The purpose of this research is to determine the motivational relationship between a school sports c lub and school life adjustment, and to establish the effect of a school sports club. This research can al so be helpful to determine what kind of school s

요즘 우리나라에서는 초등학생들에게 한자능력검정시험이 많은 인기를 끌고 있 다. 이에 따라 사교육에서는 학원, 인터넷, 한자학습지 등에서 시험을 대비한 프로 그램이 성행하고 있으며, 한자교육에 대한 관심도 높아지고 있다. 현재 우리나라의 한자능력검정시험에 있어서 초등학생의 응시율이 약 60%나 된다. 이러한 초등학생들의 급수시험의 형태는 일시적이지 않고 연속적이기 때문 에 해마다 응시율도 증가하고 있다. 한편 공교육에서의 초등학교 한자교육은 충분 한 시간적 확보가 마련되지 않아서 체계적인 한자교육이 이루어지지 않고 있으며, 초등학교 교육용 기초한자도 제정되지 않았기 때문에 학년별로 공정하고 통일된 한자교육이 실시되지 못하고 있다. 이러한 공교육의 한자교육 실태는 한자능력검 정시험에 상당한 영향을 끼치고 있다. 공교육에서 채우지 못한 한자교육의 욕구를 사교육의 일환인 한자검정능력시험으로 대신하려는 경향이 있기 때문에 한자능력 검정시험의 인기는 날로 치솟고 있다. 한국의 한자능력검정시험은 일본의 한자능력검정 시험의 체제와 비교해 볼 때 상당한 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 한국의 한자능력검정시험의 현황을 살펴보면, 우선 한자능력을 검정하는 기관 이 많고, 이 기관들이 급수를 나누는 기준들이 다르다. 즉, 기준이 되는 국가적 차 원의 초등학교 교육용 기초한자가 제정 되지 않았기 때문에 각 기관별로 급수를 나누는 排定漢字와, 漢字數에 있어서 통일되지 못하고 있다. 이는 한자검정시험 의 전문성을 떨어뜨리고 공증성을 약하게 만들 수도 있다. 또한 각 기관들이 시행 하는 시험일도 다르기 때문에 상업적인 경향도 보인다. 반면 일본은 한자능력검정 시험은 거의 일본한자능력검정협회에서 주관하고 있다. 또한 漢檢의 급수 체제는 학교에서의 한자교육과 연계되어 학교에서 배우는 각 학년별로 배당한자(교육용 기초한자), 1006字를 기준으로 각 등급별로 형성되어 있다. 이는 일본의 漢檢이 공교육에 기반을 두고 시행되고 있는 것을 면밀히 보여주고 있는 것이다. 현재 한국의 한자능력검정시험의 시장은 상당히 크다. 초등학교의 한자과목의 위상을 확립하고 바람직한 한자교육의 체제를 형성하기 위해서는 현행 한자능력 검정시험의 체제를 개선해야 한다. 그러므로 본고에서는 일본의 한자능력검정시 험과의 비교를 통하여 한국의 한자능력검정시험의 문제점을 파악하고 개선책을 제시하는데 의의를 두고자 한다.

Changes in social, economical, and cultural environments affect the meal practices of children. The transmission of traditional Korean food culture is very important because it presents not only a well-balanced diet but also contributes to shaping identity. The purpose of this study was to investigate elementary school students' present meal practices and views, as well as demands on traditional food culture education to reflect future educational plans. Half of the students ate breakfast everyday and 72% ate a traditional Korean style breakfast. About 38% of the students participated 2-4 times per week in meal preparation and 34% participated in clean-up after the meal once a day. Although 6th graders had greater skills in basic cooking, they tended to be more passive upon applying their skills in daily meal practice. For traditional food culture education, 89% of the experienced and 86.2% of the inexperienced groups agreed on the necessity of traditional food culture education. Students attained traditional food culture knowledge through Silgwa, practical coursework within the curriculum, and by teachers leading classes. They were also educated by parents, mass media, and books outside of school. The preferred methods of class teaching were lecture and experiential learning. The preferred subjects to learn were 'cooking classes based on taste development', 'learning food ingredients through vegetable growing', 'traditional Korean food manners', and 'traditional Korean food culture and seasonal foods' as well as nutritional education. Fifth graders had more positive attitudes towards meal practices and traditional food culture education. Traditional Korean food culture and nutrition education should be integrated and developed into regular subject curricula to improve children's meal practice and inheritance of traditional food culture.

