The Hawthorn spider mite Amphitetranychus viennensis is an important pest of various fruit trees as well as a variety of ornamental plants. Its presence has been reported in China, Japan, Korea, and middle east and European countries including Grorgia, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine. Thus, it is a quarantine species in American countries and Australia. Intra-specific variation of A. viennensis was investigated using 555 bp of ITS2 ribosomal DNA and 453 bp of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Its variation of ITS2 and COI among China, Japan and Korea were 1.7-2.2% and 0.2-0.7%, respectively. In addition, we collected samples from 14 location in Korea. Intra-specific diversity of ITS2 and COI within Korean populations were ranged into 0.5-0.9% and 0.2-0.5%, respectively. Thus, A. viennensis is not much genetically diverse in different populations.

중국 고대 한자교육인 “識寫分流, 先認後寫”의 전통에 따라 “三, 百, 千”등 중 국 전통 교재의 편찬 경험을 흡수하고 중국 현대 어문교육 연구의 성과를 병합하 여 소학 1, 2학년 어문 교재는 아래와 같은 이념을 가지고 있다. (1)많이 알고 적 게 씀으로써 아동들이 조기에 독립적으로 독해를 할 수 있는 길을 열어주어 인식 하고, 쓰고, 말하는 분별화된 교육이 하나로 합일되게 함으로써 서로 간섭되고 영 향을 미치는 관계를 통해 최대한 상호 작용을 하도록 한다. (2)한자교육 교재는 최대한 아동들의 일상 언어 생활의 실제에 부합하도록 하여 아동들의 인지 발달 에 가장 가깝도록 함으로써, 아동들의 언어 발전을 돕도록 한다. (3)일정한 양의 기본 한자를 인식한 후 병음을 학습함으로써 학생들이 한자에 대한 흥미를 만족 시키고 조절함으로써 한자 병음의 어려움을 경감시키도록 한다. (4)여러 한자 학 습 방법을 채용한다. 각 한자교수학습 방법은 각기 그 응용의 장점과 한계가 있으므로, 서로 보충함을써 그 효과를 높일 수 있도록 한다. 이상의 한자교육의 이념을 사용하여, 교육 중에 일어날 수 있는 여러 가지 효과 반응을 살핌으로써 (1)아동의 한자 교육에 대한 흥미를 배가 시키고, (2)아동이 독립적으로 한자를 습득하는 능력을 증가시켜 식자량을 증대시키고, (3)아동이 여 러 한자 교육 방법을 습득하여 계속 사용할 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 본문은 이와 관련된 여러 연구 성과들을보고 하고 더 나아가 중국 소학 어문 교재의 “識字寫字”의 개선점과 관련된 여러 생각과 전략을 구성해 보았다.

Fe2O3 coated plate mica(Fe2O3/mica) for infrared reflectance red pigment was prepared under hydrothermal treatment. Fe2O3 was perfectly coated on mica via the difference of surface charge between Fe2O3 and mica particles at pH 3. Fe2O3/mica was then calcined at 800 oC to stabilize the coated layer on mica. The infrare (IR) reflectance pigments were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FE-SEM, zeta potential, and a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. In particular, the CIE color coordinate and IR reflectance properties of Fe2O3/mica pigments were investigated in relation to the thickness variation of the Fe2O3 layer coated on mica of various lateral sizes. The isolation-heat red paints containing the pigments were prepared and optimized with a thinner, settling agent, and dispersant. Then, the films were made. The thermal property of isolation-heat on these films was observed through the relationship of the IR reflectance value, which was based on the variation of the Fe2O3 layer’s thickness coated on mica and mica’s lateral size as IR reflectance pigment. With an increase in IR reflectance on these films, the thermal property of isolation-heat was effectively enhanced.

