In order to study the impact of atmosphere during electron beam irradiation (EBI) of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor fibers, the latter were stabilized by EBI in both air and oxygen atmospheres. Gel-fraction determination indicated that EBI-stabilization under an oxygen atmosphere leads to an enhanced cyclization in the PAN fibers. In the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, the PAN fibers stabilized by EBI under an oxygen atmosphere exhibited a greater decrease in the peak intensity at 2244 cm-1 (C≡N vibration) and a greater increase in the peak intensity at 1628 cm-1 (C=N absorption) than the corresponding PAN fibers stabilized under an air atmosphere. From the X-ray diffraction analysis it was found that oxygen uptake in PAN fibers leads to an increase in the amorphous region, produced by cyclization.

This study was conducted to develop the domestic production of a controlled atmosphere (CA) storage system, including nitrogen generator and carbon dioxide eliminator using selective gas separation membrane and operating program. Generally, the gas composition inside general cold stores constantly changes due to the metabolic activity of the respiring vegetables and fruits and leakage of gases through doors and walls. However, the CA container developed by our research team is able to control of the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide inside the reefer, making it simple and effective in operation. The efficiency of the nitrogen generator to replace oxygen with nitrogen inside the CA container was approximately 1.33% per hour. The change in oxygen concentration inside the CA container during the operation refrigerator almost did not show any difference for 8 days. Therefore, CA storage container should be a promising approach to maintaining the high quality of agricultural products during storage.

국내 사과를 외국으로 수출하기 위해서는 수입국의 검역 대상 해충을 완전히 제거하는 것이 필수적이다. 이를 위한 수확 후 해충 사멸 기술 로서 환경조절열처리(controlled atmosphere and temperature treatment system: CATTS) 기술이 개발되고 있다. 본 연구는 상이한 가해 습 성으로 사과 과실에 피해를 주는 두 해충에 대해 CATTS의 사멸조건을 결정하였다. 사과애모무늬잎말이나방(Adoxophyes paraorana)은 사과 과 실 표면을 가해하는 해충인 반면 복숭아명나방(Dichocrocis punctiferalis)은 과실의 내부를 가해한다. 여러 가해 발육태 가운데 두 곤충 모두 5령 유충이 열에 대한 내성이 가장 높았다. 고농도(15%)의 이산화탄소, 저농도(1%) 산소 및 46℃ 온도 조건에서 1 시간 동안 처리하는 CATTS 처리 조건은 사과애모무늬잎말이나방 5령 유충을 100% 사멸시켰다. 그러나 동일한 CATTS 조건에서 복숭아명나방 5령 유충은 88%의 사멸 효과를 보였으며, 100% 사멸 효과를 나타내기 위해서는 2 시간의 열처리를 요구했다. 이를 바탕으로 사과를 가해하고 있는 두 종의 5령 유충 3,000 마리 이상에 대해서 각각 CATTS 처리 효과를 확증하였다. 본 연구는 완전 사멸을 위해서는 심식충이 비심식충에 비해 장기간 CATTS 처리가 요구 된다는 것을 보여 주었다.

본 연구는 방울토마토의 MA 저장시 저장기간 연장과 품질 유지를 위한 비천공 breathable 필름 종류를 구명하고자 진행되었다. 강원도에 위치한 플라스틱 하우스에서 수경재배한 토마토를 담적색기에 수확하여 5oC, 11oC, 그리고 24oC에서 산소투과도가 각기 다른 비천공 breathable 필름(10,000; 20,000; 40,000; 60,000; 80,000; 100,000 cc/m2.day.atm)과 천공필름으로 포장하여 저장하였다. 저장 중 생체중 감소율은 세가지 온도 모두에서 모든 비천공 breathable 필름처리구에서는 0.6%미만이었으나, 천공필름은 5oC는 2.93%, 11oC는 13.29%, 그리고 24oC에서는 27.24%에 달하였다. 포장내 이산화탄소와 산소 농도를 볼 때 5oC와 11oC에서 20,000 cc 필름, 24oC에서 40,000 cc 필름이 MA 조건에 근접한 수치를 보였다. 에틸렌 농도는 산소투과도가 가장 낮은 10,000 cc에서 모든 온도에서 가장 높았다. 저장 중 외관상 품질과 최종일에 측정한 경도와 당도는 5oC와 11oC의 20,000 cc 필름, 24oC의 40,000 cc 필름이 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 그러나 산도와 비타민 C 함량은 필름처리에 대한 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 보았을 때, MA 저장시 포장내 대기조성과 저장 종료일의 과실 품질 등을 비교한 결과 방울토마토는 5oC와 11oC에서 20,000 cc 필름, 24oC에서는 40,000 cc 필름이 적합하였다.

The effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere was examined on the pheromone system of Helicoverpa armigera reared from egg stage to adult in three room. Two of three room (2×2×2 m) were treated with carbon dioxide gas as 600 ppm and 1,000 ppm, respectively. Mean of carbon dioxide concentration was 429.1 ppm in the control, 603.3 ppm for 600 ppm, and 1011.5 ppm for 1,000 ppm during experiment. Electroantenograph (EAG) test was conducted on 3-d-old male adults with air, hexane, and a series of their sex pheromone component, Z11-16Al, from 0.01 to 100 ng. The result was that male EAG responses of 600 and 1,000 ppm were 30.3% lower than that of control room. Production of Z11-16:Al was examined on about twenty 2-d-old virgin females. Carbon dioxide increases did not show a statistically significant difference. However, higher amount of sex pheromone was produced in females of 600 and 1,000 ppm. So, This experiment was replicated with different population reared again. The amount of the sex pheromone per female was 108.9 and 118.1 ng in control room, 139.8 and 141.8 ng in 600 ppm room, and 124.6 and 125.8 ng in 1,000 ppm room.

‘후지’ 사과의 MA 저장성 향상을 위해 저장 온도별로 적합한 비천공 breathable 필름 종류를 구명하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 저장중 생체중 감소율은 모든 저장 온도의 비천공 breathable 필름 처리구에서 저장 최종일까지 약 2.0% 이하를 나타냈다. 포장내 대기조성으로 볼 때 1oC에서 1,300cc 필름, 8oC에서 5,000cc 필름, 그리고 20oC에서 10,000cc 필름이 최적 MA 조건에 가장 근접하였다. 저장 중 포장내 에틸렌 농도는 모든 저장온도에서 산소 투과도가 가장 높았던 40,000cc 필름 처리구가 낮게 유지되었다. 저장 최종일의 1oC 1,300cc 필름이 당도, 비타민 C 함량, 그리고 외관 품질이 우수하였 고, 8oC 5,000cc 필름이 당도와 이취 정도가 양호하였으며, 그리고 20oC 10,000cc 필름이 경도와 외관상 품질이 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 포장내 대기조성과 과실의 내외적 품질을 비교한 결과 ‘후지’ 사과의 MA 저장시 1oC는 1,300cc 필름, 8oC는 5,000cc 필름, 그리고 20oC에서는 10,000cc 필름이 적합하다고 판단된다.

Postharvest insect pest control is highly demanding in agricultural industry including domestic consumer markets and exporting products for a quarantine purpose. Especially, the organic or environmentally friendly agricultural products do not fit to the traditional chemical postharvest treatments using methyl bromide (MeBr) or phosphine (PH3). As an alternative, a physical treatment called CATTS (controlled atmosphere and temperature treatment) has been developed to control various insect and mite pests on ornamental products. The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, infects the apple or pear fruits and is limited in importing and exporting the infected products. To apply CATTS on this insect pests, the most heat-tolerant stage was determined. Among the immature stages locating on the fruits, the fifth instar larvae were the most tolerant to 44℃ for 20 min. A ramping step of CATTS is to increase chamber temperature from 25℃ to 46℃ under 15% CO2 and less than 1% O2. The ramping rate was positively correlated with the CATTS efficiency. After the ramping step, the duration of CATTS was positively correlated with CATTS efficiency. However, fruit damage by CATTS was negatively correlated with the ramping rate was positively correlated with the CATTS duration. in addition, the CATTS efficiency was highly dependent on the fruit internal temperature at 44℃. From all these parameters, we developed a standard protocol yielding 100% control efficiency of CATTS.

본 연구애서는 ‘후지’ 사과의 CA 저장을 실용화하기 위하여 수확시기와 일정기간 저온저장한 후 CA 환경을 설정하는 지연 CA 처리가 저장 중 내부갈변장해와 과실품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 1차 년도에 ‘후지’ 사과를 10월 22일에 수확하였을 때 밀병 발생율이 40% 였고, CA 환경 조성(O2 2.5 ± 0.5% + CO2 2.5 ± 0.5%)을 20일 지연 CA 저장하였을 때는 내부갈변이 발생하였으나, 30일 지연 CA 저장에서는 내부갈변이 발생하지 않았다. 2차 년도에는 수확시기가 늦어질수록 밀병 발생율이 높았고, 이러한 과실은 10~30일 지연 CA 처리구에서 내부갈변장해가 발생하였으나, 40일 지연 CA 처리구 에서는 내부갈변장해가 발생하지 않았다. 호흡량은 저온 저장 과실에서는 저장기간이 길어질수록 급격히 증가하였으나 지연 CA 저장에서는 호흡량이 낮게 유지되었고, 급속 CA 저장에 비해서 차이를 보이지 않았다. 에틸렌 발생량은 지연 CA 저장한 과실들이 저온저장에 비해서 낮았으나, 급속 CA 저장에 비해서는 다소 높은 발생량을 보였다. 산함량은 지연 CA 저장이 급속 CA 저장에 비해 저장기간이 길어질수록 감소하는 경향이었고, 경도는 저장 8개월 후에도 급속 CA 처리구와 지연 CA 처리구간에는 차이를 보이지 않았다.

