3D 프린팅의 적층제조를 위한 시멘트 모르타르의 이용은 시멘트의 유동 특성을 개질하기 위한 시멘트 혼화용 폴리 머의 혼입이 필수적이다. 시멘트 모르타르는 점성이 높고 수축이 크기 때문에 적층제조를 위해서는 유동성, 경화속도, 시공성 및 적층특성의 개선이 필요하다. 시멘트 혼화용 폴리머 디스퍼젼을 혼입한 시멘트 모르타르는 시멘트 수화물과 공극 사이에 폴 리머 필름이 상호 형성되어 인장강도와 취성이 개선되며 우수한 접착성, 기밀성, 내약품성을 보인다. 최근, 사용편리성이 우수한 Ethylene-vinyl acetate 재유화형 분말수지가 널리 사용된다. 하지만 화재와 같은 고온에서는 재유화형 분말수지를 혼입한 경우에 는 성능저하가 더 크다. 재유화형 분말수지가 시멘트 수화물과 공극에 폴리머 필름을 형성하고 충전하지만 고온에 의해 열분해 되기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 3D 프린팅의 적층제조를 위해 내열성이 개선된 Ethylene-vinyl chloride 재유화형 분말수지의 혼입률을 달리하여 고온에서의 특성과 열분해에 따른 공극특성을 검토하였다. 연구결과, EVCL 재유화형 분말수지를 혼입한 경우 고온에서 약간의 성능개선을 보였지만 열분해하여 공극률이 커지며, 밀도, 강도가 감소한다. 따라서, 사용조건에 적합한 배합조절 등이 필요하다.

In this paper, dynamic model of 120mm self-propelled mortar is developed, and multi flexible body dynamics analysis is performed to analyze stresses occurring in the mount during mortar fire. For this, vehicle dynamic system, mortar dynamic system, and finite element mount model are proposed. The commercial program Recurdyn is used in the analysis. As a result of the analysis, the maximum stress(146.9MPa) occurred at the mount side plate. In order to analyze the validity of the analysis results, we performed strain measurement tests by selecting three major points, and the errors of results were 7.91%, 11.15%, and 18.23%, respectively. It is confirmed that the tendency of analysis and test is similar.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of combined organic and inorganic hybrid mortar used as repair materials (UM mortar) for concrete road facilities by comparison with cement repair materials (RM mortar). METHODS: In order to produce UM mortar, four different levels of inorganic materials were adopted and the ratio of main resin to hardener was fixed at 1:2. For comparison, RM mortar made with cement repair materials was also produced. Fluidity, strength characteristics, length change, and freezing-thawing resistance of the mortars were measured at the predetermined periods. In addition, the microstructures of the mortars was performed on the 28-day mortar samples to examine the properties of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). RESULTS : It was observed that the mechanical properties, except for compressive strength, and freezing-thawing resistance of UM mortars were much better than those of RM mortar. Furthermore, showing a densified ITZ properties on the UM mortars from the microstructural observation, the usage of UM mortars exhibited a beneficial effect on the enhancement of mortar properties. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the application of combined organic and inorganic hybrid mortars is a possible option for the repair of deteriorated concrete road facilities.

현대 섬유 기술의 발전으로 박리에 의한 복합체 파괴 가능성을 줄일 수 있고, 복합체의 전단강도를 향상시킬 수 있는 있는 3차원 직물섬유를 제작할 수 있게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 3D 직물섬유의 시멘트 기반 복합체 적용 가능성을 살펴보기 위해 3D 직물섬유의 종류, 매트릭스의 종류, 보 부재 높이를 변수로 한 3D 직물섬유 보강 모르타르 보 시험체를 제작하고 휨실험을 수행하였다. 휨실험 결과, 3D 직물섬유 보강 모르타르 부재는 전형적인 직물섬유 보강 콘크리트의 휨거동과 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 3D 직물섬유 보강을 통해 보 부재의 휨강성 및 휨인성이 향상되었고, 6mm 스페이서를 가진 직물섬유 보강 시험체가 4mm 스페이서를 가진 직물섬유 보강 시험체 보다 더 높은 휨강도 및 휨인성을 보였다. 3D 직물섬유 보강 모르타르의 휨강도 및 휨인성을 보다 향상시키기 위해서는 높은 인장강도와 탄성계수를 가지는 섬유의 적용, 섬유량의 증가, 인장단에 가까운 섬유의 배치가 필요하다.

