foam is an important engineering material because of its exceptional high-temperature stability, low thermal conductivity, good wear resistance, and stability in hostile chemical environment. In this work, foams were designed to control the microstructure, porosity, and cell size by varying different parameters such as the amount of amphiphile, solid loading, and stirring speed. Particle stabilized direct foaming technique was used and the particles were partially hydrophobized upon the adsorption of valeric acid on particles surface. The foam stability was drastically improved when these particles were irreversibly adsorbed at the air/water interface. However, there is still considerable ambiguity with regard to the effect of process parameters on the microstructure of particle-stabilized foam. In this study, the foam with open and closed-cell structure, cell size ranging from to having single strut wall and porosity from 75% to 93% were successfully fabricated by sintering at for 2 h in air.

The purpose of this study was to compare the muscle activity of the abdominal and lumbar multifidus during unilateral prone hip extension on the floor and on a round foam roll. Fifteen healthy participants were recruited. They were instructed to perform a unilateral hip extension on the floor and on a round foam roll in the prone position. Surface electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded from bilateral lumbar multifidus (LM), external oblique (EO), and internal oblique (IO) muscles. A paired t-test was used to compare muscle activity, with the level of significance set at =.05. The results showed that bilateral LM, EO, IO EMG activity during right-hip extension on a round foam roll was greater than that on the floor, and EMG activity of bilateral LM, right EO, and left IO during left-hip extension on a round foam roll was greater than that on the floor (p<.05). These findings suggest that the unilateral hip-extension exercise on a round foam roll can be used to activate the lumbar multifidus and abdominal oblique muscles and causes a different increasing pattern between the two lifting sides.

본 연구는 등분포 하중에 종속된 폼내장 콘크리트 샌드위치 패널 (foam insulated concrete sandwich panel)의 구조거 동특성을 파악하였다. 유한요소모델이 콘크리트, 폼 그리고 철근의 비선형거동과 연결부재 (connector)의 상세 전단 저항거동을 모사하기위해 사용되었다. 개발된 모델은 미주리대학 (University of Missouri)에서 수행된 정적실험자료 를 사용하여 검증되었다. 합성 및 비합성 거동이 샌드위치패널의 구조거동에미치는 영향을 정확히 모사하기 위해 전단연결재의 저항력을 모델에 정확히 반영하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서 개발된 모델은 구조물의 극한강도및 좌굴이후의 거동까지 모사하였고 미국콘크리트 학회 (ACI)의 설계예제와 비교하였다. 본연구의 결과는 정적 및 동 적하중에 종속된 폼내장 콘크리트 샌드위치 패널의 해석및 설계에 유용한 정보를 제공할것이다.

Herein, macroporous carbon materials were readily prepared by carbonization of cured body of resorcinol and formaldehyde using poly(methyl methacrylate) colloid microspheres which were employed as the template in the gelation of resorcinol with formaldehyde. The gel in the water was solvent exchanged with methanol and the wet gel was dried. After carbonization of the template-gel composite at , it was found that pores were left corresponding to the size of the template, yielding carbon materials with a fine porous structure with enlarged surface area and significant porosity. Properties of the carbon foams including the structure, morphology, thermal stability, and porosity were investigated. Finally, it was concluded that the method using polymer colloids as the template provided a facile route to prepare carbon foams.

Nickel-based and iron-based alloys have been developed and commercialized for a wide range of high performance applications at severely corrosive and high temperature environment. This alloy foam has an outstanding performance which is predestinated for diesel particulate filters, heat exchangers, and catalyst support, noise absorbers, battery, fuel cell, and flame distributers in burners in chemical and automotive industry. Production of alloy foam starts from high-tech coating technology and heat treatment of transient liquid-phase sintering in the high temperature. These technology allow for preparation of a wide variety of foam compositions such as Ni, Cr, Al, Fe on various pore size of pure nickel foam or iron foam in order for tailoring material properties to a specific application.

Porous HAp with three-dimensional network channels was prepared in a polymer foam process using a in-situ formation. HAp/polyol with various HAp solid contents was formed with an addition of isocyanate. Under all conditions, the obtained porous HAp had pore sizes ranging 50 μm to 250 μm. The influence of the HAp content on the physical and mechanical properties of porous HAp scaffolds was investigated. As the solid content increased, the porosity of the porous HAp decreased from 79.3% to 77.9%. On the other hand, the compressive strength of the porous HAp increased from 0.7 MPa to 3.7 MPa. With a HAp solid content of 15 g, the obtained porous HAp had physical properties that were more suitable for scaffolds compared to other conditions.