본 연구는 레이저 가공 비천공 breathable 필름을 포장재로 이용하여 새싹채소의 저장성을 구명하기 위해 다채, 콜라비, 유채, 배추, 적무, 브로콜리 등 여섯 종류의 새싹채소를 개별 및 혼합하여 10℃에서 저장중 생체중의 변화와 산소, 이산화탄소, 에틸렌 가스 농도 변화를 측정하고 저장종료 후 패널테스트를 통해 외관상의 품질과 이취정도를 측정하였다. 20,000cc, 60,000cc, 그리고 100,000cc 비천공 필름을 사용하였을 때 필름의 가스 투과도에 의한 새싹채소들의 수분손실로 발생하는 생체중의 변화는 모든 처리구에서 0.5% 미만으로 매우 적었다. 가스의 변화는 20,000cc 필름에서 산소 농도는 감소하고 이산화탄소의 농도는 증가하는 경향을 보였는데 이것은 최적의 MA 조건에 가까운 것으로 저장성 향상에 도움을 주는 것으로 판단된다. 동일한 필름에서 관능검사를 통한 외관상 품질 과 이취 발생정도도 가장 우수한 결과를 보여주었다. 여섯가지 새싹채소를 동일한 무게 비율로 혼합하여 개별 포장 실험에 사용한 동일한 용기에 각각 유공필름과 20,000cc, 40,000cc, 60,000cc, 80,000cc, 그리고 100,000cc 비천공 breathable 필름을 포장재로 7일간 저장한 실험의 결과, 포장재의 가스 투과도는 생체중의 변화에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그러나 호흡에 의한 변화율에 비해 필름의 이산화탄소와 산소의 투과성에 의한 교환비율이 적은 20,000cc 비천공 필름은 관능검사에서 외관은 우수하였으나 다량의 이취가 발생하여 새싹채소의 혼합포장재로는 적절하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 40,000cc 또는 60,000cc 비천공 breathable 필름이 복합 새싹채소 저장에는 유리한 것으로 판단된다.

목적: 공기 중에서 플라즈마 처리가 된 상용 불화규소 아크릴레이트 RGP 콘택트렌즈(Boston XO)의 분위기와 유지 시간에 따른 표면 성분 및 습윤성의 변화를 연구하였다. 방 법: 렌즈는 진공, 공기, 물 등의 분위기로 보관했으며, X-선광전자분광분석기(XPS)로 성분과 화학결합을, 접촉각으로 습윤성의 변화를 측정하여 평가하였다. 결과: RGP 콘택트렌즈에 플라즈마 처리를 하면 렌즈 표면에 친수성기(C-O, O-C=O, Si-O)의 증가로 물에 대한 접촉각이 감소하여 표면의 습윤성이 증진되었으나, 모든 분위기에서 시간이 경과함에 따라 친수 성기가 감소하면서 접촉각이 증가하였다. 물 분위기에서는 렌즈 표면에 탄소 및 실리콘과 결합한 산소가 급격히 감소하면서 접촉각이 다시 증가하였다. 결론: 플라즈마 처리된 RGP 콘택트렌즈의 표면이 수분과 접촉하면, 산소가 급격히 감소하고 습윤성이 저하된다.

The electrolytic reduction of a spent oxide fuel involves liberation of the oxygen in a molten LiCl electrolyte, which is a chemically aggressive environment that is too crosive for typical structural materials. Therefore, it is essential to choose the optimum material for the process equipment for handling a molten salt. In this study, the corrosion behavior of pyro-carbon made by CVD was investigated in a molten LiCl-Li2O salt under an oxidation atmosphere at 650˚C and 750˚C for 72 hours. Pyro-carbon showed no chemical reactions with the molten salt because of its low wettability between pyro-carbon and the molten salt. As a result of XRD analysis, pyro-carbon exposed to the molten salt showed pure graphite after corrosion tests. As a result of TGA, whereas the coated layer by CVD showed high anti-oxidation, the non-coated layer showed relatively low anti-oxidation. The stable phases in the reactions were C(S), Li2CO3(S), LiCl(l), Li2O at 650˚C and C(S), LiCl(l), Li2O(S) at 750˚C. Li2CO(S) was decomposed at 750˚C into Li2O(S) and CO2(g).