This study investigated the preference, intake condition and awareness of Kimchi of 660 elementary students in the Seoul area surveyed during June, 2008. The preference test was performed by using 5-point hedonic scale (1=dislike very much, 5=like very much). The most preferred types of Kimchi were Baechukimchi (4.32), Bossamkimchi (4.08) and Kkakdugi (4,01). The most preferred foods prepared with Kimchi were Kimchi jjige (4.59), Kimchi bokkeumbap (4.47), fried Kimchi (4.35), Kimchi pancake (4,31), Kimchi mandu (4.20) and Kimchi kimbap (4.06). Kimchi pizza (2.88), Kimchi hamburger (2.85) and Kimchi spaghetti (2.81) were not preferred. Most students (62.7%) ate Kimchi at almost every meal. The main reason for eating Kimchi was its delicious taste (50.3%). Concerning intake of Kimchi provided at school lunch, 48.4% of students ate some, 45.9% ate all and 5.8% ate none. Various kinds of Kimchi should be developed for elementary school students to meet their taste.

This study investigated the eating preferences and patterns for kimchi by elementary school students in Seoul, Korea. Seven hundred and sixty-six elementary school students in the Seoul area were surveyed during June, 2008, and the results are summarized as follows. The percentage of elementary school students living in a nuclear family was 93.6%. The BMIs of students were 'normal' (81.7%), 'underweight' (9.7%), and 'overweight' (8.6%). Most students (70.2%) liked kimchi. The main reasons cited were 'hot taste' (46.5%) by males and 'texture of chewing' (40.6%) by females. Most students had eaten Baechukimchi (97.8%) and Kkakdugi (96.9%), with Korean lettuce Kimchi (29.7%) marking the lowest experience. Regarding food prepared with Kimchi, most students had eaten Kimchi jjige (99.2%) and Kimchi bokkeumbap (96.9%). Kimchijapchae (27.8), Kimchi pizza (14.8%), Kimchi hamburger (13.3%), and Kimchi spaghetti (9.5%) received low grades.

To elucidate the effects of an obesity control program on body composition and serum lipid levels, 31 obese elementary students (male: 25, female: 6) residing in the Gyeonggi area were evaluated and their body composition, serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and TG (triglyceride) were analyzed. The average age, height, weight and BMI (body mass index) were 11.52±1.00 yrs, 151.96±8.04 cm, 68.21±9.03 kg and 29.40±1.79 kg/m2 for the males, respectively, and 11.17±1.17 yrs, 147.83±5.15 cm, 65.05±10.86 kg and 29.62±3.24 kg/m2 for the females, respectively. There was a significant decrease in BMI for males (p〈0.001) and females (p〈0.05). There were also significant changes in all of the biochemical levels evaluated before and after the study. Specifically, the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and TG level decreased after the obesity control program, while the HDL-cholesterol level increased after the program. These results indicate that obesity control programs do change the BMI, serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and TG levels in obese elementary students. Thus, obesity control programs are urgently needed to prevent degenerative disease and decrease obesity among children in elementary school.

The purpose of study proffer the proper teaching method of sports club and the orientation and the based data for the education of the trait hunanity and the school sports club programs in elementary students, as searching the relations of the participati

This study was conducted to investigate the vegetable eating behaviors and preferences of elementary school students by stage of change for vegetable intake. The subjects consisted of 191 fourth and fifth grade elementary school students from Gyeonggi province. The stage of change for vegetable intake was categorized into three groups: precontemplation (PC, 18.4%), preparation (P, 43.5%), and action/maintenance (A&M, 48.2%). The trend to eat a variety of foods was more distinctive as the students went from the PC to the A&M stage. The stage of change for vegetable intake was closely related with the kimchi-eating pattern of the students. The A&M group ate more vegetables than the PC group because they liked vegetables and/or wanted to prevent disease. The PC group had a lower tendency to follow recommendations for vegetable eating than the P and A&M groups. The PC group also had an incorrect notion that low vegetable consumption over an extended time would not have a big impact on their health. The vegetables of high preference for the elementary school students were potato, sweet potato, lettuce, radish, perilla leaf, cucumber, and cabbage. The vegetables of low preference were spinach, onion, balloon flower, and green pepper. The PC group had lower preferences for most vegetables than the P and A&M groups. Therefore, careful nutrition education is necessary especially for students in the PC group in order to explain the positive effects of vegetable intake and negative effects of an unbalanced diet. It is also necessary to survey students' tastes consistently and to develop recipes that encourage them to consume more vegetables agreeably.

