본 연구에서는 실규모 MLE(Modified Ludzack-Ettinger) 공법 하수처리시설을 대상으로 송풍량 성능을 평가⋅최적화하기 위해 데이터 기반 유입수 성상 분석 프레임워크와 수학적 모델 기반 디지털 트윈(DT, digital twin)을 개발하였다. 국내 기존 하수처리시설 모니터링 체계는 활성슬러지 모델 구동에 필수적인 CODcr 분획 자료가 부족하고, 처리장에서 수행되는 일 1회 채수만으로는 유입수의 시간적 변동성을 반영하기 한계를 가지고 있다. 이를 보완하기 위해 생물반응조 유입수를 대상으로 24시간 채수를 수행하여 계절별 유입 특성을 평가하였다. 또한 이차침전지 처리수를 대상으로 탄소성 및 질소성 생물학적 산소요구량 실험을 진행하였을 때, 잔류 암모니아 1 ㎎/L는 약 4.82 ㎎/L의 NOD(nitrogenous oxygen demand)를 유발하는 것을 파악하였다. 유입수 유기물 성상 및 분획을 추정하기 위해 다항 회귀와 다층 퍼셉트론 기반 모델을 결합하여 적용하였다. 2차 다항 회귀 모델은 TCOD(total COD) 예측에서 R2 0.848의 높은 성능을 보였으나, 비선형성이 큰 용존성 분율 예측에는 한계가 있었다. 이에 MLP(Multi-Layer Perceptron) 모델을 도입한 결과, FCOD(filtered COD)는 R2 0.748, FFCOD(flocculated filtered COD)의 R2 0.698 그리고 VSS(volatile suspended solid) R2 0.933로 신뢰성 있는 예측 정확도를 확보하였다. 예측된 유입수 분획 데이터를 DT 입력값으로 적용하고 7일간의 실제 운영 자료로 검증한 결과, DT 모델은 MAE(mean absolute error) 0.314 ㎎/L, R2 0.721로 질산화 거동을 적절히 재현하였다. 암모니아 기반 송풍 제어(ABAC) 시뮬레이션에서 실제 공급 송풍량이 안정적 질산화를 위한 요구량 대비 평균 13.1% 부족한 것으로 분석되었다. 종합적으로, 본 연구의 데이터 기반 DT 프레임워크는 공정 안정성 및 운전 이해를 정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 지표를 제공하며, 하수처리시설 운영자의 의사결정을 지원하는 진단 도구로서 활용 가능함을 시사한다.

Odor emissions from sewer systems are a persistent environmental concern in urban areas, particularly in combined sewer systems where septic tanks are widely used. However, the contribution of septic tanks as sources of sewer odor has not been sufficiently quantified. This study investigated the characteristics of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) generation in septic tanks and evaluated its potential influence on sewer odor, as well as the effectiveness of odor mitigation technologies. Field investigations were conducted in combined sewer areas to measure aqueous H2S concentrations in septic tanks. The results showed that H2S concentrations in septic tanks were not significantly affected by septic tank capacity (ANOVA, p > 0.05), suggesting that tank size or user population is not a primary determinant of sulfide generation. In contrast, aqueous H2S exhibited a positive correlation with chemical oxygen demand (COD), indicating that organic matter availability plays an important role in sulfide production through microbial sulfate reduction processes. A significant relationship was observed between aqueous H2S in septic tanks and gaseous H2S measured at catch basins, demonstrating that sulfide derived from septic tanks can transfer to the sewer atmosphere and potentially impact human odor exposure in urban environments. In addition, the performance of odor control technologies applied to septic tanks was evaluated with aeration-based technologies found to significantly reduce H2S concentrations. These findings suggest that septic tanks can serve as important sources of sewer odor highlighting the need for effective management and proper operation of septic tank odor control systems in combined sewer areas.

