Decommissioning waste is generated with various types and large quantities within a short period. Concrete, a significant building material for nuclear facilities, is one of the largest decommissioning wastes, which is mixed with aggregate, sand, and cement with water by the relevant mixing ratio. Recently, the proposed treatment method for volume reduction of radioactive concrete waste was proven up to scale-up testing using unit equipment, which involved sequentially thermomechanical and chemical treatment. According to studies, the aggregate as non-radioactive material is separated from cement components with contaminated radionuclides as less than clearance criteria, so the volume of radioactive concrete waste is decreased effectively. However, some supplementation points were presented to commercialize the process. Hence, the process requires efficiency as possible to minimize the interface parts, either by integration or rearranging the equipment. In this study, feasibility testing was performed using integrated heating and grinding equipment, to supplement the possible issue of generated powder and dust during the process. Previously, heat treatment and grinding devices were configured separately for pilot-scale testing. But some problems such as leakage and pipe blockage occurred during the transportation of generated fine powder, which caused difficulties in maintaining the equipment. For that reason, we studied to reduce the interface between the equipment by integrating and rearranging the equipment. To evaluate the thermal grinding performance, the fraction of coarse and concrete fines based on 1mm particle size was measured, and the amount of residual cement in each part was analyzed by wet analysis using 4M hydrochloric acid. The result was compared with previous studies and the thermomechanical equipment could be selected to enhance the process. Therefore, it is expected that the equipment for commercialization could be optimized and composed the process compactly by this study.

In electric vehicles, the core is a secondary cell battery. Raw material is pulverized by the grinding disc in the Classifier Separator Mill (CSM) and rises through the Classifier Wheel. Both require characteristics to withstand high-speed rotation, including abrasion, corrosion, and shock. Our study analyzes the impact of RPM and heat source on temperature, convergence, and durability. In conclusion, high heat increases flow, while high RPM reduces the maximum temperature but may harm durability. Proper RPM settings enhance durability.

본 연구는 비산소 분쇄 및 포장이 해조류 분말의 색도, 항산화활성 및 미생물 수에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 대조구로는 산소 조건하에서 분쇄 및 포장을 진행하였다. 색도는 대조구가 저장기간이 지남에 따라 L값과 b값은 감소하고 a값이 증가하여 갈변현상이 일어나는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 총 페놀함량 (9.8~8.0mg GAE/100g dw), DPPH (12.57~11.00mg BHAE/100g dw), ABTS (13~8.4mg AAE/100g dw) 및 FRAP (11.2~8.0mg Fe(II)/100g dw)활성이 모두 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에, 진공-질소치환에 의한 비산소 분쇄 및 포장의 경우 유의적으로 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 미생물수는 대장균군, 일반세균수, 효모 및 곰팡이를 분석하였고 대장균군과 곰팡이는 모든 샘플에서 불검출되었다. 대조구는 0~8주차에서 일반세균수와 효모가 각각 1.52~1.96 log CFU/g, 0~1.77 log CFU/g으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 비산소 분쇄 및 포장 조건은 0~8주차에서 일반세균수와 효모가 각각 1.52~1.53 log CFU/g, 0~1.25 log CFU/g으로 각각 나타나 일반세균수는 유의적으로 차이가 없었으나 효모는 약간 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 색도유지, 높은 총 페놀함량 및 항산화 활성 유지, 일반세균 및 효모의 성장 억제를 위해서는 진공-질소치환에 의한 비산소 분쇄 및 포장 조건하에서 품질특성과 미생물수를 유지하는데 효과적일 것으로 판단된다.

This study attempts to find optimal conditions of the friction coefficient using a discrete element method (DEM) simulation with various friction coefficient conditions and three different grinding media with various ball sizes in a traditional ball mill (TBM). Using ball motion of the DEM simulation are obtained using the optimal friction coefficient compared with actual motion; photographs are taken by the digital camera and the snapshot images are analyzed. In the simulation, the rotation speed of the mill, the materials and velocity of the grinding media, and the friction coefficient between the balls and the wall of the pot are fixed as the actual experimental conditions. We observe the velocity according to the friction coefficient from the DEM simulation. The friction coefficient is found to increase with the velocity. Milling experiments using a traditional ball mill with the same experimental conditions as those of the DEM simulation are conducted to verify the simulated results. In addition, particle morphology change of copper powder is investigated and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the milling experiment.