This study was conducted to investigate whether there is a difference in calcium intake between elementary school students who are participating in the school milk program and those who are not. The study samples consisted of 240 milk program participants and 120 non-participants in the fifth and the sixth grades at a school located in Cheong-ju. The survey questionnaire included questions related to general status, drinking milk at school, and intake of milk and dairy products at home. An FFQ (food frequency questionnaire) was composed of 30 calcium-supplying foods, which surveyed the normal intake amount at one time and the frequency per month. The average daily intake of calcium by the participants (1052.3 mg) was higher than that of the non-participants (772.5 mg) by 279.8 mg, and the major consumed food item contributing to the difference was milk. The major sources of dietary calcium were 'milk' for the participants and 'ice cream' for the non-participants. In a question asking the reasons for participation in the program, 48.8% of the participants answered 'benefits to health', and the primary reason why the nonparticipants did not drink milk at school was 'stomach pain' (55.0%). Among the participants, 80.4% said they 'are drinking milk at home', which was in contrast to only 50.8% of the non-participants. And 48.7% the participants said they drank 'more than 1 cup' of milk at home, and 47.5% of the non-participants said they drank 'less than 1 cup'.

In this study, sixth grade school children in the Guri area were surveyed via questionnaire regarding their sociodemographìc characteristics, snacking pattems, and intakes of different food groups and sugared snacks. Students with employed mothers had more frequent snacking events and were more dependent on store-purchased snacks compared to those having an unemployed mother. A high consumption of snack sugar was associated with a higher dietary diversity score. There was a positive relationship between snack sugar intake and the intakes of meat and dairy products and foods in the oil and nut group, respectively. A high snack sugar intake had a negative effect on fruit intake. Specific nutrient intake data will be required before conclusions can be made on whether nutrient imbalances are a concern in elementary school children having sweet snacks. Yet, the current data indicate that an increased snack sugar intake can decrease fruit intake, which could result in certain nutrient deficits. Specific dietary guidance may be necessary to address the snacking habits of elementary school children.

The purpose of this study was to find out what effects Expression Activities Lessons in elementary school have on students' building up of physical, emotional, academic and social self-concept and to furnish basic data for expression activities lessons' d

This study examined the relationships between participating in sports activities and learning attitude of elementary school students, showed the value and the role of participating in sports activities. There were two factors defining participating in spo

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children has increased dramatically in recent years. Although AD has genetic determinants, this rapid increase is most likely due to changes in environmental influences--for example, dietary changes. The purpose of this case-control study was to assess the relationship between the risk of developing AD and dietary factors, including eating habits, food intake, and the consumption of various functional foods in children at ages of 7 or 8 years. 143 AD patients and 335 healthy children participated in this study. A mini-dietary assessment was utilized to evaluate the food intake and dietary patterns of the children, and other information, including demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, eating habits, and the frequency of functional food use was collected using a questionnaire. The results demonstrated that, among the demographic and socioeconomic factors assessed in this study, female gender, mother's employment, and the family history of AD significantly increased the risk of AD. However, no differences in dietary habits and specific food intake between AD patients and healthy controls were identified. On the other hand, the frequencies of taking multivitamin supplements, Spirulina, or gamma-linoleic acid were significantly higher in AD patients than in the controls. These data indicate that alterations in eating habits and the intake of certain foods may not be a critical cause associated with the risk of AD in school-age children, and caution should be taken in recommending food elimination diets for the purpose of preventing AD. Further studies are required in order to determine whether the intake of specific nutrients could contribute to the increase or prevention of the development of AD in school-age children.

