This study investigates the indoor air quality conditions of the total of 52 buses depend on seasons, time and others. We evaluated the CO₂and PM10, the controlled parameters in express buses by Ministry of Environment and VOCs and HCHO, the non-controlled parameters. The CO₂concentration during peak commute times was 38.5% in summer and 15.4% in autumn, which are higher than the normal. But, PM10 concentration was influenced by the outside air not number of passengers. The concentration of VOCs were not related with other parameters such as number of passengers, seasons, and driving time. And then, the formaldehyde concentration was not related with seasons as it showed little difference between summer and autumn.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the concentration of and evaluate the pollution level of indoor air pollutants among the public-use facilities located in Seoul that are mainly used by medically sensitive users. The data used in this study were analyzed based on the supervision data provided by Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and the Environment. There were 399 nursery schools, 188 medical facilities, 42 elderly care facilities and 96 postnatal care centers. The indoor air pollutants to be investigated were analyzed for PM10, CO2, HCHO, TAB and CO. Through the analysis, it was found that among the surveyed pollutants, TAB levels exceeded the criteria most often, in 54 facilities. Among the surveyed facilities, nursery schools exceeded the criteria most often, in 49 facilities. There was a statistically significant difference between the pollutants in each facility (p<05). However, considering the characteristics of the data used in this study, additional factors should be investigated for factors affecting the concentration of each indoor air pollutant for a more rational evaluation.

The indoor air quality of residences has been regulated by designating recommended standard levels of pollutants for newly built apartments. But as of yet, no related guideline has been established for dwellings that are already occupied. From a sociological viewpoint, the gap between the rich and poor has been gradually increasing with economic development, and this has extended to the diversification of house types and living environments. Specifically, people who have the lowest income levels may live in temporary houses such as vinyl greenhouses and shanty houses, and their living environment is mostly inadequate as a result. In this study, we surveyed the indoor air quality in normal and socially vulnerable houses after the occupation stage and tried to figure out the main factors influencing indoor air quality. Airborne fungi are detected more frequently in lower living standard houses. Put another way, the concentration of airborne bacteria and the volatile organic compound levels are much higher than in normal dwellings.

We estimated decreasing rate of indoor air pollutants with are airborne bacteria, airborne fungi, formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, PM10, and PM2.5 in 10 children’s hospitals and 6 childbirth houses located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do from November to December in 2012. Sectional period was respectively divided for operating and non-operating the air cleaners. There was a trend that concentration of surveyed pollutants in children’s hospitals and childbirth houses during operating period decreased among indoor air. We used Monte-Calro simulation to remove uncertainty and identify efficiency of eliminated pollutants such as surveyed pollutants by the air cleaners. Average efficiency of removal were 61.39 ± 21.42% for airborne bacteria, 71.77 ± 19.65% for airborne fungi, 73.37 ± 24.62% for formaldehyde, 71.20 ± 25.96% for total volatile organic compounds, 65.16 ± 23.80% for PM10, and 71.06 ± 23.97% for PM2.5.

This study was surveyed to evaluate and recognize the distribution characteristics of indoor air pollutants(IAPs) such as the total volatile organic compounds(VOCs), formaldehyde(HCHO), PM10, carbon dioxide(CO2), nitrogen dioxide(NO2), ozone(O3) and radon in 10 elementary schools located in urban, rural, and industrial complex area from November 2005 to February 2006. The average concentration of IAPs were 117.9㎍/㎥ as in PM10, 1,971ppm as in CO2, 486.6㎍/㎥ as in TVOC. These chemical's concentration was exceeded the indoor air standards of the Department of Education in Korea. The indoor concentrations of ozone and toluene was lower than that of outdoor and other pollutants showed the opposite tendency. In schools located industrial complex area, the outdoor concentration of TVOC was higher than that of urban and rural area. Based on the results above, PM10, CO2, TVOC have to be in the order of priority to improve the indoor environment in school. Also it should be performed in the detailed survey considered by the seasonal variation because this study showed cross-sectional results.