The electrochemical properties of cells assembled with the LiNiO2 (LNO) recycled from cathode materialsof waste lithium secondary batteries (Li[Ni,Co,Mn]O2), were evaluated in this study. The leaching, neutralization andsolvent extraction process were applied to produce high-purity NiSO4 solution from waste lithium secondary batteries.High-purity NiO powder was then fabricated by the heat-treatment and mixing of the NiSO4 solution and H2C2O4.Finally, LiNiO2 as a cathode material for lithium ion secondary batteries was synthesized by heat treatment and mixingof the NiO and Li2CO3 powders. We assembled the cells using the LiNiO2 powders and evaluated the electrochemicalproperties. Subsequently, we evaluated the recycling possibility of the cathode materials for waste lithium secondary bat-tery using the processes applied in this work.

옥수수 포장에서 발생하는 Trichogramma속 조명나방 알기생벌의 종 분포를 조사하기 위해 채집된 알기생벌로부터 핵내 ITS2 DNA 전체 염기서열 정보를 해독하였다. 그리고 종 구별을 위한 참고정보로 NCBI GenBank에 등록된 Trichogramma속 60종의 ITS2 전체 염기서열을 확보하여 비교하였다. 국내 채집 알기생벌은 ITS2 DNA 길이와 3′ 말단 염기서열 패턴에 따라 3개 그룹(K-1, -2, -3)으로 구분되었다. 국내 채집 그룹 내 염기서열 차이 추정값(Evolutionary distance, d)은 0.005 이하로 그룹 간 비교 시 d 값(≥0.080)보다 낮았다. 그룹 및 GenBank 등록 종 간 비교 시 K-1은 T. ostriniae, K-2는 T. dendrolimi, K-3은 T. confusum과 d 값이 각각 0.016, 0.001, 0.002로 가장 작았다. 추론된 분자계통수에서 K-1은T. ostriniae, K-2는 T. dendrolimi와 각각 분지되었으나 K-3는 T. confusum, T. chilonis, T. bilingensis와 함께 분지되었다. NCBI BLAST 결과에서도 K-1은 T. ostriniae와 K-2는 T. dendrolimi와 99% identity를 보였다. 그러나 K-3의 홍천 채집 기생벌들은 T. confusum, T. chilonis와 99-100% identity를 보였지만, 고창 채집 기생벌은 T. bilingensis, T. confusum, T. chilonis와 98% identity를 보였다. 이상의 분석 결과 본 연구에서 채집된 알기생벌 K-1과 K-2는 각각 T. ostriniae와 T. dendrolimi, 단일한 종으로 추정되었으나 K-3는 ITS2 정보만으로 종을 추정하기 어려웠다.

Zirconium boride is an artificial or which is rarely found in the nature. ZrB2 is popular in the hard material industry because it has a high melting point, excellent mechanical properties and chemical stability. There are two known methods to synthesize ZrB2. The first involves direct reaction between Zr and B, and the second is by reduction of the metal halogen. However, these two methods are known to be unsuitable for mass production. SHS(Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis) is an efficient and economic method for synthesizing hard materials because it uses exothermic reactions. In this study, ZrB2 was successfully synthesized by subjecting ZrO2, Mg and B2O3 to SHS. Because of the high combustion temperature and rapid combustion, in conjunction with the stoichiometric ratio of ZrO2, Mg and B2O3; single phase ZrB2 was not synthesized. In order to solve the temperature problem, Mg and NaCl additives were investigated as diluents. From the experiments it was found that both diluents effectively stabilized the reaction and combustion regime. The final product, made under optimum conditions, was single-phase ZrB2 of 0.1-0.9μm particle size.

The current concern about these materials (MoSi2 and NbSi2) focuses on their low fracture toughness below theductile-brittle transition temperature. To improve the mechanical properties of these materials, the fabrication of nanostructuredand composite materials has been found to be effective. Nanomaterials frequently possess high strength, high hardness, excellentductility and toughness, and more attention is being paid to their potential application. In this study, nanopowders of Mo, Nb,and Si were fabricated by high-energy ball milling. A dense nanostructured MoSi2-NbSi2 composite was simultaneouslysynthesized and sintered within two minutes by high-frequency induction heating method using mechanically activated powdersof Mo, Nb, and Si. The high-density MoSi2-NbSi2 composite was produced under simultaneous application of 80MPa pressureand an induced current. The sintering behavior, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the composite were investigated.The average hardness and fracture toughness values obtained were 1180kg/mm2 and 3MPa·m1/2, respectively. These fracturetoughness and hardness values of the nanostructured MoSi2-NbSi2 composite are higher than those of monolithic MoSi2 orNbSi2.

