핵을 온실에 보관하다 10월에 노지에 방치한 경우에는 23.3%가 월동하였고, 이 중 77.1%가 성충이 되었다. 그러나 수거 당시부터 이듬해 3월까지 온실에 보관한 경우는 월동률이 42.4%로 매우 높았지만 단지 3.1%만이 우화에 성공하였다. 피해 매실 핵에서 발생한 곰팡이균 Fusarium sp., Geotrichum candidum 2종을 동정하였는데, 매실 핵이 빨리 부식된 경우에는 유충이 핵내에서 곰팡이에 감염되거나 물이 스며들어 사망하였다. 곰팡이 종류는 Fusarium sp.이 더 효과적이 었고, 피복작물로 헤어리베치를 재배하면 더욱 부식이 빨라 핵의 무게와 경도가 낮아져 유충의 월동을 제한하였다. 한편 품종별 피해과율은 옥영품종이 88%로 가장 높았고, 천매품종은 피해가 없어 단일품종보다는 여러 품종을 섞어 재배하는 것이 필요하였다.

복숭아씨살이좀벌(Eurytoma maslovskii)에 의한 전남지역 매실 낙과피해는 해안지역인 완도, 신안, 여수, 무안을 제외한 전 지역에 발생하였고 평균 피해과율은 2013년 67%, 2014년 33.3%였다. 이 씨살이좀벌은 매실 씨방에서 노숙유충으로 월동을 하는데 7, 8월의 장마철을 지나며 생존율이 30% 내외가 되었다. 알은 길이 0.68 mm, 폭 0.29 mm의 유백색이며 장타원형으로 양 끝부분에 실모양의 돌기를 붙이고 있다. 다 자란 노숙유충은 길이 6.56 mm, 폭 3.18 mm이다. 번데기는 검정색 나용이고, 성충은 암 6.97 mm, 수 4.90 mm이고 암컷의 산란관 길이는 0.64 mm였다. 성충 우화시기는 4월 상순(매실 직경 4 mm)~5월 상순(17 mm)이고, 우화 최성기는 4월 중순이었다. 성충의 평균수명은 13.5일이고, 암수 성비는 45.9 : 54.1이다. 과일당 평균 산란수는 1개 61.5%, 2개 30.8%이고 최대 4개까지 산란하였지만 동종포식에 의해 최종적으로 1마리의 유충만 서식한다. 성충의 매실에 산란시기는 4월 하순(직경 12~16 mm)이며 그 후에는 씨방벽이 딱딱하게 경화되어 유충이 씨방으로 침투가 어려워진다. 따라서 성충의 산란을 예방하기 위한 방제적기는 4월 중순부터 5일 간격으로 2~3회 적용약제를 살포하는 것이다.

To increase the fruit quality and productivity of the apricot, 2 species of insects, Apis mellifer, and Bombus terrestris were used for pollination in apricot field in Yeongcheon province. This study was conducted using 3 kinds of methods for pollination effect, natural condition, net-house treatment and control method. Also this experiment carried out in 2 places, vinyl-house and field condition. In case of field treatment of Apis mellifera, heating lamp experiment was added in net-house to find out the reason for harmful efficacy of low temperature early in the spring. Species of apricot, Mangum, was used in this experiment. A number of foraging activity of Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris in vinyl-house showed higher than in field condition. But after stoping heating, showed low efficacy after showing peak in 1 PM. In field, Apis mellifera showed peak of foraging activity from 1 to 3PM, heating lamp experiment of field condition showed peak in 3 PM and then lowest tendency to evening suddenly. The fruit set rate of Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris in vinyl-house showed higher with 92% and 89% respectively than control with 83%. In field, heating lamp treatment of Apis melliferawas was highest with 28% compared to Bombus terrestris with 25% and control with 15%. This results suppose that apricot in field was to be harmed by low temperature and frost in blooming time early in spring

Twenty-five species of pests had occurred at orchards of Japanese Apricot, Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc., in Hadong and Jinju (Gyeongsangnam-do province) from 2005 to 2007. Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale (Sasaki), Singapora shinshana M., Tetranychus viennensis Zacher, and Synanthedon hector B. occurred as major pests and Anthonomus persicae sp. nov., Grapholita molesta (Busk), Spodoptera litura F., and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) as a sporadic pests. The population of S. shinshana had increased continuously during the season, from late April to late October. The population of T. viennensis occurred early May, reached the highest peak in late June to early July, and then declined with worsening consequences of nutritional conditions in the apricot leaves. A. persicae was observed to occur before breaking flower-bud of apricot and emerged adults were found in April to early May.

