Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) can damage thin-skinned fruits (plums, cherries, peaches, blueberries, and strawberries) by laying eggs inside the fruit. In this study, a basic experiment was conducted to investigate the preference of D. suzukii to export table grape varieties. Four varieties of grapes (Kyoho grape, Shine muscat, Campbell grape, and Black sapphire) were placed in a cage containing more than 2,500 number of D. suzukii adults for 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours and the egg-laying in grape has been induced. After 2 weeks, the number of pupae that emerged was counted. As a result, the largest number of pupae was generated in Kyoho grape among the four types of grapes, indicating that D. suzukii prefers to lay egg in Kyoho grape. Through this experiment, it was determined that 6 h was the appropriate inoculation time, and then an inoculation experiment was conducted on Kyoho grape. The total weight of the Kyoho grape used in the experiment was 36.119 kg, and a total of 2594 pupae were generated. The average number of D. suzukii per cluster was about 50. All stages of D. suzukii treated with low temperature(1℃) for 10 days were completely controlled.

본 연구는 복합운동이 여성노인의 폐기능, 혈중 비타민 D, 칼슘 및 골대사호르몬에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 만 65세 이상 여성노인을 대상으로 운동군(n=13), 대조군(n=17)으로 구분하여 주 3회, 회당 60분의 복합운동을 실시하였다. 유산소 운동 강도는 1-4주는 40-50%HRR(RPE 12-13), 5-8주는 50-60%HRR(RPE 13-14), 9-12주는 60-70%HRR(RPE 14-15)의 강도로 설정하였고 저항 운동 강도는 1-4주는 OMNI-RES(3-4), 5-8주는 OMNI-RES(5-6), 9-12주는 OMNI-RES(7-8)강도로 설정하였다. 그 결과 폐기능 중 FEV1은 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났고 운동군의 FVC/FEV1이 유의하게 증가하였다. 비타민 D는 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났고, 운동군과 대조군 모두 유의하게 증가하였다. 칼슘은 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났으며 대조군이 유의하게 감소하였다. 골대사호르몬 중 칼시토닌과 오스테오칼신은 그룹×시기 간 상호작용 효과가 나타났고, 오스테오칼신은 대조군이 유의하게 감소하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과를 통해 12주간의 복합운동이 여성노인의 신체활동을 활발하게 하여 폐 기능을 개선하고 혈중 비타민 D의 결핍을 완화할 수 있다고 생각되지만 칼슘 및 골대사호르몬에서는 유의미한 결과를 나타내지 못하였다.

Oxide coatings are formed on die-cast AZ91D Mg alloy through an environmentally friendly plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO) process using an electrolytic solution of NaAlO2, KOH, and KF. The effects of PEO condition with different duty cycles (10 %, 20 %, and 40 %) and frequencies(500 Hz, 1,000 Hz, and 2,000 Hz) on the crystal phase, composition, microstructure, and micro-hardness properties of the oxide coatings are investigated. The oxide coatings on die-cast AZ91D Mg alloy mainly consist of MgO and MgAl2O4 phases. The proportion of each crystalline phase depends on various electrical parameters, such as duty cycle and frequency. The surfaces of oxide coatings exhibit as craters of pancake-shaped oxide melting and solidification particles. The pore size and surface roughness of the oxide coating increase considerably with increase in the number of duty cycles, while the densification and thickness of oxide coatings increase progressively. Differences in the growth mechanism may be attributed to differences in oxide growth during PEO treatment that occur because the applied operating voltage is insufficient to reach breakdown voltage at higher frequencies. PEO treatment also results in the oxide coating having strong adhesion properties on the Mg alloy. The micro-hardness at the cross-section of oxide coatings is much higher not only compared to that on the surface but also compared to that of the conventional anodizing oxide coatings. The oxide coatings are found to improve the micro-hardness with the increase in the number of duty cycles, which suggests that various electrical parameters, such as duty cycle and frequency, are among the key factors controlling the structural and physical properties of the oxide coating.