In relation to the development of automatic discharging and grinding system producing eco-friendly composite fertilizer raw materials, the performance test was proceeded. and We had obtained the following results. 1. Of the evaluation items set as performance indicators for this technology development, the “grinding capacity” of the composite fertilizer roll mill is higher than the current market-sufficient performance (1500kg/hr) of 1800kg/hr.For “grind particle size”, results of less than 1.8 mm on average were obtained, which is smaller than market-sufficient performance (average less than 2 mm). 2. As a result of the evaluation of “1batch 400kg discharge time”, the results of less than 10min/1bach were obtained, which is shorter than the market satisfaction performance (15min/1bach).

As a case study on aspect ratio behavior, Kaolin, zeolite, TiO2, pozzolan and diatomaceous earth minerals are investigated using wet milling with 0.3 mm media. The grinding process using small media of 0.3 pai is suitable for current work processing applications. Primary particles with average particle size distribution D50, ~6 μm are shifted to submicron size, D50 ~0.6 μm after grinding. Grinding of particles is characterized by various size parameters such as sphericity as geometric shape, equivalent diameter, and average particle size distribution. Herein, we systematically provide an overview of factors affecting the primary particle size reduction. Energy consumption for grinding is determined using classical grinding laws, including Rittinger's and Kick's laws. Submicron size is obtained at maximum frictional shear stress. Alterations in properties of wettability, heat resistance, thermal conductivity, and adhesion increase with increasing particle surface area. In the comparison of the aspect ratio of the submicron powder, the air heat conductivity and the total heat release amount increase 68 % and 2 times, respectively.

철도 분기기는 결선부와 곡선부의 존재로 인하여 선로에서 가장 손상이 많이 발생하는 구간이며, 구조적 건전성을 유지관리하기 위하여 매년 상당한 비용이 투입되고 있다. 레일연마는 이러한 분기기의 레일 손상을 감소시켜 유지관리 비용을 저감할 수 있는 방안 중 하나로 알려져 있으나, 현재까지 국내에서는 분기기 레일 연마를 통한 유지관리 비용 절감 효과를 정 량적으로 연구한 사례가 거의 없는 상황이다. 이 논문에서는 분기기 레일 연마를 통한 유지관리 비용 절감 효과를 다물체 동적 해석프로그램인 VI-Rail을 이용하여 검토하였다. 레일 연마 효과는 레일 표면의 조도를 이용하여 모사하였으며, VI-Rail 프로 그램의 Flextrack 모델을 이용하여 차량-궤도 상호작용해석을 수행하였다. 수치해석은 60kg #8 분기기와 EMU 차량 모델을 이용 하여 수행하였으며, 레일 표면 조도는 실제 궤도에서 측정된 값을 기반으로 작성한 PSD 함수를 이용하여 모사하였다. 해석 결 과 레일 연마는 분기기 레일의 피로 수명을 6.5% 가량 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 분쇄효율 향상과 더불어 최근 대두되고 있는 시멘트의 품질 문제 해결을 위하여 기능성 분쇄 조제 TIPA계의 대체 를 위해 Glycerine-co-MEA의 유기고분자를 합성하고 이를 적용하여 시멘트 클링커의 분쇄효율 및 압축 강도 향상을 기하고자 하였다. 시 멘트 클링커의 분쇄 효율 및 제조된 시멘트의 물리적 특성을 향상시키기 위하여 고분자 구조 내에 분쇄능을 향상시킬 수 있는 하이드록 실기(-OH)와 압축강도를 향상시키는 아민기(-NHx)를 동시에 가지는 유기 고분자를 합성하고 이를 적용한 시멘트의 분쇄능, 강도발현율 및 유동성 등 시멘트의 물리적 특성을 검토하였다. 실험결과 Glycerine-co-MEA의 최적 합성 조건은 몰비 1 : 1, 반응온도 80℃, pH 5.0, 점도 35 cPs일 때 가장 안정한 고분자의 합성이 가능 한 것으로 나타났으며, 분쇄능은 기존 DEG 및 TIPA계 보다 분말도는 약 150~310 ㎠/g 증가하였고, 45 ㎛체 잔사율은 1.6~2.0% 정도 감소 하여 분쇄효율이 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 압축강도는 알카놀 아민계 유기 고분자의 하이드록실기에 의한 분쇄능 증진 및 아민기에 의한 시멘트 초기 강도 증진 현상으로 초기 재령 1일에서 DEG보다 약 31%, 기능성 분쇄조제인 TIPA계 보다 약 12%의 높은 강도 증진을 나타내었으며, 재령 28일에서는 DEG보다 19%, TIPA계 보다 약 12%의 강도 증진 결과를 나타내었다.