This study investigated elementary school students' perception, preferences, and intake of Korean traditional foods, focusing specifically on kimchi, tteok (rice cake), and eumcheong (beverage) varieties; and compared them by gender, living with grandparents, mother's occupation, and meal preparation by the grandmother. The subjects were 287 6th grade elementary school students in Busan. The results were as follows: 80% of children were interested in Korean traditional foods. 40% believed that their intake of Korean traditional foods was decreasing because these foods were not palatable to them. The majority of them, however, said they would continue to eat Korean traditional foods as they had done (54.7%) or eat more than before (36.6%) in the future. The children thought that Korean traditional foods were rich in nutrition and good for their health. The children had the highest preference for Baechu-kimchi among varieties of kimchi, and they had high preferences for Songpyeon, Galaitteok, and Injulmi. They had high preferences for Sikhye, citron tea, and adlai tea. Over 80% reported consuming Baechu-kimchi and Kkakdugi three to four times per week. They had eaten Injulmi the most frequently among the tteoks, while over 80% had eaten the other types of tteok only once or twice per month. Adlai tea, citron tea, and Sikhye were drunk more than once per week. In general, we noted no significant differences in the children's perceptions, preferences, and intake of Korean traditional foods by gender, living with grandparents, mother's occupation, and meal preparation by grandmother, with the exception of several items. The students had a very positive perception of Korean traditional foods. They had higher preferences for and had more frequently consumed the more familiar Korean traditional foods. It is therefore suggested that if the children had opportunities to experience Korean traditional foods more frequently and variously at home or in restaurants, they would appreciate Korean traditional foods even more, and develop higher preferences for these foods.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the elementary students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice for food hygiene and safety. A self-administered questionnaire was developed and offered to 375 elementary school students throughout the Seoul region. The results of the survey were as follows: First, the knowledge, attitudes, and practice were not at satisfactory level. The scores of children's knowledge, attitudes, and practice were 67.42%, 3.83, and 3.81 out of 5 point scale, respectively. Second, knowledge, attitudes and practice levels were significantly different according to demographic characteristics. The lower grade-students had significantly higher scores for knowledge (p<.05), attitudes (p<.05) and practice (p<.01) than higher gradestudents, suggesting that food hygiene and safety education is more effective in younger students or that repeated education is needed for higher grade-students. Third, knowledge, attitudes and practice levels were significantly correlated each other. These results suggest that the education programs for food hygiene and safety should be developed for, as well as implemented in, lower elementary school grades.

Absenteeism is an important index that is related not only to health but also to direct daily activities. It may lead to a student's poor educational performance and overall reduction in educational quality. Particularly, diseases causing school absenteeism are important for environmental health of children's study. However only a few studies regarding the effects of air pollution on school absenteeism due to respiratory disease have been reported. This study was performed to examine the effect of air pollution on absenteeism by respiratory disease, using school attendance reports from March 2002 to December 2004. In this study, we counted absenteeism numbers using school absenteeism data from the first to sixth grade and classified absenteeism into illness-related, non-illness-related and respiratory disease-related illness absences. To this end, we used air pollution data (CO, NO2, PM10, and SO2) and temperature and relative humidity data collected during the study period. Daily counts of absenteeism were analyzed by Generalized Additive Model after the adjustment of several factors such as seasonal variation, day of the week, and meteorological parameter confounders in a nonparametric approach. For each air pollutant, we analyzed illness-related absences, non-illness-related absences, and respiratory- illness related absences. Then, we considered both influenza and non-influenza related absenteeism type. In illness-related absences analysis, absenteeism risks increased to 1.05(1.02-1.08) for CO and 1.06 (1.02-1.10) for NO2 by each interquartile range change with adjustment for influenza. The risks for respiratory-related absences of CO and NO2 increased to 1.05(1.02-1.08) and 1.04(1.01-1.08), respectively by each interquartile range change with adjustment for influenza. However, in the analysis of non-illness-related absences, there were no significant risks for the effect of all air pollution. This result shows that air pollution can affect respiratory-related absences and provides a basis for developing environmental health policy against air pollution.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating habits and eating behaviors, nutrition knowledge of students in 4, 5 and 6th graders of elementary school in Jeonju Area. The subjects for questionnaire were 2,568 elementary school students (boys 1,364, girls 1,204). The results were analyzed by SPSS program, and were as follows. In anthropometric data, there were significant differences between boys and girls. In eating habits and eating behaviors, there were significant differences in the rate of 'Hasty eating habit(p<0.01)', 'Most heavy meal(p<0.01)', 'Eating when receive stress(p<0.05)', and 'Frequency of snack eating per day(p<0.01)' between boys and girls. In total scores of nutrition knowledge, there were significant differences between boys and girls. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant differences in the rate of 'Carbohydrate and fat give heat and force.(p<0.001)', 'Carbohydrate is nutrient that make muscle and blood of our body.(p<0.01)', 'Overeating of carbohydrate does not contribute gain of weight. (p<0.05)', To intake vitamin, it is good to eat fresh fruit and vegetable.(p<0.01)', 'Calcium deficiency is leading to anemia.(p<0.001)' between boys and girls. In conclusion, systematical educational programs need to be developed at elementary school. These should include information about achieving a balanced diet, good eating habit and behavior, meal management and Korean dietary culture. Also, nutritional education at home must be emphasized.