Thermal management is a critical issue for the development of high-performance electronic devices. In this paper, thermal conductivity values of mild steel and stainless steel(STS) are measured by light flash analysis(LFA) and dynamic thermal interface material(DynTIM) Tester. The shapes of samples for thermal property measurement are disc type with a diameter of 12.6 mm. For samples with different thickness, the thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity are measured by LFA. For identical samples, the thermal resistance(Rth) and thermal conductivity are measured using a DynTIM Tester. The thermal conductivity of samples with different thicknesses, measured by LFA, show similar values in a range of 5 %. However, the thermal conductivity of samples measured by DynTIM Tester show widely scattered values according to the application of thermal grease. When we use the thermal grease to remove air gaps, the thermal conductivity of samples measured by DynTIM Tester is larger than that measured by LFA. But, when we did not use thermal grease, the thermal conductivity of samples measured by DynTIM Tester is smaller than that measured by LFA. For the DynTIM Tester results, we also find that the slope of the graph of thermal resistance vs. thickness is affected by the usage of thermal grease. From this, we are able to conclude that the wide scattering of thermal conductivity for samples measured with the DynTIM Tester is caused by the change of slope in the graph of thermal resistance-thickness.

본 연구의 목적은 PAPS-D를 활용하여 인라인스케이트 프로그램이 발달장애 학생들의 건강 체력 향상에 미치는 효과를 알아보는 것이다. 대상자는 발달장애 판정을 받은 중고등부 학생 10명으로 구성 되었고 16주 동안 주2회 총32회 수업을 하였으며, 수업시간은 매 시간 60분으로 하였다. 건강 체력 향상을 측정하기 위한 검사 도구는 2016학년도 교육과학부에서 개발한 PAPS-D 프로그램으로서 비만도 측정을 제외한 심폐기능(6분 걷기), 유연성(앉아 윗몸 앞으로 굽히기), 근 기능(윗몸 말아 올리기), 순발력(제자리 멀리뛰기)을 적용시켜 측정하였다. 통제집단과 실험집단의 상호작용 효과를 알아보기 위해 Two-way Repeated Measure ANOVA를 실시한 검사 결과는 심폐기능과 순발력에서는 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났지만, 유연성과 근 기능에서는 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 4개의 변인 중 3개변인(심폐기능, 유연성, 근 기능)은 인라인스케이트 프로그램이 건강 체력 향상에 영향을 미친것으로 나타났으며, 1개의 변인(순발력)은 사전검사 보다 사후검사에서 영향을 미치지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 사전 사후 검사에서 향상된 것으로 확인된 3개 변인의 결과에 따라 결론적으로 발달장애 학생들의 인라인스케이트 프로그램 적용은 건강 체력 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of types of oil (OVOIL vs. OIL) on B6D2F1 mice oogenesis. In this study, B6D2F1 F1 mice were used in order to maximize oogenesis. The expansion rate of cumulus cells (82.0%±0.2 vs. 78.0%±0.1), in vitro fertilization rate (92.0%±0.1 vs. 88.0%±0.1), developmental rate (91.0%±0.1 vs. 87.0%±0.2), blastocysts formation rate (56.0%±0.1 vs. 57.0%±0.1), and zona hatched rate(41.4%±0.2 vs. 24.0%±0.1) were not different between groups (NS; P>0.05). However, there was a significant difference in maturation rate; the OVOIL group showed higher maturation rate compared to that of the OIL group (96.0%±0.1 vs. 87.0%±0.1; P<0.05). In the blastocysts cell numbers, the total cell numbers (83.9±26.1 vs. 56.9±23.9), ICM cell numbers (15.7±8.8 vs. 6.3±3.5), TE cell numbers (68.3±25.7 vs. 50.7±24.1), % ICM (21.6%±0.1 vs. 12.7%±0.1), and the ratio of ICM:TE (1:6.2±6.5 vs. 1:10.3±7.0) were significantly higher in the OVOIL group than the OIL group (P<0.05). These results suggested that it is expected to achieve the more developmental ability of B6D2F1 mice depending on the type of oil (OVOIL vs. OIL). In addition, the results can provide essential information for culture condition on B6D2F1 mice. Henceforth, thus, it is expected that these results herein might be used for in vitro culture of human embryos.

