This study aimed to compare 2 protocols recommended to patients with chronic cervical cord injury: each protocol included breathing exercises (inhalation-oriented or exhalation-oriented) and facilitation maneuver for the accessory respiratory muscles. Seventeen patients with chronic cervical cord injury volunteered to participate in this study, and we randomized these patients into 2 groups: the inhalation-oriented breathing exercise group (IOBEG) and exhalation-oriented breathing exercise group (EOBEG), consisting of 8 and 9 patients, respectively. Patients in the IOBEG performed inspiratory exercises using intermittent positive pressure breathing devices, while those in the EOBEG performed expiratory exercises using incentive spirometry. All exercises were performed by the subjects twice a day for 4 weeks, with each session lasting an average of 20 min. The outcomes were assessed on the basis of the pre- and post-treatment values of vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC. In the IOBEG, no significant differences were observed between the pre- and post-treatment values of any of the measured variables (p>.05); however, in the EOBEG, significant improvement was noted in the VC, FVC, FEV1 measured (p<.05) after the treatment. In addition, the rates of change in the values of VC, FVC, and FEV1 differed significantly between the 2 groups (p<.05). These findings suggest that the EOBEs can enhance respiratory function and are clinically feasible in patients with chronic cervical cord injury. Further studies will be undertaken to evaluate the clinical application of these findings.

It is known that individual factors as cognitive, perception, emotion, and motivation may greatly influence on recovery from neurologic region. This study was to investigate the effects of environmental reinforcement through motivation to perform the tasks voluntarily on motor and cognition function in rats with focal ischemic brain injury. Focal ischemic brain injury was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats (15 rats, 250±50 g) through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). And then, experiment groups were randomly divided into three groups; The control group: MCAo induction (n1=5), the environmental reinforcement (ER) group: the application for ER after MCAo induction (n2=5), the environmental reinforcement through motivation (ERM) group: the application for ERM after MCAo induction (n3=5). The climbing test (CT) and the modified limb placing tests (MLPTs) to measure the motor function and the Morris water maze acquisition test (MWMAT) and the Morris water maze retention test (MWMRT) to measure the cognitive function were performed. For the CT, the ERM group was significantly larger than the ER group. For the MLPTs, the ERM group was significantly decreased compared to other groups. For the MWMAT, the time to find the circular platform in the ERM group significantly decreased compared to other groups. For the MWMRT, the time to dwell on the quadrant circular platform in the ERM group was significantly increased compared to other groups. These results suggested that the ERM could improve the motor and cognitive functions in the rats with focal ischemic brain injury.

This study was conducted for establishment of Economic injury levels(EILs) of the tea red spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai on Rubus coreanus. T. kanzawai was innoculated on May 7 in differently 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 adults per plant. And pesticide was treated in late April, early May, middle May and late May, respectively. After inoculated of T. kanzawai, the density was increased until the mid-June and decreased gradually in all plots. And higher inoculation density were increased higher than lower inoculation density. Growth variables were not different among experimental plots except number of fruit set, but the number of fruit set and yields were decreased with increasing initial mite density. Densities of T. kanzawai on treated time of pesticide was lower in later treatment time than early treatment time. The late April treatments were not effective of pesticide in harvesting season. The rates of yield loss increased with increasing initial mite density. The relationship between initial T. kanzawai densities and yield losses was well described by a linear regression, Y = 0.6545X + 3.0425, R2=0.9313. Based on the relationship, the number of adults per plant which can cause 5% loss of yield was estimated to be approximately 3.0. And EILs was estimated to be approximately 8.3 adults/leaf in mid-May.

This study was conducted to develop economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) of Cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae L. on cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var). The changes of cabbage biomass and M. brassicae density were investigated after introduction of larval M. brassicae (2nd instar) at different densities: 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 larvae per plant at 40 d after planting for an open field experiment, and 0, 2, 5, 8 and 12 larvae per plant at 25 d after planting for a glass house experiment. In the field experiment, the yield loss of cabbage was not significantly different among treated-plots at 30 d after the larval introduction, showing an over-compensatory response of cabbage plants to M. brassicae attack. In the glasshouse experiment, however, the biomass of cabbage at 15 d after the larval introduction significantly decreased with increasing the initial introduced number of M. brassicae, resulting in 38.3, 36.7, 21.7, 23.3 and 16.7g in above treated-plots, respectively. The relationship between cumulative insect days (CID) and yield loss (%) of cabbage was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL of M. brassicae on cabbage was estimated at 44 CID per plant based on the yield loss 14%, which take into account of an empirical gain threshold 5% and marketable rate 91% of cabbage. Also, ET was calculated at 80% of the EIL: 35 CID per plant. Until a more elaborate EIL-model is developed, the present result may be useful for M. brassicae management at early growth stage of cabbage.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise of low-intensity and moderate- intensity on the functional recovery and histological change in spinal cord injury (SCI) rats. SCI was induced by the spinal cord impactor dropped after laminectomy. Experimental groups were divided into the Group I (normal control), Group II (non-treatment after SCI induction), Group III (low-intensity treadmill exercise after SCI induction), Group IV (moderate-intensity treadmill exercise after SCI induction). After operation, rats were tested at modified Tarlov scale at 2 days with divided into 4 groups, and motor behavior test (BBB locomotor rating scale, Grid walk test) was examined at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. For the observation of damage change and size of the organized surface in spinal cord, histopathological studies were performed at 21 days by H & E, and BDNF(brain-derived neutrophic factor) & Trk-b immunohistochemistry studies were performed at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 days. According to the results, treadmill exercise can play a role in facilitating recovery of locomotion following spinal cord injury. Specially, moderate-intensity treadmill exercise after SCI induction was most improvement in functional recovery and histological change.

