The longhorn beetle (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia: Chrysomeloidea: Cerambycidae) is one of the major family of coleoptera which contains more than 30,000 species worldwide. Because of their species-diversity, morphological attraction and ecological status, the family has received a massive global attention. However, in Korea, no thorough study on this family has been conducted within last twenty eight years. Here we update the latest knowledge of Korean longhorn beetle fauna. First, we give an historical overview of the longhorn beetle studies in Korea and correct some common species misidentifications. Then we provide the information of updated cerambycidae fauna with 4 new species and 9 species newly reported to Korea. Lastly, we discuss the importance of studying immature stage of cerambycidae and provide brief morphological, ecological information of two recently described species.

직접적인 기주식물 조사와 기존 문헌자료의 기록을 재검토하여, 한국산 하늘소과(딱정벌레목: 잎벌레상과) 6아과 103속 181종의 기주식물 목록을 작성하였다. 유리알락하늘소의 새로운 기주식물로 산겨릅나무가 확인된 것을 포함하여 총 14종의 하늘소와 기주식물 관계를 구명하였다. 기주식물로 44과 107속 170종 이상이 정리되었다. 이 중, 네 과(느릅나무과, 소나무과, 참나무과, 자작나무과)가 주요 기주식물 과(하늘소 기록 종수의 23% 이상 차지)인 것으로 확인되었다. 기존 문헌들에서 기주식물과 하늘소류의 무효한 학명과 국명들은 현재 통용하고 있는 유효한 학명과 국명으로 수정하였다.

Generally, Cerambycidae inhabites in tropical and subtropical zones, and they are large family among Coleoptera and distributed over 20,000 species worldwide. They typically characterized by extremely long antennae, which are often as long as or longer than the beetle's body. Order Cerambycidae are divided into 11 subfamilies in the world, among them, there are 304 species of the 159 genera in 7 subfamilies from Korea up to date. The genus Anoplophora is belonging to the tribe Agniini in the subfamily Lamiinae. Most species of Anoplophora are showed their beautiful colors on the elytra, pronotum, antennae and ventral parts etc. These colors superficially seems like mere patterns of the integument. Usually, colored pubescent patches of the elytra in Anoplophora are arranged in round spots, in others they are arranged in transverse bands. And also, the species of this genus have very long antennae (about 1.3-1.6 times the body length in males, 1.0-1.5 times the body length in females of most species) then others and mostly body size are large, some species is over 50mm. In this paper Anoplophora freyi is newly recorded in Korea. Consequently, a total of three species of the genus Anoplophora are recorded in Korea.

Anoplophora isa moderate-sized genus with 36 species of woodboring cerambycid beetles that occur throughout Asia, with the highest diversity in the tropical and subtropical region. Two species, A. chinensis (Forster) and A. glabripennis (Motchulsky) are known in the Korean peninsula. The latter is an infamous invasive species, commonly called the Asian longhorned beetle, in the U.S. causing economic damage on hard woods. For the present study, we carried out field surveys from 2010 to 2013 and literature review on the host plants of Korean Anoplophora species. A. chinensis is associated with 14 host plant species in 4 families and A. glabripennis 17 species of 11 families. Most importantly, the Manchurian striped maple, Acer tegmentosum Maxim. (Aceraceae), is newly recognized as a host of the Asian longhorned beetle. In the present study, a revised host plant checklist of Korean Anoplophora species is provided, with correction of scientific and Korean names of the host plants.

The Cerambycidae is a very diverse family in Chrysomeloidea (Insecta: Coleoptera), and the members are commonly called as longhorn beetles, long-horned beetles or longicorn beetles. The family is comprised of approximately 25,000 described species in nine subfamilies worldwide, and 311 species are known from Korean insect fauna. Most species are associated with woods and shrubs or live on herbaceous vegetation in open areas. Cerambycid larvae are primarily borers in deadwood. Some species develop in living trees and cause damage on host plants by boring heart wood and making galleries. As the results of four year field surveys (from 2010 to 2013) and literature review, host plants of 181 species of Korean Cerambycidae are revised, including thirteen new cerambycid-host associations, and more than 179 host plants species of 107 genera in 44 families are compiled. Among them, most common host plants are belonged to mainly four families: Ulmaceae, Pinaceae, Fagaceae and Betulaceae. Additionally, Acer tegmentosum Maxim. (Aceraceae) is newly recognized as a host plant of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora grabripennis (Motchulsky) in South Korea.