Young children health problem were reported in a Korean daycare centers and supposedly attributed to the presence of air pollutants. This study attempted to characteristics of carbonyl compounds exposure of young children at the indoor spaces. The characteristics associated with the major indoor pollutants exposure included seasonal variation, and room location inside a daycare centers. As the results of investigation for daycare centers, the mean concentrations of formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde in daycare centers were 38.3㎍/m3, 33.9㎍/m3, 13.6㎍/m3, respectively. The indoor space carbonyl compounds concentrations were both higher for the summer than for the other seasons. The temperature and relative humidity measured along with the volatile organics measurements temperature and relative humidity increase volatile organics levels. This last suggestion is further supported by the correlations of the carbonyl compounds measured for daycare centers. Significant correlations between carbonyl compounds were exhibited for both the temperature and humidity, with at least p<0.05. The concentrations of formaldehyde in classroom were higher than lobby or dining room. Therefore, controlling indoor air pollutants exposure in daycare center should be given a high priority so as to minimize the potential sources of air pollutants in indoor space.

This study was to investigate distribution characteristics for air pollutants and to assess probability of health effect for children in kindergartens from August, 2006 to January, 2007. The mean concentrations for standards of maintenance in kindergartens were 91.5 ㎍/㎥ for PM10, 1,185 ppm for CO2, 69.3㎍/㎥ for formaldehyde, 174 CFU/㎥ for TBC and 0.41 ppm for CO, respectively. For NO2, Rn, TVOC, and O3, the mean concentrations in kindergartens were 29.40 ppb, 1.51 pCi/ℓ, 257.3 ㎍/㎥, and 3.74 ppb, respectively. The I/O ratio of every air pollutants exceeded "1" except for O3. In results of calculated safety factor to assess probability of health effect for children by air pollutants in kindergartens, safety factor for CO2 was 1.2 for fixed point. It means that children have probability of health effect caused by CO2. In cases of Monte-Carlo analysis, safety factor for PM10 was 1.0 and safety factor for CO2 was 1.2.

This study was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aldehydes emission as a function of airtight time in new apartment. Sampling was undertaken at 34 new apartments located in 4 different cities of Korea from February to November 2005. The measurement data were collected every one hour from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. toward increasing airtight time in a day. The concentrations of VOCs and aldehydes were analysed by GC/MS and HPLC method, respectively. These methods showed good sensitivity, linearity, and repeatability. In this study, the most abundant compounds at new apartments appeared to be toluene, m,p-xylene, formaldehyde and acetone. Moreover, the concentration variations at a closed rooms progressively increased by airtight time of 5 hours. Airtight time of new apartment was a most important and affective factor which influenced concentration change.

This study was performed to estimate the emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and to evaluate the risk level affected by indoor air pollutants (IAPs) in 27 new apartments (prior to residence) in Seoul City from December 2004 to March 2005. The indoor air pollutants investigated in this study include formaldehyde, several aromatic VOCs (benzene, toluene, styrene, xylene, and ethylbenzene). All measurements were made based on the standard method of Ministry of Environment in Korea. The indoor concentration levels for benzene, xylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and formaldehyde have significant increase trend 5 hours after closing windows and doors. Levels of air pollutants did not exhibit significant difference between living rooms and bedrooms. The air exchange rates by the concentration decay method using SF6 were 0.37 for low floor, 0.32 for middle floor, and 0.75 for high floor. The emission rate showed the highest level in the middle floor and second one in the low floor, when estimated by the IAQ model for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene, and formaldehyde. Considering the above result, it is suggested that the estimation of emission rate be considered when the new apartment is designed and constructed with respect to construction materials to emit low VOCs. Moreover, the related regulation should be established for IAQ management.

This study performed and re-analysed the articles of exposure assessment for the indoor environment of houses in many environment-related journals published. in Korea since 1990. Based on this comparative study, we estimated the unit health risk on indoor environment. The objective of this study was to offer scientific data for decision-making policy for improvement and management of indoor air quality on Korean house in. The pooled concentrations for the critical air pollutants in the house were 13.93±13.91㎍/m3 (PM10), 680±226 ppm for (CO2), 1.9±1.6 ppm (CO), 419±158 CFU/m3 (bacteria), 0.036 ± 0.002 ppm (NO2), and 104.935 ± 16.424 Bq/m3 (Rn), The pooled concentrations for the volatile organic compounds were 6.9±6.7㎍ /m3 (benzene), 39.3±55.1㎍/m3 (toluene), 4.2±4.0㎍/m3 (ethylbenzene), 11.4±8.3㎍/m3 (m, p-xylene), 4.2 ±1.5㎍/m3 (styrene) and 6.3±4.5㎍/m3 (o-xylene). The unit cancer risk for men and women by inhalation of benzene was 3.7 × 10-5 and 4.8 × 10-6, respectively. In additio