Economic injury level and control thresholds for the management of beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were evaluated on chinese cabbage of two different planting time. Two inoculation times were tested for each planting and the number of inoculated larva was 10, 20, 40, 80, respectively. Damages of leaves by first inoculation were 63.2% after eight days planting on 80 larva inoculation plot. By the second inoculation, those were below 50% after 20 days planting on the end of September. The linear relationships between population density and yield reduction were as following, Y = -10.62x + 867.9 (R² = 0.643) for 5 days and Y=-6.432x + 1074 (R² = 0.720) for 20 days. Based on these results the economic injury level was 5.4 larva for five days and 9.0 larva for 20 days per 20 chinese cabbage. The control thresholds calculated by 80% level of economic injury level were 4.3 and 7.2 larva, respectively.

Three lepidopteran insect pests of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), the soybean pod worm, Matsumuraeses phaseoli (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and an Ostrinia spp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) attacking adzuki bean, Vigna angularis, were confirmed as the major insect pests during the reproductive developmental stage of adzuki bean, and M. vitrata existed dominantly. Almost all plants in the adzuki bean field were in jured by at least one of the three species, and 15~60% of reproductive organs were injured. Unbloomed inflorescence occurred continuously through the reproductive stage of adzuki bean. While the flower was many at the early stage and its number soon decreased, the pod was few at the early stage, but its number increased soon and maintained at a constant level. The results suggested that the adzuki bean injured by insect pests compensate the flower loss by developing new inflorescence, but the compensation do not cause the development of new pods. While M. vitrata and M. phaseoli were observed in flowers, pods and stem mainly during the first half of reproductive stage of adzuki bean, Ostrinia spp. was observed only in pods and stem during the second half. In addition, while all instars of larvae of M. vitrata were observed, larvae between the third and fifth instars for M. pahseoli and Ostrinia spp. were observed.

This study was conducted to estimate the economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, on Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris var). The changes of biomass of Chinese cabbage and M. persicae density were investigated after introduction of M. persicae at different density (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 per plant, inoculated at 10d after planting). The densities of M. persicae largely increased from the above initial densities to 0, 92.3, 177.4, 406.9, 440.4, and 471.3 aphids per plant at 18d after the initial inoculation, respectively. The biomass of Chinese cabbage significantly decreased with increasing the initial inoculated density of M. persicae: 602.0, 264.2, 262.0, 109.3, 151.0, and 67.3 g in above plots with different initial densities, respectively. The relationship between cumulative aphid days (CAD) and yield loss (%) of Chinese cabbage was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL of M. persicae on Chinese cabbage was estimated 25 CAD per plant based on the yield loss 13%, which take into account of an empirical gain threshold 5% and marketable rate 92% of spring Chinese cabbage. Also, ET was calculated at 80% of EIL: 20 aphids per plant. Until a more elaborate EIL-model is developed, the present result may be useful for M. persicae management at early growth stage of Chinese cabbage.

Economic injury levels (EILs) and economic threshold (ET) were estimated for the two spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae) on greenhouse eggplants. T. urticae density increased until the mid-July and thereafter decreased in all plots where initial density of the mite were different each 0, 2, 5, 10 and 20 adults per plant was innoculated on June 7. Growth variables of were not different among experimental plots but fruit weights were lower in plots with higher initial mite density than in plots with lower initial mite density. Total number of fruits and the number of marketable fruits decreased in plots with higher initial mite density. The rates of yield loss increased with increasing initial mite density, resulting in 0, 3.9, 11.3, 14.5, 22.8% reduction in each of the above plots, respectively. The relationship between initial T. urticae densities and yield losses was well described by a linear regression, Y = 1.085X + 2.474, R² = 0.9659. Based on the relationship, the number of adults per plant which can cause 5% loss of yield was estimated to be approximately 1.8.