Used polyurethane was chemically degraded by treatments with flame retardants such as tris(3-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), and trimethyl phosphate (TMP). The structure of degraded products (DEP) was analyzed by FT-IR and P-NMR and it turned out to be phosphorus containing oligourethanes. Rigid polyurethane foam was produced by using the degraded products (DEP) as flame retardants. The flammability of recycled rigid polyurethane was investigated. The recycled polyurethane shows a reduced flammability over virgin polyurethane. In order to evaluate flame retardant properties of the recycled polyurethane foams with various amounts of DEP, the combustion parameters of the foam was measured by a cone calorimeter. Scanning electron micrograph of recycled PU shows the same uniform cell morphology as virgin PU.

Metallic foams have a combination of attractive properties such as high specific mechanical properties and good energy absorption characteristics. This paper presents the properties of steel foam sandwiches produced using powder metallurgy approach. Metallic powder, solid polymeric binder and a foaming agent are dry-mixed and molded into the desired shape. The molded powder mix is then heat-treated to foam, debind and sinter the material. The resulting material has an open cell structure with high porosity. The structure and properties of sandwiches specimens produced with the process are presented and discussed.

According to increase of using quantity, people interested in the environmental influence by synthetic detergent. The main visible form when synthetic detergent dissolved in water is generating foams. This foam makes coating over water surface and prevents oxygen penetrating in water and make water more polluted with that result. To analyze, components and origins of the foam, and to make clear its environmental influence in this study. The analyzing objects are introducing water of sewage treatment plant from the a tributary to the Han River. After analysis, reached the conclusion like below, Analyzing foams and introducing water by sublation method, average return rate of standard LAS (1.0ppm) is 90%. LAS contents of foams analyzed by UV photometric method and HPLC method are 35.0ppm and 44.5ppm each, and AOS contents of foams analyzed by the same method are 0.6ppm and 0.4ppm each. We can find out by this study's analyzing results that the main components of foams are anion surfactant, it's content and in case of capric acid linoleic acid, it's contents.

본 실험은 폐기된 유리물질을 재가공하여 입자화한 CGF(cellular glass foam)를 펄라이트 대체 혼합상토로 이용하기 위하여 수행되었다. CGF의 입자크기를2.0∼4.0 mm로 조절한 후 피트모스와 혼합하여 배지를 조제하였고 관수빈도에 따른 Lycopersicum esculentum 'Segye' 플러그묘의 생육을 비교히였다. CGF와 피트모스의 혼합비율은 25：75와 33：67(%, v/v)이였으며 관수빈도는 2일에 1회, 2회, 또는 3회로 하였고, 상업용 플러그 배지(토실이 배지)에 1일 I회 관수한 것을 대조구로 하였다. 파종 후 33일에 플러그묘의 초장, 경경, 줄기와 뿌리의 생체중과 건물중, 엽수, 엽면적, 엽록소 함량, 그리고 배지의 pH와 EC를 조사하였다. 배지 혼합비율에 따른 플러그묘의 전체 생육은 유의성이 낮았다. 관수빈도에 따른 경경, 엽수, 엽면적, 줄기와 뿌리의 생체중과 건물중, T/R 그리고 배지의 EC에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다 CGF와 피트모스를 25：75(%, v/v)로 혼합한 배지에 관수빈도를 높인 처리에서 묘의 생육이 가장 좋았다.

The liquid body foam which added the garlic extract, differs for clothes and kitchen detergent, industrial and domestic detergent, and it has various characteristics as a soft detergent for bath and hair product. The contents of various characteristics in this experiment have tested for the foam formation force, the moisture force and the antimicrobial force. In case of this product adding garlic extrat, we could know the three characteristics. In first case to increase the concentration of Sunfom-S, we could know that the foam formation force increases following to it. In second case to increase the concentration of propylene glycol, we could know that the moisture force increases following to moisturing agent. In third case to increase the concentration of garlic extract, we could know that the antibiosis and preservation efficacy appears between 3.0-4.0wt% and the sterilization efficacy appears more than 5.0wt%. According to the result of this experiment, we could recognize the characteristics concerning to quality of this product.

The natural body foam product which palm oil is added to this product, differs from products for clothes and Kitchen detergent, industrial and domestic detergent, and It has a various characteristics as a soft detergent for bath and hair product. Up to now, vidal sassoon product which imports form overseas and sells in our country, increases every year in consumption quantity. The development of this product tested to consider the quality of product in the effect of import transfer. First of all, the experiment of this product tested the fundamental items of pH, foam formation force, the moisture effect of product, the biodegradation degree of product. In case of palm oil, when it was added to this product in 0.25wt%, we could get experiment results that pH appeared in 6.2, foam formation force in product 1wt% solution appeared in 104ml per 30sec, the skin moisture effect of product appeared in incleasing from 82 a.u to 90 a.u within one hour since we have used the product, the biodegradation degree of surfactant appeared in 96.7%. According to the experiment result of product, we could know the fact that it has a high quality in comparison with other products.