Numerical analysis was performed to evaluate for reinforcing performance of RC beams in flexure strengthened with Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) in this study. New bond strength model for TRM based on the model proposed by Teng et al. was suggested to predict the flexural behavior of RC beams and effective stress in accordance with debonding of TRM. And reduce factor of 0.729 was suggested by investigation of results on the bending test of RC beams strengthened with TRM. Reliability of proposed bond strength model was verified through the comparisons between collected test results and predicted results about the ultimate load of RC beams occurred by debonding of TRM. The ratios of predicted results on the total experimental results, the average and coefficient of variation were 1.00 and 0.094, respectively. Also, nonlinear analysis method proposed by Cho et al. was used to predict the displacement at the cross-section of mid-span for RC beams in flexure strengthened with TRM. At the three state of the RC beams such as occurrence of initial flexural crack in tensile concrete, yield of tensile rebar, and ultimate in accordance with debonding of TRM. Displacements of beams were calculated at the three state and load-displacement curves by predicted results were compared to the collected test results.

With consumption increasingly shifting to online and mobile, the physical retail environment has been called into question. However, not all facets of a physical experience can be substituted virtually (Anderson & Eckstein, 2013; Johnson, Kim, Mun & Lee, 2014, Piotrowicz & Cuthbertson 2014, Verhoef, Kannan, & Inman, 2015). The enduring quest for real, tangible experiences with real people and in real environments is one reason for the acknowledgement of the importance of architectural branding 1 , enabling memorable experiences (Raffelt, 2012). Here, architectural branding plays a key role at the intersection of consumer behavior, marketing management, and design. Furthermore, one can also observe the trend of forward brand verticalization in retail: with brands increasingly strive towards direct distribution, they open and manage more retail stores themselves (Kahn, Inman & Verhoef, 2016, Nierobisch et al. 2017, Teufel & Zimmermann, 2015, Tischer, 2014). This is especially true for the luxury industry, where brands are looking for ways to attain more control over the brand in order to steer highend customer experiences (Wiedmann & Hennings, 2013, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, 2015). Therefore, demand to develop good architectural branding in retail and to improve retail design strategies for current and future challenges is crucial. During the last five years, marketing scholars, renowned management consulting firms, and the popular press have examined the role of brick and mortar as one aspect of an omnichannel strategy in a world of increasing digitalization (Anderson & Eckstein, 2013; Bauer, Beil, & Wege, 2014; Piotrowicz & Cuthbertson 2014; Worden, 2013; Verhoef, Kannan, & Inman, 2015). The importance of architecture in general and retail design as a specialization thereof in marketing strategy has been broadly acknowledged (e.g. Kotler, 1973; Kotler & Rath, 1984; Martineau, 1958; Münster & Haug, 2017). Although, there is only little research focused on architectural branding (Raffelt, Littich & Meyer, 2011; Raffelt, Schmitt & Meyer, 2013). This is likely caused by its position at the intersection of the research fields on retail stores (e.g Kent & Stone, 2007; Kirby & Kent, 2010; Borghini, Diamand, Kazinets, Mccrath, Muiz, JR., & Sherry, JR., 2009; Hiss; 1987; Kozinets, Sherry, DeBerry-Spence, Duhachek, Nuttavuthisit, & Storm, 2002), brand experience (e.g. Brakus, Schmitt & Zarantonello, 2009; Pine & Gilmore, 1998; Schmitt 1999), and atmospherics (e.g. Kotler, 1973; Donovan & Rossiter, 1982; Rayburn & Voss, 2013; Spence, Puccinelli, Grewal, & Roggeveen, 2014). Here, articles primarily focused on store design in general (e.g; Kent & Sone, 2007; Kirby & Kent, 2010; Meyers-Levy & Zhu, 2008),flagship store design (e.g. Borghini et al., 2009; Hiss; 1987; Kozinets et al., 2002), or were primarily published in retail management journals. However, in marketing and management research, there are limited journal publications about the role of physical stores in the luxury industry in times of digitalization. Dion & Borraz (2015) stated that luxury brands recently followed the strategy to build very costly and unique boutiques with star architects, which have become sacred places. The role of store design in the luxury industry is even scarcer. In two case studies, Jiang, Nagasawa, & Watada (2014) investigated the role of store design for the brands Bally and Tod's in Japan. Thus, this research project aims to fill this research gap and extend the research in the field of architectural branding in the luxury industry, investigating role of physical stores in an omnichannel construct and to gain a deeper knowledge on how to sustainably tangibilize brands in modern and future luxury retail environments, answering the following question: What is the role of store design for luxury monobrand stores in a digital economy? This research project will apply an inductive and exploratory research method, implying a qualitative research design. It will build upon existing literature in the mass market and draw from two studies using in-depth interviews with academics and practitioners from the field of marketing and retail primarily working in the luxury industry to gain more insights about the role of physical stores in this specific industry. One study will focus on ways to make brands tangible in store. The other study will lay its focus on how a omnichannel strategy supports luxury brands in offering a superior in-store experience. Furthermore, results from a workshop with executives from brands with high-end positioning will be taken into account as well as expert interviews about the role of store design in general. These four studies will be presented in an aggregated manner during the conference. The overall contribution of this project is to provide insights about the role of brick and mortar retail design in the luxury industry and thereby extend research in the field or architectural branding in retail.