목적 : 이 연구는 재활병원에서 입원치료를 받고 있는 척수손상환자를 대상으로 작업수행의 영역에서의 문제점을 명시하고, 작업수행의 수준, 수행도 및 만족도와 영역별 시간사용의 관련성을 분석하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상은 재활병원에 입원하여 치료를 받고 있는 척수손상환자 19명을 대상으로 하였다. 일상생활활동은 MBI(Modified Barthel Index), 작업수행에서의 문제는 COPM(Canadian Occupational Performance Measure)을 통하여 조사하였고, 시간 사용을 기준으로 활동 배치를 조사하기 위해 30분 단위로 활동을 배치하는 타임테이블을 사용하였다. 조사기간은 2008년 7월 14일에서 7월 16일까지였다. 결과 : 전체 작업수행의 문제는 총 84건이었으며, 자조활동에 대한 문제가 71.4%로 가장 많았다. MBI 점수가 높을수록 자조활동 시간사용은 높았고, 여가활동 시간사용은 낮았다(p<.05). 전체 여가활동 중 정적 여가활동에 대한 시간사용이 높았다. 결론 : 이 연구결과를 통하여 척수손상환자에게 필요한 문제의 우선순위가 다양하고, 작업수행 영역별 시간사용이 불균형이 심한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 척수손상환자에 대한 작업치료 중재 시 우선순위를 고려한 목표설정이 필요하고, 효율적인 시간관리를 위한 작업치료 중재가 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the task-oriented training according to the application time with the change of motor and cognition function. Focal ischemic brain injury was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats (20 rats, 250±50 g) through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Before MCAo induction, all rats were trained in treadmill training and Morris water maze training for 1 week. Then they were randomly divided into groups: Group I : MCAo induction (n1=5), Grop II: the application for simple treadmill task training after. MCAo induction (n2=5). Group III: the application for Morris water maze cognitive task training after MCAo induction (n3=5). Group IV: the application for progressive treadmill task training and Morris water maze cognitive task training after MCAo induction (n4=5). Modified limb placing tests (MLPTs) and motor tests (MTs) were performed to test motor function and then Morris water maze acquisition test (MWMAT) and Morris water maze retention test (MWMRT) were performed to test cognitive function. For MTs, there were significant interactions among the groups with the time (p<.001). Group IV showed the steeper increasing pattern than those in other Groups on the 7th and 14th day. For MLPTs, there were significant interactions among the groups with the time (p<.001). The scores in Group III. IV had showed the more decreasing pattern than those in Group I, II since the 7th day and 14th day. For MWMAT, there were significant interactions among the groups with the time (p<.001). Group II found the Quadrant circular platform showed the steeper decreasing pattern than that in Group I on the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th day. Group III. IV found the quadrant circular platform showed the slower decreasing pattern than that in Group I, II, For MWMRT, there were significant differences among the four groups (p<.001). The time to dwell on quadrant circular platform in Group IV on the 13th day was the longest compared with other groups. These results suggested that the combined task training was very effective to improve the motor and cognition function for the rats affected on their focal ischemic brain injury.

The injury of red bean (Vigna angularis) by the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was evaluated through an artificial inoculation experiment in cages randomly arranged in a field. Virgin adult pairs (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8) were released into screen-nets at the flowering stage of red bean, and the damage was investigated at harvest. Any insecticides were not sprayed through all plant-growing season. The absolute number of uninjured pod in a net showed a decreasing tendency according to the increase of the number of released adult pairs, but did not show a statically significant difference among treatments. The total production (number of pod and seed) of red bean was highly variable even in a treatment. The variation seemed to be caused by pre-infestation by M. vitrata and other insect species before netting. Instead, therefore, relative damage was compared among treatments. The total ratio of injured pod in a net increased according to the released adult number. The result clearly indicated that the mating ratio and fecundity within the screen-net also increased according to the number of released pairs and that the hatched larvae affected the damage. The corrected rate for pod injury at 8 pair release was about 46%. On the other hand, the ratio of injured seed per injured pod was about 80% regardless of treatments. The result suggested that one pod continuously be attacked till almost disappearance of itself.

Pyrausta panopealis is the major pest in green perilla. The larva weaves a web on the shoot of green perilla and damages. In case of extreme, The larva cuts the main branch of green perilla and the leaf of green perilla isn’t harvested anymore. A field study was conducted to estimate economic injury levels (EILs) and control thresholds (CTs) for P. panopealis injuring green perilla in green-houses. Different densities of P. panopealis ranged from 1 to 20 crops (2 units per crop) per 100 crops on 13. June, early inoculation. The number of injured leaf and the rate of injured crop were increased by 23. June, on the other hand were decreased after that day. Also, the amount of yield sow the same result above. The economic loss time calculated by the ratio of cost managing this moth to market price (C/V) (C: cost managing a moth, V: Market price) was 4.0%. The economic injury level was 5.1 larval per 100 crops. The control thresholds calculated by 80% level of economic injury level was 4.1 larval per 100 crops.