ITS2(Internal Transcribed Sequence 2) DNA 영역은 핵내 5.8S와 28S 리보솜 RNA 사이에 존재하는데 종간 변이가 크고 적은 양으로도 PCR 증폭이 잘 되기 때문에 곰팡이나 벌목 분류에 자주 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 공중포충망과 유아등에 포획된 벼 멸구류들로부터 간편하게 DNA를 추출하고, 형태적 구별이 어려운 유사 벼 멸구류들을 구별하는데 ITS2 DNA 영역을 활용할 수 있는지 검토하였다. 그 결과 벼 멸구류의 ITS2영역은 전체길이가 551∼700bp였으며 그중 벼멸구, 애멸구, 흰등멸구가 각각 694bp, 601bp, 551bp로 종간 DNA 염기서열 길이 차이가 있었다. 또한 DNA 염기서열을 배열하여 비교 후, 유전적 거리 추정방법과 추론된 분자계통도를 통해 종간 차이를 구별할 수 있었다.

Nanocrystalline materials have received much attention as advanced engineering materials with improved physical and mechanical properties, including high strength, high hardness, excellent ductility and toughness. In this study, nanopowders of Al2O3, MgO and TiO2 were prepared as starting materials by high energy ball milling for the simultaneous synthesis and sintering of the nanostructured compound Mg4Al2Ti9O25 by high-frequency induction heating process. The highly dense nanostructured Mg4Al2Ti9O25 compound was produced within one minute by the simultaneous application of 80MPa pressure and induced current. The sintering behavior, grain size and mechanical properties of the Mg4Al2Ti9O25 compound were evaluated.

The most general photocatalyst, TiO2 and WO3, are acknowledged to be ineffective in range of visible light. Therefore, many efforts have been directed at improving their activity such as: band-gap narrowing with non-metal element doping and making composites with high specific surface area to effectively separate electrons and holes. In this paper, the method was introduced to prepare a photo-active catalyst to visible irradiation by making a mixture with TiO2 and WO3. In the TiO2-WO3 composite, WO3 absorbs visible light creating excited electrons and holes while some of the excited electrons move to TiO2 and the holes remain in WO3. This charge separation reduces electron-hole recombination resulting in an enhancement of photocatalytic activity. Added Ag plays the role of electron acceptor, retarding the recombination rate of excited electrons and holes. In making a mixture of TiO2-WO3 composite, the mixing route affects the photocatalytic activity. The planetary ball-mill method is more effective than magnetic stirring route, owing to a more effective dispersion of aggregated powders. The volume ratio of TiO2(4) and WO3(6) shows the most effective photocatalytic activity in the range of visible light in the view point of effective separation of electrons and holes.