Recently, functionalization of construction materials using nano materials is being studied in domestic and overseas. In this study, functionalization of cement composites using excellent mechanical characteristics, electrical and thermal conductivity characteristics was carried out. The basic study on the heat characteristics of cement mortar containing Single-walled Carbon Nano Tube(SWCNT), one of the CNT types, has been carried out and this study is aimed to verify whether heat characteristics is effective at low content mixing. The experimental parameters were selected as CNT content, curing age, and supplied voltage. The size of specimens was 50 x 50 x 50mm3 and three specimens were fabricated. As a result, heat characteristics of the SWCNT cement mortar was confirmed even at a low CNT content. As the curing progressed, it was confirmed that heat generation effect was low. But it was confirmed that the heat characteristics were sufficiently exhibited when 100V or more voltage was supplied.

The durability degradation of concrete pavement by winter deicer is brought up as a significant risk, and its maintenance brings a high expense. Therefore, a proper repair materials for such concrete pavement are required. In this study, the properties of compressive strength, ability to resist chloride ion penetration, and dry shrinkage of Chemically bonded ceramics(CBC) and Calcium Sulfo Aluminate based ultra rapid harding cement(CSA) were assessed to evaluate its applicability as a repair material of concrete pavement road. As a result, the CBC mortar flow showed a 220㎜, and the initial setting time of CBC was 18 minutes. The compressive strength of CBC mortar was 31.3㎫ in 2 hours, 56.6㎫ in 24 hours, and 79.1㎫ in 28 days, showing a significant level. And the ability to resist chloride ion penetrations of CBC showed 433 Coulombs, which fell under very low level. The drying shrinkage of CBC mortar until 56 days was between 150 × 10-6 with -100 × 10-6, showing a significant very low level. As above, CBC has excellent compressive strength, chloride ion penetration resistance, and volume stability, and showed better performance than CSA. Therefore, CBC in the future could be used in repair of concrete pavement.