The wood-boring and bark beetle (Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) community in Korean white pine, Pinus koraiensis Sieb. & Zucc., forests was surveyed using Malaise traps in 2007. A total of 1,669 wood-boring and bark beetles were collected, including 193 cerambycids from 16 species, 221 curculionids from 21 species, and 1,255 scolydid beetles from 6 species, of which the dominant species was the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus mutilatus Blandford. Ranked by order of population size, the wood-boring and bark beetle community in Korean white pine showed high dominance by one species of Scolytinae, suggesting the community was unstable and had low biological diversity. Thinning in Korean white pine forests influenced the abundance of bark and ambrosia beetles, whose populations in particular stands increased 1 year after thinning, and then decreased the following year.

The genus Phymatodes Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) distributes throughout the Holarctic region. Approximately 50 species have been recorded from the world, and four species have been recorded in Korea. In 2010 and 2011, we collected many grape twigs which were severely damaged by unknown larvae of longhorn beetles from Gyeonggi province. They were reared at indoor condition until their emergences in order to see which species inflicted damage on the grape vines. Two species of unknown longhorn beetles were collected. They were identified as Phymatodes jiangi Wang et Zheng and P. zemlinae Plavilstshikov et Anufriev that are new to Korea. The diagnosis and illustrations of P. jiangi and P. zemlinae are provided.

Larval stages of Callipogon relictus (Semenov) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a gigantic longhorn beetle designated as a natural monument of Korea, has never been studied as it is hardly discovered in nature. The DNA barcoding gene, mt-COI, was used to identify a dead larva found in the Gwangneung forest of the Korea National Arboretum. Based on the result, we provide the morphology of the immature stage, with the illustrations of diagnostic characteristics.

The developmental time and survival of overwintering larvae of Monochamus saltuarius were studied at 7 constant temperatures (16, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 34℃), and a photoperiod of 16 : 8 (L : D) h. The total mortality of overwintering M. saltuarius was lowest at 27℃ (7%) and highest at 34℃ (93%). The total developmental time decreased with increasing temperature between 16℃ (49.48 days) and 34℃ (13.00 days). The relationship between the developmental rate and temperature was fitted by five nonlinear developmental rate models (Logan 6, Lactin 1, 2 and Briere 1, 2). The nonlinear shape of temperature development was best described by the Briere 1 model (r2=0.99). The developmental variation of overwintering larvae was well described by the three-parameter Weibull distribution model (r2=0.98). The temperature-dependent developmental models of M. saltuarius developed in this study could be used to predict emergence period of the adult, or to develop a population dynamics model of M. saltuarius.

The genus Oberea belongs to the tribe Saperdini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and contains about 270 described species in the world. The genus can be defined by the combination of the following characters: body elongate, cylindrical; legs very short, apex of hind femur not reaching beyond abdominal sternite II. O. vittata Blessig was reconfirmed its distribution in South Korea during the study. Two species are newly reported here: O. heyrovskyi Pic and O. tsuyukii Takashi & Ohbayashi. We provide a revised checklist of 12 species and a pictorial key to species for the identification, with diagnostic characters of O. heyrovskyi and O. tsuyukii.

Movement of adult Monochamus alternatus was investigated on young black pine, Pinus thunbergii, trees for about one month in a screen cage. Number of pine trees to which M. alternatus females and males moved during the experimental period was 6.4±1.4 and 7.2±1.5 out of 15 trees, respectively. Adult females and males moved to 0.2±0.1 and 0.3±0.1 tree per day, respectively. A 74.6 and 80.7% of adult females and males moved at night (17:00-08:00) to other trees. After moving, most beetles (72.6% of females and 76.0% of males) stayed on the tree to which they moved for one to two days. Some beetles stayed for up to seven days.

The genus Eutetrapha belong to the subfamily Lamiinae of the family Cerambycidae was established in 1884 by Bates, based on a new species, Eutetrapha variicornis Bates, 1884 (= Saperda sedecimpunctata Motschulsky, 1860). Until now, the genus has been known only from Asia, and two species, Eutetrapha metallescens (Motschulsky) and Eutetrapha sedecimpunctata (Motschulsky) are presented in Korea. In this study, we report one species of the genus, Eutetrapha ocelota (Bates), for the first time from Korea with key to the Korean Eutetrapha species, short descriptions, and photographs.

A total of sixteen Xylotrechus species from the Korean peninsula are recognized, including a newly recorded species, Xylotrechus pavlovskii Plavilstshikov, 1954. We present brief descriptions of the Korean Xylotrechus species, except four species which could not be examined in this study. The geographic distribution, host plants, illustrations for each species, and a key to the Korean Xylotrechus species are provided.