Occurrences of Rhopalosipnum rufiabdominalis damage in the leaves of Japanese apricots were observed in Hadong, Gyeongnam Province, a major producing area. R. rufiabdominalis occurred from early May to mid October, with the peak occurrence of damaged leaves in mid May. To find proper timing of chemical control against R. rufiabdominalis, acetamiprid WP was sprayed weekly from 3 April, before budbreak, to 8 May in 2007. The best time for control R. rufiabdominalis was on 17 April 2007, at which the leaves were still tender and developing up to 3 to 5 leaves.

To increase the fruit quality of the Japanese apricot, 3 species of insects, Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris and Osmia cornifrons were used for pollination in Japanese apricot field in Jinju and Sancheong province. And also economical effect for crops of Japanese apricot fruit pollinated with same insect was analyzed. This study was also conducted using 3 kinds of methods for pollination effect, natural condition, net-house and control method. Because blooming period of Japanese apricot was different from the other fruit tree(Blooming time of Japanese apricot shows always in the middle of the March), foraging behavior of insects used in this examination showed different tendency each other. Especially O. cornifrons was not adapted to wind and lower temperature compared with A. mellifera and B. terrestris in this field condition. Rate of fruit set pollinated with A. mellifera and B. terrestris was showed 14.9% and 13% respectively. But O. cornifrons was lower than another 2 kinds of insects with 6% of fruit setting rate. Total rate of fruit set of Japanese apricot showed lower tendency compared with other kinds of fruit tree with under 30%. Quality of fruit pollinated with A. mellifera and B. terrestris showed higher than O. cornifrons in natural field condition in fruit weight. Economical income of Japanese apricot fruit producted by A. mellifera showed highest with 185% of benefit effect, and B. terrestris with 143% compared with natural field condition.

Four stream- activated carbons were prepared by carbonizing apricot stones at 600℃ followed by gasification with steam at 950℃ to burn-off's=17, 32, 49 and 65%. The textural parameters of these activated carbons were determined from nitrogen adsorption results at 77 K. The total pore volume and the mean pore radius increased with the increase of % burn-off whereas the surface area increased with the increase of burn- off from 17 to 32 and further to 49%. Further increase of burn-off to 65% was associated with a considerable decrease in surface area as a result of pronounced pore widening due to pore erosion. The surface pH values of the carbons investigated range between 7.1 and 8.2. The adsorption of oxamyl onto the activated carbon followed pseudo-second order kinetics and the equilibrium adsorption isotherms fitted Langmuir adsorption model. The adsorption of oxamyl proved to be of the physical type and took place in non-micropores. The amount of oxamyl adsorbed expressed as qm depends to a large extent to the surface area located in non-micropores S∝ n, where a straight line relationship passing through the origin was obtained.

The effects of Japanese apricot(Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) flesh on baking properties of white breads were investigated by evaluation of specific loaf volume, pH, acidity, rheological property, color and sensory quality. Bread was processed by adding 4.7%, 9.4%, 14.1% and 18.8% of Japanese apricot flesh to basic formulation. The compositions of Japanese apricot flesh were 88.19% moisture, 0.45% crude ash, 4.10% dietary fiber, 4.04% citric acid and 0.41% total sugars. The specific loaf volume of the breads was decreased from 3.274mL/g to 1.857mL/g as Japanese apricot flesh contents increased from 0% to 18.8%. The pH of the breads decreased but the acidity of those increased as the percentage of Japanese apricot flesh to wheat flour increased. Lightness(L value) of the breads decreased by the addition of Japanese apricot flesh, while yellowness(b value) and redness(a value) increased. Texture measurement showed that springiness, cohesiveness and resilience decreased with increase of Japanese apricot flesh contents. While, hardness, gumminess and chewiness were the lowest in the bread with 9.4% Japanese apricot flesh, and increased in the bread with 4.7%, 14.1% and 18.8% Japanese apricot flesh contents. In sensory evaluation, the highest sensory scores for flavor, taste, aftertaste and overall acceptability were obtained when Japanese apricot flesh content was 4.7%, and softness and chewiness was the best when 9.4% of Japanese apricot flesh was added. The moisture content of the breads containing Japanese apricot flesh was higher than that of the control to add no flesh during storage at 25℃. Based on physical, rheological and sensory evaluation, addition of 4.7~9.4% Japanese apricot flesh suggested to be acceptable for processing bread.