Recently, glass fiber reinforced polymer plastic (GFRP) pipes are increasing trend in using in the water-supply system because of their advantages such as light-weight, corrosion resistance, etc. GFRP pipes discussed in this paper have polymer mortar layer between filament winding glass fiber reinforced polymer plastic layers. So, GFRP pipe properties such as pipe stiffness (PS) and equivalent modulus of elasticity (Eeq ) for the design are complicated to predict or to measure. In this study, we proposed the equation that can predict the equivalent pipe stiffness factor (EI) in relation to PS and Eeq using thickness of each material layer. The predicted result obtained by the equation proposed in this paper is compared with experimental result. As a result, it was in the range of –5% to +2%. Therefore, it is found that the proposed equation can be used to design GFRP pipe used in practice.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to develop an optimized method of mix design for rapid-set lightweight-formed mortar mix. To achieve this objective, the workability, setting time, and compressive strength of mixes under various conditions of mix design were evaluated. METHODS: The water-bonder ratio, fly-ash substitution ratio, and forming agent injection amount were selected as design variables in the study. The fluidity, setting time, density, and strength of the mortar mix were considered as major evaluation criteria of the mixture, and were subsequently utilized to evaluate the characteristics of the mortar mix under various conditions. RESULTS : The observations made from the mix design process are as follows: 1) the air content and fluidity increase as the forming agent ratio and forming agent ratio increase, respectively; 2) the maximum air content is approximately 20%; 3) the accelerating agent decreases the fluidity of the mortar mix by 15% on average; 4) the forming agent injection ratio and fly-ash substitution ratio yield significant effects on the initial and final set times of the mortar mix; 5) as the forming agent injection ratio and fly-ash substitution ratio increase, the compressive strength of the mortar mix decreases; and 6) the 28-day compressive strengths of the forming agent injection ratio and fly-ash substitution ratio yield the most significant effects. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the governing design variables for the rapid-set lightweight-formed mortar mix are the forming agent injection ratio and fly-ash substitution ratio.

A huge amount of waste oyster shells are being produced in the southern coast of South Korea. In order to find the possibility to recycle the waste as construction materials, mechanical characteristics of oyster-shell such as compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, were investigated. Compressive strength tests for mortar specimen with varying blending ratio of cement, water, fine aggregate, and oyster-shell were compared with normal cement mortar. There was continuous decreasing tendency in compressive strength as increasing dosages of oyster-shell when used as a replacement of cement, however strength and stiffness were increased around 10% of dosages of oyster-shell when used as a replacement of fine aggregate. The experiment results demonstrate that oyster-shells can be recycled and effective in replacement of not only cement but also fine aggregates.

Flexural capacity of a Textile Reinforced Mortar(TRM) was investigated by an experimental study. The test program was accomplished on reinforced concrete(RC) slabs consisted of concrete(average compressive strength of 22.23 MPa) and rebar(strength class of SD400). RC slab had 450 mm and 150 mm in size and 2,600 mm in clear span. Strengthening was accomplished by applying carbon-fiber mesh in layers of mortar. Control slab(unstrengthened) and six slabs strengthened with TRM were fabricated to confirm the reinforcing performance in this study. Test variables considered amount of reinforcement and use of anchorage. As a results, it was validated that the flexural capacity of slabs strengthened with TRM increased from 159.9% to 285.2% according to the amount of TRM compared with unstrengthened slab. Experimental results indicated that there are increase in ductility as well as load carrying and deformation capacities when using multiple layers of textile.

This study was performed in order to obtain the effect of the compressive strength of the cured product with manufacturing conditions (amounts of fine aggregate and different types of alkali activator). Material which is the basis of the cured product was used for the blast furnace slag, which has a latent hydraulic activity. Consequently, when using sodium hydroxide as the alkali activator, it is possible to obtain a higher compressive strength than using the calcium hydroxide. And also, it can be added a 10% of fine aggregate with blast furnace slag to improve the compressive strength.