Up to days, 5 species belonging to the genus Clytus, one of the large genera among the tribe Clytini have been recorded from Korean peninsula. The genus Clytus can be distinguished from the other genera by combination of following characteristics: width of head between each antennal socket longer than length of scape; carinae on frons absent; 1st segment of hind-tarsus 2 times shorter than combined length of 2nd+3rd segments; hind-femora weekly swelled in middle part; posterior part of metasternum without process in ventral view. Clytus sp. nov. is most similar to C. clavicornis Reiche, an endemic species to Sicily island in Southern Italy, having thickened 5th or 6th to apical antennal segment. However, this species can be distinguished from the latter species by specific morphological characteristics. As a result of this study, we report Clytus sp. nov. as new to science with brief description and illustrations diagnostic characteristics with key to the Korean Clytus species.

This study was performed to investigate the escape of pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, from two vector species (Monochamus alternatus and M. saltuarius) through oviposition and feeding behavior. First, we checked number of PWNs escaped from M. alternatus emerged from three different cases of pine logs. In case A, healthy pine trees were cut into logs and left in pine forest infected with PWN. In case B, healthy pine trees were cut into logs, left in large screen cage, and let them oviposited by M. alternatus emerged from pine trees infested with PWN. In case C, pine trees which were harboring M. alternatus were cut into logs, and PWN was inoculated artificially. The M. alternatus adults emerged from the above three cases of pine logs were checked in the next year to know how many PWN they were harboring in their bodies. The percentages of M. alternatus harboring PWN (18.3 and 15.6%, respectively) and number of nematodes per vector (5,713.1±9,248.3 and 2,034.1±4,746.8 PWNs, respectively) in case A and B logs are similar to each other. However, the percentage and the number in case C (38.3% and 20,083.1±32,188.3 PWNs) were higher than those of case A and B. Among 52 M. alternatus adults harboring PWN from all the three cases, 20 adults (38.5%) were harboring more than 5,000 PWNs per beetle. And these 20 adults were harboring 97.9% of the total PWNs in 52 adults. Second, we checked the daily escape of PWNs from M. alternatus and M. saltuarius collected at pine forest infested with PWN. The PWN escaped from their vector body for 34.9±12.4 days for M. alternatus, and for 23.9±16.2 days for M. saltuarius, reaching at peak escape during the 2nd week of emergence of the two vector species. A 44.5 and 47.2% to the total PWNs escaped from vector body within 2 weeks of vector emergence for M. alternatus and M. saltuarius, respectively. The number of PWNs escaped from each vector was 3,570.6±5,189.2 and 1,556.2±1,710.3 for M. alternatus and M. saltuarius, respectively.

This study was performed to investigate the emergence timing and daily emergence from the different tree species logs (Korean white pine, Pine, and Japanese larch) at Cheongwon, Chungcheongbuk-do from 2006 to 2008. Pine sawyer adults began to emerge on early May (2~10th day) and finished on mid-June (4~20th day) in the Korean white pine and pine logs. However, pine sawyer adults began to emerge on mid-May (13th day) and finished late May (27th day) in Japanese larch logs. Japanese larch logs shows shorter emergence timing of pine sawyer adult compare to those of other two tree species. Emergence timing shows no difference between males and females. Sex ratios of emerged adult in 2007 were 0.55 from Korean white pine, 0.46 from Pine, and 0.59 from Japanese larch, it shows no difference among tree species. Female and male adults emerged throughout 24 hrs, 22.8% of the total adults emerged from 12~14:00 (22.8%) and adults emerged lowest from 06~08:00. Of the adults emerged from the logs, 98.9% was univoltine and the rest was biennial which emerged next year.

The tribe Atimiini LeConte containing two genera (Atimia and Paratimia) and about 12 species is distributed in East Asia and North America. The systematic position of the Atimiini has long puzzled the Coleopterist due to the Lamiid-like aspect of the Atimia. But the Atimiini has regarded as a tribe of the subfamily Aseminae since Webb (1912) associated the Atimia with the Asemum on the basis of larval characters. The tribe is very specialized in food habits, the species of Atimia are all restricted to trees of the Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae, including Cupressus, Libocedrus, Thuja, Chamaecyparis, Juniperus, Taxodium, Sequoia, and their relatives. Members of the Atimiini are characterized by the combination of following features: head transverse, front short, vertical, mouthparts nearly horizontal; antennae 11-segmented, shorter than the body in both sexes, eyes large, moderately granulated, deeply emarginate, embracing antennal insertion; labrum transverse, ciliated; palpi unequal in length, the maxillary longer; pronotum quadrate, transverse; anterior coxae rounded, cavities usually not angulated, completely closed behind; mesonotum with a large, divided, stridulatory area; scutellum subquadrate; intermediate coxal cavities closed; metasternum deeply emarginate posteriorly, metepisterna narrow, attenuated behind; legs short; femora feebly clavate; tibiae armed with short spurs; wings with a closed cell in the anal sector. Here, we report the tribe Atimiini for the first time in Korea based on provisional identified species, Atimia spec. okayamensis Hayashi. We also provide a diagnosis, habitus photo, and drawings of diagnostic characters.