Plasticization is one of the biggest challenges in gas separation polymeric membranes. Mixed matrix membrane (MMM) comprising inorganic nanofiller is the most promising solution for anti-plasticization, however, it requires large amount of nanofillers to achieve desired performance. We adopted 2-D nanocomposite of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) attached on graphene oxide to effectively prevent plasticization of polyimide membrane under mixed gas condition. ZIF nanofillers, known as suitable additive for olefin/paraffin separation membranes, were grown on graphene oxide 2-D nanotemplates to maximize encounter frequency between gas permeant and nanofillers even in lower concentrations. The prepared MMMs successfully showed an improved mixed gas selectivity compapred to pristine membrane, indicating better anti-plasticization effect.

The passivation of AZ91D Mg alloys by plasma anodization requires deliberate choice of process parameters due to the presence of large amounts of structural defects. We study the dependence of pore formation, surface roughness and corrosion resistance on voltage by comparing the direct current (DC) mode and the pulse wave (pulse) mode in which anodization is performed. In the DC plasma anodization mode, the thickness of the electrolytic oxide film of the AZ91D alloy is uneven. In the pulse mode, the thickness is relatively uniform and the formed thin film has a three-layer structure. The pulse mode creates less roughness, uniform thickness and improved corrosion resistance. Thus, the change of power mode from DC to pulse at 150 V decreases the surface roughness (Ra) from 0.9 μm to 0.1 μm and increases the corrosion resistance in rating number (RN) from 5 to 9.5. Our study shows that an optimal oxide film can be obtained with a pulse voltage of 150 V, which produces an excellent coating on the AZ91D casting alloy.

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with two different (L/D) aspect ratios (7±2 μm/140±30 nm and 0.5–2 μm/8–15 nm) were surface treated using nitric acid (HNO3) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) prior to their deposition on carbon fibers (CF). Before the hierarchical reinforcement with CF-MWCNT, the CFs were treated with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, a coupling agent (Z6040) and with poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) a dendrimer containing an ethylenediamine core and amine surface groups. The MWCNT were deposited on the CF using two methods, by electrostatic attraction and by chemical reactions. The changes in the CF surface morphology after the MWCNT deposition were analyzed using SEM, which revealed a higher density and uniform coverage for the PAMAM-treated CF and the short MWCNTs. The interfacial adhesion of the composite materials was evaluated using the single fiber fragmentation technique. The results indicated an improvement in the interfacial shear strength with the addition of the short-MWCNTs treated with acid solutions and grafted onto the surface of the CF fiber using electrostatic attraction.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of transfer temperature of epididymis on survival rate of semen and development ability of B6D2F1 mice embryos. No significant differences were noted in the survival rate of semen (59.0% ± 0.1 vs. 47.6% ± 0.1), in vitro fertilization rate (90.7% ± 0.1 vs. 90.7% ± 0.1), developmental rate (90.0% ± 0.1 vs. 90.0% ± 0.1), and blastocysts formation rate (53.1% ± 0.2 vs. 52.3% ± 0.2) between groups. (NS; P>0.05). However, the zona hatched rate was significantly higher in the 4°C group compared to those of the 37°C group (47.8% ± 0.1 vs. 25.6% ± 0.2; p<0.05). When it comes to cell numbers of blastocysts, the % ICM (/total cells) was significantly higher in the group of 4°C compared to the 37°C (27.0% ± 0.1 vs. 18.3% ± 0.1; p<0.05). However there were no differences in total cell numbers (72.7 ± 31.6 vs. 62.0 ± 36.6), ICM cell numbers (17.0 ± 7.8 vs. 14.6 ± 8.6), TE cell numbers (55.8 ± 29.8 vs. 64.0 ± 24.4), the ratio of ICM:TE (1:4.2 ± 4.1 vs. 1:6.4 ± 7.2) between two groups (NS; P>0.05).Taken altogether, it is expected to achieve the best developmental ability of B6D2F1 mice embryos in the transfer temperature of epididymis. Also these results can provide fundamental data to maximize culture condition for in vitro fertilization on B6D2F1 mice. In future, therefore, it is expected that results herein might be applied for in vitro culture of human embryos.

