Subway trains with air cleaners have been newly deployed in the Seoul Metro system. The purpose of this study was to determine differences regarding in-cabin particulate matter with respect to concentrations less than 10 um (PM10) and 2.5 um (PM2.5) through the operation of air cleaners in subway trains. One subway train newly installed with in-cabin air cleaners on Seoul Metro Line number 2 was chosen monitoring in 2020. In-cabin air cleaners were turned-on at both front and back areas while those in the middle area were turned-off while the train was running. In-cabin PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were measured in each area using a real-time aerosol monitor. Average in-cabin PM10 concentrations were statistically significantly lower (by 15%) in areas with air cleaners turned-on (43.8±12.1 μg/m3) compared to those areas where the air cleaners were turned-off (51.4±15.0 μg/m3). Average incabin PM2.5 concentrations were significantly lower (by 14%) in areas with air cleaners turned on (33.7±12.2 μg/m3) compared to those areas where air cleaners were turned-off (39.2± 14.4 μg/m3). In-cabin PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations ratios were similar regardless of area with air cleaners turned-on or turned-off. The in-cabin PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were not associated with commute time. Use of air cleaners in subway trains effected reductions in in-cabin PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations.

국내 미세먼지 농도는 과거에 비해 감소하는 추세이지만 건강에 대한 미세먼지의 위해성이 부각되면서 그에 대한 관심과 우려는 점점 높아지고 있다. 미세먼지에 대응하기 위해서는 미세먼지 농도의 영향 요인과 그 영향의 정도를 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 도시에서 미세먼지는 다양한 요인에 의해 복합적인 영향을 받는다. 기상조건에 큰 영향을 받아 강수와 풍속에 음의상관을 나타낸다. 계절에 따른 기상 조건의 차이로 계절별 뚜렷한 미세먼지 농도 차이가 나타하며, 주로 봄과 겨울에 고농도가 발생한다. 도시 외부적 영향으론 봄철 황사의 영향이 크며, 타 지역에서 발생한 미세먼지가 도시로 유입되어 미세먼지 농도를 악화시킨다. 도시 내부에서는 미세먼지가 발생되는 배출원이 넓게 분포하고, 도시에서 배출된 기체상 오염물질은 대기 중에서 물리화학 적으로 반응하여 2차 미세먼지로 변환된다. 도시환경에서 미세먼지는 도시열섬이나 기온 역전층에 의한 대기정체로 악화되거나, 도시 내 복잡한 공간구조로 인해 발생한 미기상 조건의 영향으로 변화한다. 미세먼지는 강우 시 씻겨 나가고, 바람길이 확보되어 정체된 미세먼지가 확산되면서 감소하며, 녹지에 의해서도 저감되는데, 도시 내 나무는 기공에서 미세먼지를 흡수하고, 식물체 표면에 먼지가 흡착되어 미세먼지 저감에 기여한다. 본 연구는 다양한 미세먼지 영향 요인 중 도시 내부적 요인인 토지피복 특성에 따른 미세먼지 농도 차이를 분석하고자 하였다. 토지피복 유형 중 미세먼지 배출에 관련된 시가화지역과 미세먼지 저감에 관련된 산림지역 유형의 비율에 따라 미세먼지 농도는 어떠한 차이를 보이는지 살펴보았다 연구는 서울시에 위치한 환경부 대기오염 측정망 주변의 시가화지역과 산림지역 토지피복의 비율에 따라 대기오염 측정소를 3개 그룹으로 구분한 뒤, 그룹별 미세먼지 농도 차이를 계절별로 비교하였다. 미세먼지 농도는 환경부 대기 오염 측정망의 2016년 PM10과 PM2.5의 일평균 농도 자료를 활용하였다. 토지피복은 환경부 대분류 토지피복 자료를 활용하였고, 대기오염 측정망 주변 반경 3㎞내의 토지피복 비율을 산출하였다. 토지피복 비율을 기준으로 K-mean 군집화를 통해 대기오염 측정소를 3개 그룹으로 분류하였고, 3개 그룹간 농도 차이는 비모수 검정방법인 Kruskal-Wallis 검정을 실시하였다. 개별 그룹간 차이는 Mann-Whitney U 검정을 실시하여 Bonferroni Correction Method에 따른 유의수준 보정을 통해 두 그룹간의 통계적 차이를 제시하였다. 시가화지역과 산림지역 비율에 따른 K-mean 군집화 결과 산림 우세 그룹(A)의 토지피복 비율 평균은 산림 34.6%, 시가지 53.4%이었고, 6개의 측정소가 분류되었다. 시가지 우세 그룹(B)은 산림 6.7%, 시가지 76.3%이었고, 10개 측정소가 분류되었다. 중간값 그룹(C)은 산림 16.5%, 시가지 61.8%로 7개 측정소가 분류되었다. PM10의 계절별 농도에 대하여 그룹별 정규성 검정 결과 모든 계절에서 정규분포를 충족하지 않았다. 따라서 비모수 검정인 Kruskal-Wallis test를 실시한 결과 모든 계절에서 그룹간 차이가 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.001). 개별 그룹 간 차이에 대해 Bonferroni Correction Method를 적용한 Mann-Whitney U 검정결과 겨울철 B-C 그룹간 차이를 제외한 모든 계절의 그룹간 차이가 통계적으로 유의하였다 (p<0.001). 종합하면 A그룹은 모든 계절의 PM10 농도가 B, C그룹보다 낮았다. B그룹은 겨울철만 C그룹보다 낮았으나 차이는 유의하지 않았고, 나머지 계절에서 A, C그룹보다 유의하게 높았다. PM2.5의 계절별 농도도 모든 계절에서 정규분포를 충족 하지 않아 Kruskal-Wallis test를 실시한 결과 모든 계절에서 그룹간 차이가 유의하였다(p<0.001). 개별 그룹간 분석도 겨울철 B-C 그룹을 제외한 모든 계절에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 인정되어(p<0.001) PM10 결과와 동일한 경향을 확인하였다. 계절별로 그룹간 차이를 자세히 살펴보면 PM10은 A그룹의 농도가 B, C그룹과 큰 차이로 낮았고, B-C의 차이가 작았다. 이러한 경향은 계절별로도 유사하였지만, 고농도 시기인 겨울과 봄에 그룹간 차이가 다소 작고, 저농도 시기인 여름과 가을에 다소 큰 차이가 있었다. PM2.5 농도는 봄~가을에 A<C<B순서를 보이며 그룹간 균등한 차이를 보였고, 겨울은 B와 C그룹의 농도가 유사하면서, A그룹과의 차이가 컸다. 저농도 시기인 여름에 그룹간 차이가 가장 컸고, 고농도 시기인 겨울에는 차이가 가장 작았다. 고농도 시기인 봄의 그룹간 편차와 저농도 시기인 가을의 편차는 유사하였다. 이상의 분석 결과 측정소 주변 산림지역 비율이 높은 지역은 미세먼지 농도가 낮고, 시가화지역 비율이 높은 지역은 미세먼지 농도가 높아 미세먼지의 배출과 저감에 기여하는 토지피복 유형의 비율에 따른 미세먼지 농도 차이를 확인하였다. PM10과 PM2.5 모두 산림 우세 그룹(산림비율 평균 34.6%)의 미세먼지 농도가 가장 낮았다. 중간값 그룹(산림비율 평균 16.5%)은 시가지 우세 그룹 보다 미세먼지 농도가 낮지만 PM10은 차이가 작았고, PM2.5는 차이가 커서, PM2.5는 중간값의 산림비율에서도 농도 저감 효과가 큰 것으로 판단되었다. 계절별로는 여름철에 그룹간 농도 차이가 가장 커서 저농도 시기에 토지피복에 의한 영향이 증가하는 것으로 추정되었다. 또한 고농도 시기인 겨울철은 그룹간 농도 차이가 가장 작아 고농도 시기에 토지피복의 영향은 감소하고, 기상조건 등 다른 요인의 작용이 큰 것으로 판단되었다. 다만 1년 중 가장 농도가 높은 계절은 봄철 이었는데 겨울철 보다 그룹간 농도 편차가 컸다. 이에 대한 추후 연구가 필요하였다.

