Wood ear mushroom (Auricularia heimuer) is one of the most popular mushrooms in Korea. Bacteria in the air can act as contaminants of mushroom media, mushroom pathogens, and sources of food poisoning in the indoor environment of mushroom cultivation houses. Therefore, cultivation houses require proper management to maintain mushroom production, quality and hygiene. This study was conducted to evaluate the properties of airborne bacterial species isolated from wood ear mushroom cultivation. Nine species of indoor-airborne bacteria were tested against wood ear mushroom cultivars using confrontation assay on PDA. Among 9 species, Bacillus subtilis DUCC18238 showed the strongest inhibition effect on the mycelial growth of nine wood ear mushroom cultivars and the inhibition rate for 7 of them was more than 30%. In addition, B. subtilis DUCC18238 inhibited the mycelial growth of 11 out of 18 wild mushroom species, 7 out of 8 phytopathogenic fungi, and 5 out of 5 Trichoderma species, respectively. The results of this study show that the management of airborne bacteria in the indoor environment of wood ear mushroom cultivation houses is necessary.

This study was carried out to get information on the concentration and species of airborne fungi in wood ear mushroom (Auricularia heimuer) cultivation houses. Air samplings were conducted at three wood ear mushroom farms located in Iksan and Wando in 2022. Two out of the three cultivation houses exceeded the Ministry of Environment’s recommended indoor air quality standards for fungi concentration in multi-use facilities. A total of 12 genera and 15 species of airborne fungi were isolated and identified. There were species belonging to 6 genera at the genus level. Overall, the genus Cladosporium accounted for the majority with three species. Among the identified species, there were fungi that affect the human body, such as Aspergillus niger, Lichtheimia ramose, and Rhizomucor pusillus, as well as Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium ramotenellum, Cladosporium subuliforme, and Curvularia lunata, which cause diseases in plants. Penicillium brevicompactum was detected as a fungus affecting mushroom cultivation. This study is the first report in Korea on airborne fungi in wood ear cultivation houses and provides useful information for environmental hygiene management of cultivation houses.

Airborne bacteria are an important environmental factor that affects the hygiene of mushroom cultivation houses, as they can act as contaminants or pathogens in mushroom cultivation. To determine the distribution of airborne bacteria in the air of wood ear mushroom cultivation houses, air sampling and temperature and humidity measurements were conducted at three wood ear mushroom farms located in Iksan and Wando in 2022. Sampled air was analyzed to measure bacterial concentration levels and identify bacterial species. There was no significant difference in temperature and humidity changes detected between the three mushroom growing houses. Additionally, the concentration of bacteria in the air did not exceed 800 CFU/m², which is the maximum amount of airborne bacteria allowed by the Ministry of Environment’s indoor air quality maintenance standards. Eleven species of bacteria belonging to 11 genera were isolated and identified from air samples. These include five species of Micrococcales, four species of Bacilli, one species of Actinomycetia, and one species of Mycobacteriales. Of the 11 species identified, five are known to affect human health. However, no mushroom pathogens or species causing food poisoning were found.

The present study was carried out to investigate the concentration and species diversity of airborne fungi in thermophilic mushroom cultivation houses. Fungal concentration measurements were performed in April and May 2022 for a Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation house, in July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus sajor-caju and Agaricus blazei cultivation house, and in June, July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Calocybe indica cultivation house. The airborne fungal concentration was 2.95 × 102 CFU/m3~105CFU/m3, above 105CFU/m3, and 1.12 × 103 CFU/m3~ 9.17 × 103 CFU/m3 in the three cultivation houses, respectively. A total of 8 genera and 22 species of airborne fungi were isolated from three mushroom cultivation houses. 5 genera and 7 species were identified from P. ostreatus cultivation house. Furthermore, 4 genera 6 species were found from A. blazei and C. indica cultivation house. In addition, 5 genera and15 species were isolated from P. pulmonarius, P. sajor-caju and C. indica cultivation house. Among the fungi isolated, the class of Eurotiomycetes was the most common. Among the 22 fungal species, Aspergillus flavus, A. ochraceus A. sydowii, A. tubingensis, A. westerdijkiae, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. citrinum, and P. steckii have been reported as harmful species to mushrooms, food, and human.