The external R&D, which includes the adoption of the external technology and knowledge in addition to the internal R&D, is one of important factors for the innovation. Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the external R&D has been considered as a key factor to carry out the innovation more efficiently due to the limitations of their resources and capacities. However, most of extant studies related to external R&D have focused on analyzing the influence of external R&D on innovation outputs or outcomes. Only a few studies have explored the impact of external R&D on the innovation efficiency. This study therefore investigates whether the external R&D effects the industry’s innovation efficiency and productivity. On this study, we used Korean manufacturing industry data of SMEs from 2012 to 2014 and employed a global Malmquist productivity analysis technique, which is based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), to assess the innovation efficiency and productivity. Innovation performances of external R&D group and internal R&D group are compared. Then, the sectoral patterns of both innovation efficiency and productivity are analyzed with respect to the technological intensity, which is introduced by OECD. The results show that the gap of innovation efficiency between external and internal R&D groups has gradually decreased because of the continuous improvement of the external R&D group’s performance, while the external R&D group lag behind the internal R&D group. In addition, patterns of the innovation efficiency and productivity change were different depending on the technological intensity, which means that the higher the technological intensity, the greater the effect of external R&D.

Exposure to house dust mites is closely connected with allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. House dust mites (Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus) act as allergens even after their death. Therefore, repelling the house dust mites is more effective method than killing them. Many chemical agents have been used in killing house dust mite. However, it is usually reported that these chemical agents (acaricides) exhibit adverse effects and toxicity toward animals and human. For these reasons, we carried out the experiments for measuring the repellent activity of Mate tea and Jasmine tea against house dust mites in this experiment. In order to determine the concentration having the most effective repellent effect of Mate and Jasmine tea, house dust mites (D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus) were exposed at different concentrations (0, 0.015625, 0.03125, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 mg/40 μL) of Mate tea and Jasmine tea extracts, respectively, for different hours (0.5, 1, 2, 3 hours). The most effective repellent effect (%) against house dust mite in 0.25 mg/40 μL of Mate tea for 2 hours was 73.5%, Jasmine Petal tea in 0.0625 mg/40 μL for 1 hour was 84.1% and Pearl Jasmine tea in 0.125 mg/40 μL for 0.5 hour was 82.8%. These results suggest that Mate tea and Jasmine tea extracts have potential effect to repel the house dust mites (D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus)