In canine solid tumors, genetic alterations are crucial for initiating and advancing tumor growth, leading to modifications in the originating tissue and shaping the tumor’s developmental course. Structural variants, including inversions, deletions, and translocations, are hallmarks of most cancer genomes and are causatively linked to tumorigenesis. Histopathology was used to confirm tumor type, while structural genomic alterations were identified through whole-genome sequencing. The examination of 4 tumors and 52 normal whole-genome sequences enabled a precise exploration of the genetic foundations of solid tumor biology, particularly the pattern of somatic structural variation. Structural variants in tumor samples were predominantly found in genes involved in the RTK–Ras–MEK–ERK signaling pathway, as well as in those regulating apoptosis and cell survival. Among the structural variants discovered, the detection of STARD4 in the solid tumor group, which is related to cholesterol regulation, indicates a potential common pathway in tumorigenesis. This research highlights the genetic intricacy of tumors and underscores the importance of personalized strategies for diagnosis and prognosis, employing comprehensive genetic profiling.

In this study, a particle shape control process was developed to fabricate flake-like SUS316L powders about 20 μm for application in semiconductor gas filters. The Flake powder was produced through a wet milling process using a Planetary Mill by varying the rotation speed, milling time, solvent, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) dispersant conditions. The fabricated powders were then characterized to evaluate their morphological and phase transformation behaviors. In the ethanol-based Planetary Milling process, as the rotation speed increased from 300, 400, 500 rpm, the powder morphology was observed to gradually change from spherical to flake-like due to the increase in milling energy. According to the XRD, as the rotation speed increased, a phase transformation from austenite to martensite occurred due to the increase in heat generation and collisions between the powder and balls. In addition, an increase in Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) was observed, indicating a decrease in crystallinity. Under different solvent and dispersant conditions, the addition of 5 wt% PVP to the deionized water (DI Water) solvent suppressed particle fracture and produced more uniform flake-like particles compared with the DI Water process without PVP. In addition, a smaller FWHM and reduced oxygen content were observed.

We present the result from a comprehensive laboratory and on-sky characterization of the commercial spectrograph system consisting of a PIXIS 1300BX charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and an IsoPlane 320A spectrograph as part of the preparation of the forthcoming all-sky spectroscopic survey of nearby galaxies (A-SPEC). In the laboratory, we have quantified readout noise, dark current, gain, and full-well capacity via bias, dark, and photon transfer curve analysis at all acquisition modes. To do that, we have developed a gradient correction technique to address row-dependent signal gradients in the image, which are caused by the shutter-less condition of our CCD camera test setup. The technique successfully reproduces the values in the manufacturer specifications. We also have measured quantum efficiency exceeding 80% from 400–800 nm and ≳ 90% between 450–750 nm, with sub-second persistence decay, making it ideal for rapid, multi-object spectroscopy. Using a set of diffraction gratings (150, 300, and 600 grmm−1), we have evaluated the spatial separability of multiple spectra and spectral resolution. We have conducted a test observation with this spectrograph system at the Seoul National University Astronomical Observatory (SAO) 1 m telescope and successfully demonstrated its capability of multi-object spectroscopy with moderate resolution of R ≈ 600–2600. We release all Python codes for the test and recipes to facilitate further instrument evaluations.