This study was to investigate the firing method of limestone in Joseon Dynasty, and analyze the physical·chemical properties of lime mortars in Joseon Dynasty. This study was to manufacture and evaluate the firing experiment and mortar of Limestone by each sort in order to reproduce the traditional lime mortars in Joseon Dynasty, and investigate the behavior to improve physical properties according to the firing method of Limestone. This study has found out that there were screening criteria and standard of appropriate firing temperature about the Limestone in Joseon Dynasty. Accordingly, this study was to improve its strength through various additives and mixture. In particular, in case of Limestone, the black and blue Limestone were preferred, and most of domestic Limestones were low grade Limestone including the clay and took ivory white or blue with low whiteness. This study has shown that the low grade Limestone was mined by the surface mining compared with the high grade Limestone as underground mining method, and could be used because it was easy to mine relatively and there was possibility that Natural Hydraulic Lime(NHL) was used with the traditional lime mortars in Joseon Dynasty.

Pipe line for the water supply and/or drainage is one of the most important life lines which is usually suffered from the damage due to exterior load induced deformation and due to the lack of support resistance provided by the surrounding soil. GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Plastic) pipes are generally thinner, lighter, but stronger than the existing concrete or steel pipes, and it is excellent in stiffness/strength per unit weight. In this study, we present the result of field test for buried RPMP (Reinforced Polymer Mortar Pipe) and RTRP (Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe) pipes with 2,400mm diameter. The vertical and horizontal ring deflections are measured for 387 days. The ring deflection of RPMP and RTRP measured by the field test is compared with the ring deflection limitation (5%) according to ASTM D 2412.

The repair of manhole raise has been caused much construction times and disruption of traffic flow, serious environmental pollution from crushed construction wastes, and budget waste due to the repeated repair construction works. In order to overcome such problems, we have developed the new manhole repairing composite structures by using a glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) pipe, which can raise manhole to the regular height of the overlayed road pavement with rapid construction and minimum traffic jams. This environmental-friendly technology is method completed by the methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) double wide flanged GFRP pipe composite structures in order to raise manhole to the regular height. In this paper, two kinds of the compressive strength tests of MMA mortar composites were conducted and evaluated by a general compressive strength test, and compressive strength test after freezing-thawing resistance test. It was found that this MMA mortar composites will be used for the application of the double wide flanged GFRP pipe composite structures.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the residual mortar of recycled concrete aggregate on the expansion behavior during alkali silica reaction (ASR). METHODS: In order to evaluate the net effect of residual mortar on ASR expansion behavior, two aggregate samples with the same original virgin aggregate source but different residual mortar volumes were used. ASTM C1260 test was used to evaluate the ASR expansion behavior of these two aggregates and the original virgin aggregate. RESULTS: The greater the amount of residual mortar in recycled concrete aggregates, the less is the induced ASR expansion. Depending on the amount of residual mortar in recycled concrete aggregate, the ASR expansion of recycled concrete aggregate may be less than half of that of the original virgin aggregate. CONCLUSIONS: The residual mortar of recycled concrete aggregate may lead to the under estimation of the ASR expansion behavior of the original virgin aggregate.

PURPOSES: As a part of our research into repair techniques for roads that have collapsed as a result of a natural disaster, this study set out to find the optimum mix proportion for gravels to be used to restore a damaged area. METHODS: This study considered flow and strength-development characteristics. The experimental variables were the W/C ratio, the usage of the admixture, the types of cement, and the quantity of fine aggregate over three different experimental stages. The compressive strength was measured at 12 hours, one day, three days, and seven days. RESULTS : The flow varied with the amount of fine aggregate and the use of a high-range water-reducing (HRWR) admixture. The compressive strength also varied with respect to the type of cement and the W/C ratios. The strength satisfied the expected requirement of 21 MPa after one day, provided the mix proportion was appropriate. CONCLUSIONS: A gravel-filling high-flow cement-based mortar exhibited strength and consistency with a W/C ratio in the range of 0.40 to 0.45, assuming the use of HRWR at 0.5 to 0.7% and a fine aggregate/cement ratio of 1.0 to 1.5.