목적 : 본 생애사 연구의 목적은 경수 5번 손상장애인의 내부자적 시각을 통해 일상생활의 적응과정을 이해하고 설명하고자 한다. 따라서 연구의 질문은 경수 5번 손상장애인은 일상의 삶에서 실제로 어떤 경험을 하고 있는가?연구방법 : 본 연구에서는 개인의 주체 형성 과정에서 주체가 조성되는 사회적 장치를 파악하기 위해서 생애사 연구 방법을 사용하였다. 연구 참여자는 최대변량표집(Maximum variation sampling)방법을 사용하였다. 면접내용이 더 이상 새로운 것이 나오지 않을 때까지 심층면접을 2시간씩 3회 실시하였다. 분석은 덴진(Denzin)의 해석적 생애사 방법을 사용하여 척수손상 후 침상시기, 지역사회에 적극적으로 참여한 시기로 구분하여 핵심내용을 중심으로 서술하였다.결과 : 척수손상 후에 좁은 침상에서 머물면서 삶의 의욕저하와 자살에 대한 경험을 하게 되었다. 하루가 공상과 망상으로 가득하며, 삶에 대한 미래가 없어 자살을 시도하지만 실패를 하게 된다. 지역사회 작업치료사의 도움으로 전동휠체어와 일상생활 보조기기를 사용하여 삶의 자신감을 회복하게 되고 적극적으로 자신의 삶에 참여하게 되었다.결론 : 본 연구에서는 경수5번 손상장애인의 재활은 병원 중심의 의학적인 접근만이 아닌 지역사회중심재활 중재가 필요하다. 특히 병원에서 지역사회로 돌아올 때 적극적인 전문가 네트워크가 연결되는 프로그램이 개발되어야 한다.

This study was analyzed about influence of the seat back strength on neck injury in low speed rear offset impacts. MADYMO human model with the detailed neck model was used to define the magnitude and direction of internal forces acting on the cervical spine during rear impact. The analysis of neck motion and soft tissue neck injury(STNI) were studied using the lumped parameter model. Increased strength of the seat back resulted in increased ligament and disc forces. On the other hand, decreased strength of the seat back resulted increased force. It is clear that an appropriate strength of seat back allows to minimize a neck injury.

Economic injury levels and economic thresholds were estimated for the american serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) on greenhouse eggplant. Liriomyza trifolii density was increased until the late June and decreased after the July in innoculation on may 17. Growth of an aerial plants and fruits were not different in treatment respectively. But total number of fruits and yields were decreased on higher inoculation density. Whereas the rate of yield loss was increased. The rates of damaged leaf by L. trifolii were increased on higher inoculation density and the peak was 65%. The number of commodity fruits and the rates of commodity fruit were become lower than non-treatment (72.2%). The rates of damaged leaf area were 5.3, 11.7, 19.7, 25.7% on inoculation densities and the rates of yield loss were 0.6, 4.8, 9.8, 14.7%, respectively. There existed close correlation between rate of yield loss and inoculation density (Y = 0.76779X + 0.298354, R² = 0.9599). Considerated of the results, the economic injury levels of L. trifolii on eggplant greenhouse was 6.1 adults per 4 plant and the economic thresholds was 4.9 adults per 4 plant

Environmental Enrichment (EE) alone is not capable of enhancing the fine digit and the forelimb functions. Therefore, we applied modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) under the influence of EE to assess its effect on promoting improved forelimb sensorimotor functions. Focal ischemic brain injury was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats (60 rats, 250±50 g) through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Before MCAO induction, all rats were trained in modified limb placing tests and reaching tasks for 1 week. Then they were randomly divided into three groups: Group I: application of standard environment (SE) after MCAO induction (n=20), Group II: application of EE after MCAO induction (n=20), Group III: MCAO+EE, mCIMT and task-oriented training that was initiated at 10th day after MCAO induction (n=20). We also applied mCIMT (between 9 AM and 5 PM/daily) which included restraining the forelimb ipsilateral to the lesion using the 'Jones & Schallert' method. We assessed the change of modified limb placing, single pellet reaching test and the immunoreactivity of BDNF by immunohistochemistry (pre, 1st, 5th, 10th and 20th day). Group I showed no improved outcome, whereas group II and III significantly improved on the use of the forelimb and the immunoreactivity. The qualitative analysis of the skilled reaching test, of group III showed the greatest improvement in the fine digit and the forelimb function. These results suggest that EE combined with mCIMT is more functional in promoting enhanced fine digit and forelimb functional movements.