The work of hairdressers includes washing, coloring, bleaching, permanent waving, conditioning, and cutting scalp hair. Hairdressers are subjected to a number of physical and toxicological hazards. The toxicological hazards are those resulting from exposure to a wide range of chemicals and from chemicals are usually classified active processes. In this study, twenty beauty shops were selected to assess the exposure to indoor air pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter (PM10) during one month from September 1 to September 30, 2003. Indoor air quality of beauty shops might be worse by vehicle emissions because the beauty shops were generally located near roadway. Personal exposures to VOCs and PM10 were related to indoor concentrations of beauty shops, respectively. According to questionnaire, hairdressers responded sore throat, eye irritation, and nervousness as health effect symptoms. Conclusively, users as well as workers in beauty shop might be highly exposed to air pollutants from indoor sources and outdoor sources. Therefore, proper methods should be prepared to improve the indoor air quality in beauty shop.

Currently, Ministry of Environment has promulgated and executed 'the legislation of indoor air quality for public facilities' but the data of indoor air pollutant for public facilities of this law was very insufficient. Therefore, collection of data for indoor air pollutants and execution for risk assessment in order to offer scientific data for decision-making of policy to present reasonable standards and preventive techniques of engineering were required. Therefore, this study collected and re-analysed the articles of exposure assessment for indoor environment in journals related environment in Korea since 1990 and estimated the safety factor on residents in public facilities. The objective of this study was to offer scientific data for decision-making of policy for improvement and management of indoor air quality in Korea. As the results of this study, the risk assessment for the critical pollutants in CTE (central tendency exposure) showed that safety factors according to pollutants were less than 1 which means safe level in micro-environments. It was investigated that the safety factors of CO in hospital, NO2 in terminal, PM10 and NO2 in subway station respectively were over than 1 in RME (reasonable maximum exposure). Through the results, it was investigated that health risk by inhalation of criteria and guideline air pollutants in domestic public facilities was not high. It should be considered effect of inhalation by other hazardous air pollutants because this study was examined just partial pollutants. Presentation of scientific data for expansion of study is requisite and active research of health risk assessment about indoor air quality.