 ,  , The hawthorn spider mite, Tetranychus viennensis, is a pest of apples and a quarantine pest from some countries that import apples from Korea. A controlled atmosphere and temperature treatment system (CATTS) was developed as an alternative disinfestation method to methyl bromide fumigation treatment, and has been applied to control various insects and other arthropod pests on fruits. We applied CATTS to disinfect T. viennensis under conditions that were previously developed to control the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii. First, T. viennensis was sampled from Japanese apricot, Prunus mume, and identified by its morphological characters. In addition, both cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences supported the morphological identification. Second, the heat-tolerant developmental stage was determined in T. viennensis. When a 46℃ heat treatment was applied to egg, nymph, and adult stages of T. viennensis, adults were the most tolerant stage. Third, when heat temperature was used along with 1% O<, SUB>, 2<, /SUB>, and 15% CO<, SUB>, 2<, /SUB>, , the mites showed a significant increase in susceptibility to the heat treatment. Finally, CATTS at 46℃ with 15% CO<, SUB>, 2<, /SUB>, and 1% O<, SUB>, 2<, /SUB>, for 30 min resulted in 100% mortality of all T. viennensis development stages. These results indicated that CATTS isapplicable to disinfest T. viennensis in post-harvest apples.

Activated magnetite (Fe3O4-δ) was applied to reducing CO2 gas emissions to avoid greenhouse effects. Wet and dry methods were developed as a CO2 removal process. One of the typical dry methods is CO2 decomposition using activated magnetite (Fe3O4-δ). Generally, Fe3O4-δ is manufactured by reduction of Fe3O4 by H2 gas. This process has an explosion risk. Therefore, a non-explosive process to make Fe3O4-δ was studied using FeC2O4·2H2O and N2. FeSO4·7H2O and (NH4)2C2O4·H2O were used as starting materials. So, α-FeC2O4·2H2O was synthesized by precipitation method. During the calcination process, FeC2O4·2H2O was decomposed to Fe3O4, CO, and CO2. The specific surface area of the activated magnetite varied with the calcination temperature from 15.43 m2/g to 9.32 m2/g. The densities of FeC2O4·2H2O and Fe3O4 were 2.28 g/cm3 and 5.2 g/cm3, respectively. Also, the Fe3O4 was reduced to Fe3O4-δ by CO. From the TGA results in air of the specimen that was calcined at 450˚C for three hours in N2 atmosphere, the δ-value of Fe3O4-δ was estimated. The δ-value of Fe3O4-δ was 0.3170 when the sample was heat treated at 400˚C for 3 hours and 0.6583 when the sample was heat treated at 450˚C for 3 hours. Fe3O4-δ was oxidized to Fe3O4 when Fe3O4-δ was reacted with CO2 because CO2 is decomposed to C and O2.

In2O3 films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering on a glass substrate and then the effect of post depositionannealing in nitrogen atmosphere on the structural, optical and electrical properties of the films was investigated. Afterdeposition, the annealing process was conducted for 30 minutes at 200 and 400oC. XRD pattern analysis showed that the asdeposited films were amorphous. When the annealing temperature reached 200-400oC, the intensities of the In2O3 (222) majorpeak increased and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the In2O3 (222) peak decreased due to the crystallization. Thefilms annealed at 400oC showed a grain size of 28nm, which was larger than that of the as deposited amorphous films. Theoptical transmittance in the visible wavelength region also increased, while the electrical sheet resistance decreased. In this study,the films annealed at 400oC showed the highest optical transmittance of 76% and also showed the lowest sheet resistance of89Ω/□. The figure of merit reached a maximum of 7.2×10−4Ω−1 for the films annealed at 400oC. The effect of the annealingon the work-function of In2O3 films was considered. The work-function obtained from annealed films at 400oC was 7.0eV. Thus,the annealed In2O3 films are an alternative to ITO films for use as transparent anodes in OLEDs.

The quality properties of peeled ginger (PG) were investigated during CA storage at different CO₂concentrations. O₂ concentration was kept constant at 5% while CO₂of 6%, 14%, 22% and 30% were used. It was found that the weight loss rate tended to decrease with an increase of CO₂. In the case of fixed 10 ℃ storage, the Lvalue and a-value of the exterior color in treatment increased more than that of control with respect to time, while the b-value of the exterior color and the cutting plane color showed no significant difference. In the exterior color, the results of PG-25 ℃ showed similar with PG-10 ℃ except b-value of the exterior color which showed not a little change. The cutting plane color did not showed significantly difference in the PG samples between 25 ℃ and 10 ℃ . Hardness of the PG during storage was found to decrease most severely at 6% of CO₂concentration regardless of storage temperature. The growth of microorganisms during storage of the PG tended to be restrained as CO₂concentration increased. However, microorganisms, when maintained at 25 ℃ storage, multiplied rapidly to 10^8 CFU/g within 4 days regardless of concentration.