In this paper, we propose a method to automatically generate a height map image that can be useful for creating 2.5D clip. To this end, we used a Viola - Jones algorithm that segments eyes, nose and mouth of the image and analyzed the characteristics of each to derive the height value that is used for producing a final height map . Finally, we can apply the height map to create photo-realistic images that can be easily reproduced for synthesizing 2.5D animation in Adobe. To verify the proposed method, we have carried out a user study between 2.5D movies clips which are proposed our automatic method and a manually generated method.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different volume (100 μl vs. 2 ml) of microdrop culture on B6D2F1 mice oogenesis. In the present study, B6D2F1/CrljOri F1 mice were utilized in order to maximize oogenesis. Also we used TCM-199, Dulbecco's medified Eagle's medium (DMEM), embryo culture medium (Fertilization medium, Cleavage medium, Blastocyst medium), G series medium and One step medium. Blastulation rate was not different between groups (58.4±2.9% vs. 61.2±4.8%). Zona hatched rate (38±15.4% vs. 27±3.4%) and attached rate (55±13.9% vs. 46±3.9%) did not differ by the volume of culture media. Total cell numbers (59.8±9.7 vs. 70.3±8.7), ICM cell numbers (15.8±0.6 vs. 16.8±1.5), TE cell numbers (44.0±9.7 vs. 53.6±7.3), % ICM (26.4±2.9% vs. 23.8±3.3%) and ICM:TE ratio (1: 2.8±0.4 vs. 1: 3.2±0.6) were not different between groups (i.e., 100 μl vs. 2 ml). These results show that the capacity of the culture medium did not effect the cell numbers of B6D2F1 mice blastocysts. In summary, these results can provide fundamental data to maximize culture condition for in vitro fertilization on B6D2F1 mice.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of type of culture media (BM, G2, OS, TCM, and MEM) on B6D2F1 mice oogenesis. In the present study, B6D2F1/CrljOri F1 mice were utilized in order to maximize oogenesis. Also we used TCM-199, Dulbecco's medified Eagle's medium (DMEM), embryo culture medium (Fertilization medium, Cleavage medium, Blastocyst medium), G series medium and One step medium. In vitro maturation was highest in BM followed by the order of OS, MEM, TCM and G2 (90±2.8% > 88±3.2% > 85±4.9% > 78±10.2% > 64±7.7%, respectively). To note, the G2 group was statistically different compared to other groups (p<0.05). On the other hand the fertilization rate was highest in the G2 group followed by BM, OS, TCM, and MEM (87±7.2% > 85±6.9% > 74±14.0% > 71±13.8% > 2±1.4%, respectively). The MEM group was significantly lower compared to other groups (p<0.05). The developmental rate was highest in the OS group followed by the G2 group and the BM group albeit no statistical significance was noted (73±11.6% > 71±9.2% > 66±10.4%). Of note, all cells of the TCM and MEM groups were died during embryonic development. The zona hatched rate (51±9.8% vs. 50±9.1% vs. 47±7.2% for BM, G2, and OS respectively) and attached rate (45±12.3% vs. 38±16.1% vs. 37±11.5% for BM, G2, and OS respectively) were not different amongst groups. No difference was found in total cell numbers (74±13.9 vs. 64±9.2 vs. 76±6.7 for BM, G2, and OS respectively), ICM cell numbers (20±1.9 vs. 14±1.8 vs. 15±2.1), TE cell numbers (55±12.5 vs. 49±10.7 vs. 61±5.9), % ICM (30±2.8% vs. 24±7.0% vs. 22.8±2.2%) and ICM:TE ratio (1:2±0.5 vs. 1:3.1±0.8 vs. 1:3.1 ±0.5) amongst groups. In summary, these results can provide fundamental data to maximize culture condition for in vitro fertilization on B6D2F1 mice.

Antibiotics have been used to prevent disease, promote growth rate, and improve feed efficiency. However, the use of antibiotics in livestock has been restricted worldwide due to problems such as bacterial resistance. Therefore, probiotics among alternatives to antibiotics have gained attention in the livestock feed industry these days. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with probiotic 379D on safety, growth rate, and feed efficiency. In this study, bacterial strain 379D was isolated from soil and identified as a Bacillus sp. according to 16S rRNA sequence analysis. In an in vitro test, in-gel activity assay and antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted to evaluate 379D. In an in vivo study, 379D was administered at concentrations of 0.1% and 1% to broiler chickens for 28 days. The results of in-gel activity assay and antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that strain 379D had broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, no adverse 379D-related effects were observed in 0.1% and 1% groups. Feed efficiency was higher in the 379D-treated groups than in the control group. In conclusion, 379D is expected to be used as a safe alternative to antibiotics in a feed supplement and will improve feed efficiency in broiler chickens.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (vit. D) levels on metabolism of various minerals such as Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr. The comparison was made on the rats that were placed on diet containing powdered skim milk with different Ca and vit. D levels for 5 weeks. A total of 42 5-week-old Sprague- Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups as follows: Control group consisted of normal Ca and normal vit. D (0.5% Ca, 1,000 IU vit. D); Experimental groups were divided into low (0.25%) and high (1.0%) calcium levels; and vit. D group was divided into low (10 IU), normal (1,000 IU), and high (5,000 IU) subgroups. The weight gain and food efficiency ratios of the rats were not significantly different with increasing dietary Ca levels. The absorption rates of 7 minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr) were significantly decreased with increasing dietary Ca levels. Also, fecal excretion of P significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.05), and urine excretion of Fe was significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.001). The result indicated that higher Ca intake affected on bioavailability of other minerals, due to interactions among minerals in the process of intestinal absorption. However, vitamin D intake had no effect on bioavailability of several minerals. Therefore, it could be suggested that adequate Ca intake is important for balance of the minerals.