자두 살구나무에 기생하는 나무좀의 종류와 생태를 조사하였던 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 자두살구나무를 하는 나무좀은 서울나무좀 (Scolytus seulensis), 뽕나무좀(Xyleborus atratus), 오리나두좀(X. germanus, 붉은목나무좀(X. rubricollis) 및 감나무좀(X. saxeseni)을 채집하였고 기주로는 서울나무좀은 자두와 살구나무에 뽕나무좀 오리나무좀, 감나무좀은 살구, 밤나무에 붉은목나무좀은 자두, 밤나무등에 각각 침입함을 확인하였는데 자두, 살구나무에 발생량과 피해가 심한 종은 서울나무좀이었다. 2. 서울나무좀의 발생소장을 보면 1980년 7월 10일과 8월 25일 1981년에는 7월 15일과 8월 20일로 1화기는 7월 중순에 2화기는 8월 하순의 1년 2회로 추정되었다. 3. 살구품종중 서울나무좀에 의한 m당 충공수는 Henderson(Apricot)과 V-49057(Apricot)은 100개 이상이었으며 Derbyroyal(Apricot)은 12개 이하로 적었다. 대체로 한국재래종과 일본계도입종들에 비하여 구주계품종에 치해공이 많았고 방향별 차이는 적었으나 동서남북순이었으며 모공의 길이가 길수로 유충공수도 많았다. 4. 성충의 교미는 내외가 많았으며 5.6월의 교미는 7.8월에 비하여 교미시간이 다소 길었다. 5. 자두나무 과실중의 변화는 피해주에서 개화 4주일 후인 6월 23일에 12.25g으로서 과중증가가 없었으나 건전주의 과실은 6월 23일에 32.23gr이었고 수확기인 7월 7일에는 63.5gr이었다. 6. 서울나무좀의 천적으로 어깨넓적좀벌과의 일종인 Eurytoma sp.를 서울나무좀의 노숙유충이나 용에서 용상태로 발생하였고 5월 초부터 6월 25일 사이에 우화하였으며 성충의 일주일 내외였다.에 따라 충영엽율이 낮었으며 방사상식고랑처리는 고랑수에 따른 충영엽율에 현저한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그리고 현행 근계주변 원형식고랑처리는 점식 3구멍처리와 대등한 솔잎혹파리의 방제효과가 있었다. 결론으로 과 의 토중처리효과는 대등하여 의 대체 가능하다고 보며 의 점식 3구멍 처리방법을 도입함으로서 토중처리에 소요되는 노동력을 크게 절감할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.0℃,25℃,30℃에서 각각 였다. 6. 발육영점온도는 난이 , 유충이 , 용이 였고 유효적산온도는 난, 유충과 용이 각각 60.41일도, 319.35일도와 222.66일도였으며 담배나 방의 발육영점온도는 였고, 유효적산온도는 60 2.42일도였다. 7. 발육과 온도와의 관계에서 Y=-4.272X+155.39 (r=0.9105), (Y=전 생육기기간을 완료하는데 소요되는 일수, X=처리온도)를 얻었으며 실측치와의 오차는 일로 생육단계 특히 유충기와 개체간 생리적 차가 현저함을 알 수 있었다. 8. Thuricide 분무처리 시 치사율은 평균 였고 Bait처리 시 치사율은 평균 였으며 처리간에는 유의성이 있었으나 처리시기나 약