일산 거주 초등학생 33명 66안 (9.01±1.16, 세 2004년 기준)을 대상으로 조절마비하 자동 굴절검사, 각막지형도검사 및 A-scan Ultrasonography 를 실시하고 2년 동안 변화도를 분석하여, 한국인에 적합한 콘택트렌즈의 설계와 제조 및 임상에서 콘택트렌즈 피팅에 관한 참고 자료를 얻고자 하였다. 2년간 등가구면 굴절이상도는 -0.818±0.704 D(p=0.000) 근시쪽으로 변하고, 안축장은 0.310±0.309 mm(p=0.000) 증가했으며, 각막정점 곡률반경은 -0.007±0.033 mm(p=0.000) 변하고, 각막난시는 -0.024±0.367 D(p=0.590) 변화하였다. 각막 정점으로부터 주변부로 갈수록 비구면계수는 (-)음의 방향으로 증가하였고, 비구면 계수의 변화도는 10° 반경 0.005±0.092(p=0.691), 20°반경 0.003±0.076(p=0.692) 및 30° 반경 -0.012±0.063(p=0.127) 였다. 전체 대상자에서 비구면계수와 등가구면 굴절이상도, 각막 정점 곡률반경, 안축장은 상관성이 없었고, 2차 측정시 비구면계수와 각막난시는 낮은 상관성이 나타났으나(r=0.283, p=0.021), 변화도에서는 상관성이 없었다(r=0.009, p=0.945). 근시군에서는 각막 정점 곡률반경 (1차 : r=-0.399, p=0.014, 2차 : r =-0.361, p=0.028) 과는 낮은 상관성을 보였고, 변화도에서도 상관성을 보였다(r=0.410, p=0.012). 비구면계수와 각막난시는 낮은 상관성이 있었으나 (1차 : r=0.354, p=0.032, 2 차 : r=0.427, p=0.008), 변화도에서는 상관성이 없었다(r=-0.012, p=0.945). 반면, 비근시군은 비구면계수와 제시된 안광학상수 사이에 상관성이 없었다. 이상의 분석 결과를 활용하여 비구면계수과 관련된 각막의 비구면성을 이해할 수 있으며, 성장기 학생의 각막 형상에 적합한 콘택트렌즈의 설계 및 제조를 위해서는 근시안에 대한 장기적인 후속 연구가 요구된다.

The purpose of this study was to examine how two different groups of students who took P.E. lessons from P.E. teachers and homeroom teachers respectively during a semester perceived the objectives, method, evaluation and environments of P.E. instruction.

Spelling is a complicated skill, which is difficult to acquire even for native language learners. During the early stages of learning to read, children use various orthographic strategies to spell and their spellings show different developmental characteristics. This present study examines Korean elementary school students" English spelling. This is a cross-sectional study: three hundred and fifty seven students" spelling data was collected from 4th, 5th and 6th grade students and analyzed for comparison from the developmental spelling view. The data was analyzed into two categories: accuracy of spelling at each grade and the children"s invented spellings. Results showed that the EFL children"s spellings have developmental features similar to native language learners or ESL learners. The fourth graders omitted vowels and substituted letter names instead of short vowels. As the grades increase, the salient features of spelling were changed; whereas the fourth graders showed low level achievement in CVVC words, the six graders" spelling presented increased achievement in the same category. However, they have different aspects in detail, e.g. Korean learners acquire diphthongs earlier than CVck, which is unusual compared to the native English learners. Finally, a conclusion was drawn from the data and instructional suggestions are provided.