가스성 오염물질의 지표를 제공하는 이산화탄소를 시료로 사용하여, 식물의 공기정화 능력을 분석한 실험 결과는 다음과 같다. 공시 6가지 식물 모두 광합성이 활발한 낮 시간 동안에는 식물이 오염원을 흡수함에 따라, 이산화탄소 농도가 빠르게 감소하였다. 호흡작용을 통해 이산화탄소가 방출되므로 빛이 차단되는 밤 시간에는 농도가 다시 증가하였고, 특히 18시 ~ 20시 사이에는 급격한 농도 증가율을 보였다. 다음 날 아침 빛을 쬐기 시작하면 다시 오염원이 흡수되면서 농도가 감소한다. 이러한 이산화탄소 농도의 교환 현상을 통해, 빛의 양이 증가함에 따라 식물의 광합성량이 증가하며 그 결과 이산화탄소 제거율 역시 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 24시간 동안 측정한 식물별 광합성량과 호흡량을 가감한, 식물별 이산화탄소의 정화총량은 엽면적 1000 cm2 당 Ficus benjamina 49 ppm, Epipremnum aureum 99 ppm, Chamaedorea elegans 34 ppm, Fatsia japonica 123 ppm, Spthiphyllum spp. 115 ppm, Hedera helix 42 ppm으로 나타났다. 이산화탄소 순간소모량의 최대치를 보인 시간대는 각 식물별로 상이한데, 대개의 경우 광량 0.67 ~ 1.54 mW/cm3의 조건에서 가장 활발한 이산화탄소 흡수율을 보였다. Epipremnum aureum의 경우, 이산화탄소의 흡수가 비교적 높은 속도로 장기간 지속되었으며, 다른 식물에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 호흡량을 보였다. Fatsia japonica는 매우 대칭적인 이산화탄소 농도변화곡선을 보여, 광합성과 호흡이 일정하게 일어남을 알 수 있었다. 광량의 변화에 그리 민감하지 않아 폭넓은 광량조건의 실내공간에도 적합하다고 판단된다. Spthiphyllum spp. 역시 장기간에 걸쳐 비교적 안정적으로 광합성이 일어났다. Hedera helix는 1.24 mW/cm3이상의 광조건에서 상당히 높은 이산화탄소 흡수율을 보였으나, 1.00 mW/cm3이하에서의 낮은 제거율로 보아 저광도 실내공간보다는 고광도의 전이공간이나 실외에 적합하다고 판단된다. 위의 연구결과를 통하여 이산화탄소 제거에는 Fatsia japonica, Spthiphyllum spp., Epipremnum aureum 순서로 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구는 실내식물의 공기정화능을 연구하기 위하여 Ficus benjamina, Epipremnum aureum, Chamaedorea elegans, Fatsia japonica, Spthiphyllum spp., Hedera helix를 사용하여 동일한 환경조건의 밀폐 챔버 내부에 넣은 후, 250 ppb의 포름알데히드를 투입하여 광합성과 호흡을 통한 두 가스물질의 농도 변화량 및 제거속도를 24시간 동안 일정시간간격으로 측정하였다. 식물별 엽면적 1,000㎠ 당 제거량은 Ficus benjamina 128.6 ppb, Epipremnum aureum 152 ppb, Chamaedorea elegans 127.8 ppb, Fatsia japonica 165.9 ppb, Spthiphyllum spp. 156 ppb, Hedera helix 115 ppb로 나타났으며 포름알데히드의 농도변화곡선을 분석한 결과, Fatsia japonica와 Spthiphyllum spp.가 가장 폭넓은 광조건에서 비교적 높고 안정적인 감소율을 보였다. Epipremnum aureum의 경우, 총 제거량은 높았으나 시간대별 제거율이 불규칙하여 특정범위의 광량조건을 필요로 하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 특히 Hedrera helix의 경우, 매우 불규칙적인 농도변화로 포름알데히드 농도에도 민감함을 알 수 있었다.

The work of hairdressers includes washing, coloring, bleaching, permanent waving, conditioning, and cutting hair. Hairdressers are subjected to a number of physical and toxicological hazards. The toxicological hazards are those resulting from exposure to a wide range of chemicals that are usually classified active processes. In this study, twenty beauty shops were selected to assess the exposure to indoor air pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter (PM10) during one month from September 1 to September 30, 2003. Indoor air quality of beauty shops might be worse by vehicle emissions because the beauty shops were generally located near roadways. Personal exposures to VOCs and PM10 were related to indoor concentrations of beauty shops. According to the questionnaire, hairdressers complained of sore throat, eye irritation, and nervousness as physical symptoms. The measured mean concentrations of respiratory particulates were 30.5ng/㎥ in indoor, 30.5ng/㎥in outdoor and 44.0ng/㎥ on personal levels. The personal concentration was found higher than indoor and outdoor concentrations. The heavy metals mean concentrations were shown as indoor (Na>Zn>Cr), outdoor (Cr>Zn>Pb), and personal (Na>Cr>Zn) levels. Conclusively, customers as well as workers in the beauty shops might be highly exposed to air pollutants from indoor and outdoor sources. Therefore, proper management should be taken to improve the indoor air quality in beauty shops.

In this study, we investigated PM10, NO2, and 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OHP) in urine at indoor environments which are 35 houses and 20 hospitals for using air cleaner and non-using air cleaner in Seoul metropolitan area and Kyoung-gi province from April, 2003 to February, 2004. Moreover, we examined effect of improvement for indoor air quality and health effect by concentration of 1-OHP also we investigated removal efficiency by air cleaner for PM10, NO2, and 1-OHP that were 28.5%, 27.4%, and 42.1% respectively. Concentration of PM10, NO2, and 1-OHP were 19.02±18.14㎍/m3, 8.66±3.06ppb, and 0.19±0.18㎍/g creatinine when air cleaner was no worked. The concentration for PM10, NO2, and 1-OHP were 13.60±10.79㎍/m3, 6.29±2.71ppb, and 0.11±0.10㎍/g creatinine, respectively. It was significant statistically. Therefore, it is considered using the air cleaner to remove the partial pollutants in indoor environment and is positive effect for health.