Ensuring the quality of molds is one of the major issues in mass production. In general, securing the quality of the molds is achieved by repeating grinding and die spotting after machining the molds based on engineer’s decision. However, this heuristic method is affected by the engineer’s skill and working environment. Therefore, a lot of time and resources are needed in order to ensure quality. In this study, ensuring the quality of molds using grinding map which is generated using automatic measurement is proposed. An automatic measuring system based on CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) is developed for measuring the molds. This system generates the measurement path automatically using the 3D CAD model of products. CAD (Computer- Aided-Design), CAM (Computer-Aided-Manufacturing), and CAQ (Computer-Aided-Quality) technology is integrated using DMIS (Dimensional Measuring Interface Standard) format in the automatic measuring system. After measuring the molds, a grinding map is generated using the gap between the CAD model and measured values of mold. The grinding map displays the machining tendency and the required amount of grinding with values on a 3D map. Therefore, the quality of molds can be ensured with exactness and quickness based on the grinding map. This study shows that integrating the planning, measuring, and analyzing based on computer technology can solve the problem of quality assurance of mold using the proposed method, therefore the productivity can be increased.

Since 2010, old concrete pavement of expressway in Korea has approached the design life or exceeded it. As a result, the amount of maintenance for various types of distresses has also been increasing. In addition, there is increasing a demand for improvement in riding quality due to poor roughness. In this paper, when applying a diamond grinding method (DG) to improve the functionality of aged concrete pavement, a program to predict the 3D road surface profile was developed. Two field tests were conducted for program verification, and the comparison with the existing program and equipment was performed. As a result of the evaluation, the predicted result of the program was very similar to those actually measured using the existing roughness measuring equipment, and the error of the two results was about 5%. As a result of the roughness prediction using the 2D road surface profile measured before DG construction, it was similar to the existing program ProVAL. Using the data obtained by the 3D profile measuring equipment, it is confirmed that the prediction of how the IRI of the road will change in 3D is possible. In the future, through supplementary algorithms and economic analysis modules, it is possible to provide a tool for efficient budget execution of road maintenance agencies.

The purpose of this study was to improve the nutrition and the permeability of functional plants by using cryogenic grinding technology. Barley sprouts, Curcuma longa L., Dendropanax morbifera LEV., Phellinus linteus were dried, ground and extracted in different temperature conditions. Powder size of barley sprouts and Curcuma longa L. were about 50 μm and Dendropanax morbifera LEV. and Phellinus linteus were about 20 μm. Cryogenic ground of Barley sprouts preserved 18.27-124.65% of nutrients such as protein, ash, carbohydrate, beta carotene, minerals, vitamins. Cryogenic grinding powder of Curcuma longa L. show high nutrients retention rate of lipid and carbohydrate. Permeability was measured by Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA) to predict passive gastrointestinal absorption. Permeability of saponarin, which is marker compound of Barley sprouts, is 9.88 times higher in cryogenic grinding powder than ambient grinding powder. Curcumin permability is 3.1 times higher than ambient grinded powder. As a result, particle size, nutrition, protein digestion degree and permeability demonstrated a positive relationship with the decreasing grinding temperature for the powders. These results confirm that the cryogenic grinding method had good suitability to increase functionality of plants, since it could minimize the heat generated while processing and effectively reduce the particle size.

The study of grinding behavior characteristics on the metal powders has recently gained scientific interest due to their useful applications to enhance advanced nano materials and components. This could significantly improve the property of new mechatronics integrated materials and components. So, a new evaluation method for standardizing grinding equipment and a comparative study for the grinding experiment during the grinding process with various grinding mills were investigated. The series of grinding experiments were carried out by a traditional ball mill, stirred ball mill, and planetary ball mill with various experimental conditions. The relationship between the standardization of equipment and experimental results showed very significant conclusions. Furthermore, the comparative study on the grinding experiment, which investigated changes in particle size, particle morphology, and crystal structure of materials with changes in experimental conditions for grinding equipment, found that the value of particle size distribution is related to the various experimental conditions as a revolution speed of grinding mill and media size.

The purpose of this study is to introduce the Inventogram program and create new ideas and looking to take advantage of this product. So all this research is that it can be an easy invention. In this study, we'll demonstrate the idea of creating a derivation of the coffee roaster grinder to crush the coffee green bean utilize Inventogram program to prove it.