본 연구는 향기가 강한 장미를 선발하고 이화학적 향기 특성 을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 향기가 있는 장미 라인의 꽃 향기 는 향분석기와 MOS타입 전자코를 이용하여 향 강도와 패턴을 조사하였다. 향기 분석 결과, 장미 라인들 중 ‘RosaScentNIHHS1’ 이 가장 높은 향 강도를 나타냈으며, 전자코 데이터의 주성분분 석(PCA)과 판별함수분석(DFA) 결과, 다른 계통과 뚜렷이 구분 되는 향기 패턴을 보였다. 또한 ‘RosaScentNIHHS1’과 모부본 품종인 ‘위스퍼’ 꽃잎의 휘발성 화합물을 헤드스페이스-고체상미 세추출법(HS-SPME)과 가스크로마토그래피-질량분석기(GC-MS) 를 이용하여 분석하였다. ‘RosaScentNIHHS1’의 주요 휘발성 화합물은 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, citronellol, geraniol이었 으며, 모부본 품종 ‘위스퍼’의 주요 화합물은 3,5-dimethoxytoluene 및 cis-3-hexenyl acetate, 4-vinyl anisole이었다. 두 계통 은 화합물 조성과 각 성분의 상대 성분비에서 상당한 차이를 나타냈다. 본 연구 결과는 향기 특성을 기반으로 한 천연 화훼 자원 개발을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Background: Endothelial cells (EC) that make up the inner wall of blood vessels play an important role in angiogenesis and vascular recovery. Cardiovascular disease caused by dysfunction of ECs has been reported as a major cause of death worldwide. Despite significant research so far, the underlying mechanism of dysfunction of ECs in cardiovascular disease progression is not yet fully understood. Although therapeutic transplantation of autologous ECs is limited due to lack of cell availability, adiposederived stem cells (ADSCs), known for their ease of procurement and high potential for differentiation, will provide promising solutions to generate autologous ECs. Methods: This study investigated the optimal differentiation of ADSCs into ECs under EBM-2 culture conditions supplemented with VEGF and BMP-4 in hypoxia (2% O2). Results: During 14 days of in vitro differentiation, cells cultured in EBM-2 supplemented with VEGF showed the characteristics of early vascular ECs and some cells adopted polygonal forms. Conversely, cells cultured in EBM-2 and hypoxia supplemented with both VEGF and BMP-4 differentiated into the typical cobblestone morphology that appears in vascular ECs. As a result of immunostaining against the vascular ECs marker CD-31, CD-31 expression was increased under EBM-2 culture conditions with VEGF and VEGF + BMP-4 in hypoxia, but expression was insufficient in normal oxygenation (21% O2). In the flow cytometry analysis, high expression of CD-31 expression was observed under conditions including both VEGF and BMP-4 of hypoxia. Interestingly, in gene expression, the pluripotency marker OCT-3/4 was significantly reduced under hypoxic conditions, but SOX2 and NANOG expression were higher than under normal oxygen conditions. However, CD-31 expression was significantly higher under differentiation conditions in which VEGF and BMP-4 were added under hypoxia conditions. In a functional analysis, CD-31-positive ADSC-derived ECs differentiated under hypoxia had excellent tube formation and Dil-Ac-LDL uptake, which are important for vascular repair and function. Conclusions: These findings confirmed the therapeutic usefulness of ECs derived from ADSC for the treatment of cardiovascular disease due to the synergy effect of hypoxia and BMP-4.

Silene baccifera (L.) Roth, belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae and the genus Silene, is a perennial herb that grows naturally in mountainous and field areas throughout Korea. The young shoots are edible, the whole plant is used medicinally, and the small star-shaped flowers have high ornamental value. Although this species is classified as Least Concern (LC) in the Korean Red List, studies on propagation and basic physiological information remain insufficient. This study was conducted to establish a foundation for propagation using seeds and to elucidate germination characteristics. Seed dissection revealed that the embryo was fully developed and of the peripheral type according to Martin’s classification, indicating the absence of morphological dormancy (MD). A 72-hour imbibition test showed a water permeability was 39.8 ± 2.26%, indicating the absence of physical dormancy (PY). The optimum germination temperatures were 20/10 °C and 25/15 °C, showing high germination percentage of 86.6% and 81.6%, respectively. As a result of GA3 treatments (0, 10, 100, and 1000 mg·L-1), the final germination percentage at 15/6 °C with GA3 1000 mg·L-1 was 47.6 ± 6.7%, compared with only 5.06 ± 2.9% in the control. Therefore, it is concluded that S. baccifera seeds possess physiological dormancy (PD). The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the systematic development of propagation and long-term conservation strategies for Silene baccifera.