옥수수 포장에서 발생하는 Trichogramma 속(genus) 조명나방 알기생벌의 종 (species) 분포를 조사하기 위해 홍천 외 7개 지역에서 6 ~ 8월에 수집된 알기생벌로 부터 핵내 리보솜 RNA 유전자의 ITS2(internal transcribed spacer 2) DNA 염기서 열 정보를 213 개 해독하였다. 종 구별을 위한 참고정보로서 GenBank 데이터베이 스에 등록되어 있고 종이 명확하게 확인된 Trichogramma 속 ITS2 염기서열 정보 를 58 종 총 404 개 확보하여 MEGA 5를 이용하여 국내에서 조사된 결과와 비교 분 석하였다. ITS2 DNA 염기서열 정보를 이용한 phylogenetic tree 결과들을 통해서 GenBank에 등록되어 있는 같은 종들이 여러 가지(branch)의 그룹에 흩어져 있어 일부 종들을 제외하고 명확한 구별이 어려웠다. 국내의 결과는 3 개의 가지(branch) 그룹으로 나눠졌으며 조명나방 알기생벌로 Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura 를 포함하여 최소한 3 개의 종이 있을 것으로 추정되었다. 앞으로 조명나방 알기생 천적을 이용한 생물적 방제 방법을 개발을 위해서는 명확한 종 동정이 되어야하며 그러기 위해서 수컷의 생식기에 관한 형태적 분석들이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyze the committed step for eicosanoid biosynthesis and releases arachidonic acid (AA), which is oxygenated into eicosanoids that mediate immune responses in insects. Thus, any inhibition of PLA2 activity would lead to a significant immuno suppression due to lack of eicosanoids. Among more than 15 families of PLA2s, group Ⅳ cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) has been mainly associated with the production of eicosanoids associated with immune responses. However, no cPLA2 has been reported in all invertebrates including insects. AcPLA2 candidate gene (SecPLA2) has been identified from a hemocyte transcriptome of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. RNA interference of SecPLA2 expression significantly reduced cellular immune responses of hemocytes. When the SecPLA2 was expressed and purified, the recombinant SecPLA2 catalyzed a substrate, phosphoatidyl choline, atsn-2 position. Its catalytic activity was sensitive to pH, temperature, and calciumlevel. Furthermore, there combinant SecPLA2 was specifically sensitive to a cPLA2-specificinhibitor, methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate.

The bumblebee, Bombus ignitus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), is a valuable natural resource that is widely utilized for greenhouse pollination in South Korea. Understanding the magnitude of genetic diversity and geographic relationships is of fundamental importance for long term preservation and utilization. As a first step, we sequenced a partial COI gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) corresponding to the “DNA barcode” region and the complete internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA from 88 individuals collected in nine South Korean localities. The complete ITS2 sequences were longest among known insects, ranging in size from 2,034 bp ~ 2,052 bp, harboring two duplicated 112-bp long repeats. The 658-bp long mtDNA sequences provided only six haplotypes with a maximum sequence divergence of 0.61% (4 bp), whereas the ITS sequences provided 84 sequence types with a maximum sequence divergence of 1.02% (21 sites). The combination of the current COI data with those of published data suggest that the B. ignitus in South Korea and China are genetically a large group, but those in Japan can be roughly separated into another group. Overall, a very high per generation migration ratio, a very low level of genetic fixation, and no discernable hierarchical population were found to exist among the South Korean populations of B. ignitus, which suggests panmixia. This finding is consistent with our understanding of the dispersal capability of the species.

서해안 지역 논에서 벼 줄기속을 가해하고 있는 벼밤나방 유사 유충과 논 주변에 설치한 벼밤나방 성페로몬 트랩에 포획된 벼밤나방 유사 성충으로부터 게놈 DNA 를 추출하고 미토콘드리아 시토크롬옥시다제I(mtCOI) 부분영역을 비교하였다. mtCOI 염기서열로부터 추론된 아미노산 서열의 경우 한 위치에서 국내 채집 나방 모두가 GenBank 데이터베이스에 등록되어 있는 중국산 벼밤나방 일부와 다른 아 미노산(Gly vs. Ser) 변이가 관찰되었다. 그리고 동일 지역 채집 나방에서도 일부 추론된 아미노산에서 변이가 있었다. 이러한 결과가 벼밤나방 종내변이 때문인지 다른 종이 섞여서 나타난 종간변이 때문인지는 앞으로 명확한 규명이 필요할 것으 로 보인다. 한편 종동정을 위한 참고자료로서 핵내 리보솜 RNA 유전자의 ITS2(rRNA internal transcribed spacer 2) 전체영역을 해독하고 비교하였다. 최근 우리나라에 발생하여 피해를 주고 있는 벼 줄기속 가해 나방의 종류를 밝히고 분포 지역과 생리·생태, 약제저항성 등에 관한 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