본 연구는 밀기울을 초미 분쇄기와 공기분급을 동시에수행하는 설비를 사용하여 분쇄기 회전속도(MS) 3,800,4,800, 5,800rpm, 분리기 회전속도(SRWS) 2,500, 3,000,3,500rpm으로 분쇄하고, 공기분급기 회전속도(ARWS)200, 400, 600rpm으로 분쇄된 밀기울을 공기분급 후 각분급물의 조성 성분을 살펴보았다. 완전요인 실험계획에의하여 획득한 데이터는 반응표면 회귀 분석법으로 통계처리 후 각 조성분에 영향을 미치는 공정 변수를 살펴보았다.조단백질 함량은 조분 분급물의 경우 11.87-14.08%로 조사되었다. 또한, MS(P<0.05)와 ARWS(P<0.01)에 유의적으로영향을 받았다. 조회분 함량의 경우 미분 분급물은 4.08-4.79%였고, 조분 분급물은 3.51-4.24%로 조사되었다. 미분분급물은 MS, SRWS, ARWS 모두 유의적인 영향을 나타냈다(P<0.01). 조분 분급물은 MS(P<0.01), SRWS(P<0.01),ARWS(P<0.05)의 영향을 받았다. 조지방 함량은 미분 분급물의 경우 4.56-5.05%로 조사되었고, MS, SRWS, ARWS에높은 유의성을 나타냈다(P<0.01). 총 전분 함량의 경우 미분 분급물은 22.47-30.94%였으며, 조분 분급물은 9.35-16.83%로 조사되었고, 미분 분급물과 조분 분급물 모두SRWS와 ARWS에 유의적으로 높은 영향을 주는 것으로조사되었다(P<0.01). 본 연구를 통하여 밀기울의 초미분쇄공기분급 공정변수와 분급물의 구성성분에 대한 연관성을확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구는 밀기울을 초미분쇄기와 공기분급을 동시에 수행하는 설비를 사용하여 분쇄기 회전속도 3,800, 4,800, 5,800 rpm, 분리기 회전속도 2,500, 3,000, 3,500 rpm으로 분쇄하고, 공기분급기 회전속도 200, 400, 600 rpm으로 분쇄된 밀기울을 공기분급한 각 분급물의 특성을 살펴보았다. 완전요인 실험계획에 의하여 획득한 데이터는 반응표면 회귀 분석법으로 통계처리 후 정준분석을 실시하여 목적변수의 최고값을 결정하였다. 분급 비율은 미분 분급물과 조분 분급물 모두 분쇄기 회전속도, 분리기 휠 회전속도, 공기분급 휠 회전속도에 유의적으로 영향을 받았다. 분급물 평균 입자 크기는 미분의 경우 분급기 휠 회전속도의 영향을 받았지만, 조분의 경우 분쇄기 회전속도와 분리기 휠 회전속도의 영향을 받았다. 총 식이섬유는 미분의 경우 분쇄기 회전속도와 공기분급 휠 회전속도의 영향을 받았고, 조분의 경우 분쇄기 회전속도), 분리기 휠 회전속도, 공기분급 휠 회전속도(의 영향을 받았다. 미세화된 식이섬유 소재의 대량 생산을 위하여 공정 최적화를 실시한 결과 미분 분급물은 mill grinding speed 5,800 rpm, separate reverse wheel speed 2,954.6 rpm 그리고 air classification reverse wheel speed 349.5 rpm에서 총 식이섬유 함량 39.52 g/100 g, 평균입자 63.05 μm, 분급비율 44.98%로 예측되었다. 조분 분급물은 mill grinding speed 5,500 rpm, separate reverse wheel speed 2,500 rpm 그리고 air classification reverse wheel speed 600 rpm에서 총 식이섬유 함량 57.48 g/100 g, 평균입자 402.62 μm, 분급비율 70.64%로 예측되어, 조분 분급물을 통한 식이섬유 강화 식품 소재로서의 가능성을 발견 할 수 있었다.

Numerical analysis has been carried out to investigate particles behavior characteristics during the grinding process in the air. Grinding particles behavior is largely affected by many parameters such as operating conditions and process room geometry. Transient particle motion in the air is predicted, and the effects of particle diameter and device rotational speed on the behavior characteristics were compared. When particle size is not large enough, they shortly moves in a tangential direction of the device rotation, and then are mostly influenced by the air flow in the room. These results could be applicable to the optimal design of the grinding process room.