The availability and proper use of native plant seeds are essential for effective ecological restoration in the face of rapid climate change. This study established practical seed zones for South Korea to aid in seed collection, management, and production, while also analyzing their current and future climatic characteristics. We delineated 15 seed zones based on administrative boundaries, topographic features, and ecological regions. Using six key bioclimatic variables derived from a 1-km climate dataset (current: 2000- 2019; future: SSP3-7.0, 2041-2060), we conducted evaluations using PERMANOVA and Linear Discriminant Analysis. The analysis revealed significant climatic differentiation among seed zones (R 2=0.6453, p<0.001). Projections indicate that the North Central Hilly (SZ01) and East Central Coastal (SZ11) zones will experience notable qualitative climatic changes, underscoring their susceptibility to climate change. These results serve as a foundation for prioritizing the collection of genetic resources and developing adaptive seed-sourcing strategies. Future work should focus on refining micro-scale seed zones and incorporating species-level genetic information.

가시귀진드기(Otobius megnini (Dugès)) (거미강: 참진드기목: 참진드기과)는 전 세계적으로 분포하며, 말에게 감염 시 신경근육장애와 연관 이 있다는 보고가 있으며, 국내에서는 1989년 서울의 경주마에서 최초로 보고된 이후 추가적인 보고는 없었다. 본 연구를 통하여 2023년 부산과 2024년 용인의 말에서 총 47개체가 채집되었으며, 형태학적 및 분자학적 동정을 실시한 결과 해당 개체들은 모두 O. megnini로 동정되었다. 채집된 O. megnini의 COX1 및 16S rRNA 유전자 분석 결과, 해외 분리주와 99.5–100%의 높은 상동성을 보였다. 모든 시료는 Coxiella burnetii, Babesia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Borrelia spp., 중증 열성 혈소판 감소 증후군 바이러스(SFTSV) 검사에서 음성이었다. 본 연구는 1989년 이 후 처음으로 국내에서 O. megnini를 재발견하였으며 이 종에 대한 국내 최초의 분자적 특성을 제시하였다.

In this study, the development of a new white beech mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) cultivar, ‘Baekmaru24’, is described, and its growth characteristics and field adaptability are evaluated. ‘Baekmaru24’ was bred from the parent strains, KMCC05528 and KMCC05529, through controlled crossing and multi-stage line selection, resulting in the final elite line, ‘HWD-22-116’. Mycelial growth tests demonstrated that the cultivar had superior growth under low temperatures (10–15 °C) and on YM medium, with optimal growth at 20–25 °C. In indoor bottle cultivation, the per-bottle yield was 146 g per 850 mL, which was 8% higher than that of the control cultivar (135 g). The fruiting bodies had stipes with a mean of 70.5 mm, which is approximately 10 mm longer than that of the control, and they had highly uniform clusters, enhancing marketability. Field trials at two farms confirmed a significant increase in yield of approximately 11 % over existing commercial cultivars, together with a generally superior morphology, including larger caps, longer stipes, and greater tissue firmness. Somatic incompatibility testing revealed a distinct demarcation zone between ‘Baekmaru24’ and its parent strains, indicating that it is a genetically independent cultivar. Overall, these results demonstrate that ‘Baekmaru24’ has stable growth, high productivity, and favorable fruiting-body characteristics under both controlled and farm conditions, supporting its potential as a high-quality commercial mushroom cultivar.

본 연구에서는 셀루로오스 나노섬유(CNF) 첨가와 (3-아미노프로필)트라이에톡시실란(APTES)로 표면 처리한 CNF가 시멘트 모르타르 복합체에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 일반 시료, 비개질 CNF, APTES 개질 CNF, 그리고 APTES 용액만 첨가한 경우 등 네 가지 조건을 주요 변수로 하여 시험을 진행하였다. 최적 성능은 CNF 0.3 wt%와 APTES 3 vol% 처리 시 나타났으며, 이 조건에서 압축강도와 휨강도가 가장 높게 나타났다. SME, XRD, FT-IR 분석 결과, 처리된 CNF가 수화 생성물과 균일하게 분산되고 화학적으로 결합함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 통해 ATPES 처리로 CNF의 보강 효과가 시멘트 복합체의 역학적 성능을 크게 향상시킴을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 CNF 0.3 wt%와 APTES 3 vol%의 혼입 비율이 시멘트 복합체의 기계적 성능을 향상시키는 가장 효과적인 최적 배합비로 확인되었다.