This study examines the relationship of L2 learners’ motivational and attitudinal factors with the two versions (self-rated and tested) of proficiency. 79 Korean university students were assessed on measures of L2 orientations, motivation, and attitudes toward English using a questionnaire and learning autobiographies. The study also compared participants’ self-reported proficiency with their TOEIC scores. The results show that more of negative values (self-rated proficiency is lower than tested proficiency) came from students with high test scores than low-achieving students. Students defined gaining bilingual proficiency as criterion for success in L2 learning,and their expectation of such desired proficiency is significantly correlated with motivation and perceived significance of English, but not with the self-rated and tested proficiency. Multiple regression analyses suggest that students’ self-awareness of the importance of English learning significantly predicts their motivation, and linguistic L2confidence and self-assessment of target language competence are significant predictors for tested proficiency, but motivational intention is not. Potential interpretations for findings and implications for L2 pedagogy are discussed.

본 연구는 국내 유통 감초약재의 원산지 판별을 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 약재로 쓰이는 만주감초(Glycyrrhiza uralensis) 및 유럽감초(G. glabra)와 약재로 사용되지 않는 국내 자생종 개감초(G. pallidiflora) 식물의 형태적 차이 및 엽록체와 핵 DNA 구간의 염기서열의 차이를 구명하였다. 감초식물 3종의 형태적 특징을 비교한 결과, 잎과 뿌리에서 차이를 보였다. 특히 잎의 형태에 있어서 중국감초와 유럽감초는난형 혹은 타원형인 반면, 개감초는 엽장/엽폭비가 큰 피침형이었다. 또한 건조된 뿌리로 시중되는 감초 한약재의 경우, 중국산과 한국산은 백색인 반면 우즈베키스탄산은 황백색이었다.감초식물 3종을 대상으로 DNA 수준에서의 차이를 비교한 결과 rpoB2, rpoC1에서는 G. uralensis와 G. glabra가 구분되지않았으며, psbA-trnH의 경우 단 한 구간의 SNP에서 차이를 보였다. 반면 ITS2에 의해 증폭된 450bp의 염기서열을 비교한 결과, G. glabra는 98, 99, 100번째 위치에서, G. pallidiflora는 137, 161, 164, 203, 296위치에서 감초 종간판별을 위한 특이적 SNP가 확인되었다. 또한, phylogenetic tree 분석을 통해, 약재로 쓰이는 G. uralensis과 G. glabra는 약재로 쓰이지 않는 G. pallidiflora에 비하여 유전적 거리가 가까움을 확인하였다. 본 표준시료에서 얻은 결과를 유통 한약재 원산지 판별에 적용한 결과, 중국산과 한국산의 한약재는 G. uralensis와 염기서열이 일치하였고, 우즈베키스탄으로부터 수입된 한약재는 G. glabra와 염기서열이 일치됨을 확인하였다. 이에 감초의 생체 및 한약재의 원산지 판별을 위해 ITS2를 이용한 분자수준에서의 판별이 유용하다고 판단된다.

Silica-based ceramic-matrix composites have shown promise as advanced materials for many applications such as chemical catalysts, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, and electronics. SiO2-CuO-CeO2 multi-component powders and their thin film, using an oxalic acid template as a chelating agent, have larger surface areas and more uniform pore size distribution than those of inorganic acid catalysts. SiO2-CuO-CeO2 composite powders were synthesized using tetraethylorthosilicate, copper (II) nitrate hemi (pentahydrate), and cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate with oxalic acid as template or pore-forming agent. The process of thermal evolution, the phase composition, and the surface morphology of these powders were monitored by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS). The mesoporous property of the powders was observed by Brunner-Emmett-Teller surface (BET) analysis. The improved surface area of this powder template with oxalic acid was 371.4m2/g. This multi-component thin film on stainless-steel was prepared by sol-gel dip coating with no cracks.