Up to days, 15 species of the genus Xylotrechus, which have most diverse species among the tribe Clytini, have been recorded from Korean peninsula. The genus Xylotrechus can be distinguished from the other genera by combination of following characteristics: length of antennal socket longer than 1st segment of antenna; antennae reaches about 2/3 of elytra or less; carinae on frons well developed; 1st segment of hind tarsus 2 times longer than total length of 2nd+3rd segment; carinae on frons exceeding vertex; compound eye joined prothorax. In 2007, we collected a specimen which is belong to the genus Xylotrechus from Goyang-si, Gyeonggi province and we identified this specimen with Xylotrechus pavlovskii Plavilstshikov. Xylotrechus pavlovskii Plavilstshikov is easily distinguished from the congeneric species by following characteristics: femora black except basal half pale brown; antennal socket with yellow pubescence patch; pronotum black with distinct six yellow pubescence patches; elytra black with four pairs of yellowish linear pubescence patches except anterior 1/5 part reddish, apice blunt with inner and outer small sharpen projection. As a result of this study, we report this species for the first time from Korea with description and illustrations of diagnostic characters.

We have determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the yellow-spotted long horned beetle, Psacothea hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an endangered insect species in Korea. The 15,856-bp long P. hilaris mitogenome harbors gene content typical of the animal mitogenome and a gene arrangement identical to the most common type found in insect mitogenomes. As with all other sequenced coleopteran species, the 5-bp long TAGTA motif was also detected in the intergenic space sequence located between tRNASer (UCN) and ND1 of P. hilaris. The 1,190-bp long non-coding A+T-rich region harbors an unusual series of seven identical repeat sequences of 57-bp in length and several stretches of sequences with the potential to form stem-and-loop structures. Furthermore, it contains one tRNAArg-like sequence and one tRNALys-likes equence. Phylogenetic analysis among available coleopteran mitogenomes using the concatenated amino acid sequences of PCGs appear to support the sister group relationship of the suborder Polyphaga to all remaining suborders, including Adephaga, Myxophaga, and Archostemata. Among the two available infraorders in Polyphaga, a monophyletic Cucujiformia was confirmed, with the placement of Cleroidea as the basal lineage for Cucujiformia. On the other hand, the infraorder Elateriformia was not identified as monophyletic, thereby indicating that Scirtoidea and Buprestoidea are the basal lineages for Cucujiformia and the remaining Elateriformia.

Larvae of Monochamus saltuarius showed normal growth and development on conifers of Pinus koraiensis, P. densiflora, Abies holophylla, Larix leptolepsis, P. bungeana, and P. rigida, respectively, but the conifers influenced significantly the body weight and the survival rate of larvae. Though the larval body weights were in a wide spectrum among treatments, growth curves of them were very similar from each other, showing continuous increase from the early larval stage to about 3 months old. The body weight was decreased slightly after the feeding period of the early 3 months. The size of larvae and adults became the largest from P. bungeana fed larvae. The mid-sized ones were from P. koraiensis, P. densiflora and A. holophylla. Small ones came from L. leptolepsis and P. rigida. The larval growth was retarded without water supply. Overall survival rates from the early stage of a larva to a fertile adult were 53.6% from P. koraiensis, 51.8%, P. densiflora, 34.7%, A. holophylla, 17.8%, P. bungeana, 16.7%, L. leptolepsis, and 12.3%, P. rigida. Adults from larvae fed the 6 species of conifers, respectively, were grown into the reproductively potent adults, which laid viable eggs. A few of overwintered larvae did not pupate and remained still as a larva until the late October of the year. Data from the field survey, the head width emerged from P. koraiensis was larger than that of L. leptolepsis. The adult emergence hole in P. koraiensis was larger also. While, the size of the emergence hole was larger in the artificially innoculated log of P. koraiensis, which was kept for a larva to be with a minimized food competition and sufficient water supply, than that of the field.