Airborne bacteria in mushroom growing environments are a potential risk of contamination in commercial mushroom production. Controlling contamination in mushroom farms requires understanding the bacterial ecology in the cultivation environment. This study was conducted to investigate the concentration and species diversity of floating bacteria in a thermophilic mushroom cultivation room. Temperature, humidity, temperature, humidity, and bacterial concentration measurements were performed in April and May 2022 for a Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation house, in July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus sajor-caju and a Agaricus blazei cultivation house, and in June, July and August 2023 for a Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Calocybe indica cultivation house. The airborne bacterial concentration was 5.27 × 103~105 CFU/m3, 3.81 × 102 ~1.37 × 103 CFU/m3, and 2.55 × 102 ~1.37 × 102 CFU/m3 in the three cultivation houses, respectively. A total of 23 genera and 37 species of airborne bacteria were isolated from the three mushroom cultivation houses. 12 genera and 18 species were identified from P. ostreatus cultivation house. Furthermore, 4 genera and 4 species were found from A. blazei and C. indica cultivation house. In addition, 11 genera and 18 species were isolated from P. pulmonarius, P. sajor-caju and C. indica cultivation house. Among the bacteria isolated, the Bacilli class was the most common, followed by Gammaproteobacteria. Among the 37 bacterial species, it was determined that Bacillus cereus, B. licheniformis, Cedecea neteri, Exiguobacterium acetylicum and Raoultella terrigena could negatively affect humans or foodstuff. Cedecea neteri is also known to cause diseases among mushrooms.

Drinking spaces such as bars, taverns, inns, cantinas, bierkellers, offer important social community spaces. Within the UK, a Pub, short for Public House is “a place, especially in Great Britain or Ireland, where alcoholic drinks can be bought and drunk and where food is often available” (Cambridge Dictionary, 2022) and is one of the most common and traditional drinking spaces. Sadly we are losing pubs at an alarming rate, due, over the last 20 years to many factors including government interventions (changes in the structure of the industry), increased competition from other leisure activities and high levels of beer duty/tax (BBPA, 2018) and more recent factors such as struggles to fill vacancies, Brexit and covid (Wells and Waehning, 2022). Now, more than ever, we need to understand consumer behaviour related to pubs and to understand how consumers choose pubs and what features of pubs are important to them.

공동주택 방화문의 화재성능 결함으로 인하여 하자소송이 확대되고, 화재발생 시 치명적일수 있다. 그러나 현행 법령은 이에대한 대책이 소홀한 편이다. 본 연구에서는 방화문의 결함과 특성 등을 잘 반영하고 있는 『강제창호 제작･품 질검수 매뉴얼』과 LH 설계･시방서 개정작업에서 드러난 문제점들에 대한 개 선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 방화문의 적정단가를 산정하고 내용연수를 합리적 으로 조정하며 3단계 점검시스템 등 관련규정을 신설 운영한다면, 방화문 품질 성능 향상과 화재시 입주민 보호에 크게 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

Micro-climate measurements and computational fluid analysis were conducted to use it as basic data for the preservation and management of the old house of Kim Myung-kwan, a traditional building that is National Folk Cultural Property No. 26. As a result of the actual measurement, the temperature and humidity are relatively evenly distributed indoors unlike outdoors, but the temperature and humidity vary depending on the time change and the installation location in the outdoors. It was found that the temperature increases after dawn and the temperature varies depending on the installation position around 14:00–15:00, when the temperature becomes the highest. In particular, the temperature was high at the outdoor measurement point adjacent to the building and the fence. As a result of the computational fluid analysis, the temperature was high in the buildings and fences in the old house or in the area adjacent to the building, and it was about 1℃ higher than the surrounding area. In this area, it is judged that the thickening of wood will occur more severely than in other locations, and special preservation management is required.

송국리형 주거지의 이용 및 폐기과정은 청동기시대의 흥미로운 연구 과제 중 하나이며, 특히 내부 흑색토층의 존재는 많은 관심을 끌어왔다. 송국리 유적 제24차와 25차 발굴조사에서 내부 흑색토층 이 확인된 주거지(98호, 100호, 107호)를 대상으로 환경고고학적 연구(토양 미세형태분석 및 규소체 분석)를 수행하였다. 토양 미세형태분석 결과, 내부 흑색토층은 탄화물이 집적된 층으로 보이며 탄화 가 비교적 가까운 곳에서 일어났을 가능성을 시사한다. 아마도 지붕이나 벽체를 비롯한 상부 구조물 이 탄화되어 집적된 층일 가능성이 높다. 한편 100호 주거지의 규소체분석 결과, 중간 흑색토층 및 상부 퇴적토에서 벼와 조의 규소체가 다량으로 확인되었다. 그리고 사초과 식물의 규소체와 해면동물 골편이 출토된 것으로 보아 저지대(예, 수전) 토양을 벽체 등의 건축재로 사용했던 것으로 보인다. 또 한, 내부 흑색토층이 보이는 주거지와 수혈유구는 연접한 경우가 많아, 화재에 의한 탄화물이 주거지 와 인근 수혈 내부로 흘러 들어간 것으로 생각된다. 이를 종합하여 보면 일부 주거지는 사용이 중지된 이후, 기둥과 같은 주요 건축재를 해체하여 반출한 다음 재활용이 어려운 나머지 잔존 구조물을 소각 했던 것으로 보인다. 그리하여 탄화물이 집적되어 수혈 중간부에 흑색토층을 생성했던 것으로 추정된 다. 본 연구에서는 토양 미세형태분석과 규소체분석이 상호보완적으로 함께 수행되어 해석의 지평을 넓힐 수 있었다.