This study investigated and reported the results of the distribution of in air particulate matter concentration inside school classrooms where children, who are known to be environmentally vulnerable, spend the most time after home. The objective of this study is to provide basic data for future studies related to indoor air quality in Yeongwol county and studies for improving school environment. The study investigated the levels of the concentration distribution of PM10 and PM2.5 in classrooms at 19 different elementary schools based in Yeongwol county from December 12 to 19, 2016. In the classrooms of the elementary schools in Yeongwol county, the pooled average concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 was 11.9 μg/m³ and 4.2 μg/m³, respectively. These concentration rates were lower than those of PM10 and PM2.5 surveyed in classrooms of elementary schools based in other regions of Korea. Further, they did not exceed 100 μg/m³, the PM10 guideline concentration provided by the School Health Act. The study results revealed that the winter concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in air inside classrooms of elementary schools based in Yeongwol county were influenced more by indoor sources such as indoor residents rather than outdoor sources.

Senior citizens are reported to be highly sensitive to environmental pollutants, including fine particulate matter. The purpose of this study is to investigate the distributions of fine particulate matter concentrations in town halls and senior citizens’ halls, where senior citizens typically spend a lot of time. The results of this investigation will serve as fundamental data for conducting indoor air quality studies and establishing a regional environmental health policy governing senior citizens’ facilities in Yeongwol county in the future. From January 4 to February 1, 2017, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in 170 seniors’ facilities located in Yeongwol county were measured. The average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 that were measured from each seniors’ facility chosen from Yeongwol county were 25.1 ± 18.9 μg/m3and 12.5 ± 9.3 μg/m3 respectively. Average concentrations and the average of maximum concentrations were lower than the living space standard of 100 μg/m3 for PM10 and the atmospheric environment standard of 50 μg/m3 for PM2.5, which were set by the Ministry of Environment for populations vulnerable to environmental pollution. As a result of analyzing the sources in seniors’ facilities in Yeongwol county during the winter months, it was found that indoor sources of air pollution such as cooking is main sources rather than outdoor sources of air pollution.

An elementary school is an important public place for children and it is where they spend most of their days. Ten elementary schools of environmental pollutants were measured in the classroom, playground and school zones (June 19 ~ Nov 1, 2012). Dust measurements of some schools were more indoor air. Measurements of black carbon concentrations were higher overall school zones. Also, in the case of formaldehyde, benzene and some environmental standards were exceeded. In the case of outdoor pollutants not statistically significant, but in some cars and vans that were correlated with pollutants. Thus, strategies and actions are necessary that will protect the health of children in schools from environmental pollutants.

The aim of this study is to analyze the distribution of particulate matters including PM_2.5 which is known for severe adverse health effect than PM₁₀ in public facilities. The total 40 public buildings are investigated in this study and they are classified into 11 sub-groups as follows : child-care centers, medical centers, libraries, museums, bus terminals, ports, airports, railway terminals, subway stations, large-scale stores, and indoor parking lots. The mean concentration of PM₁₀ was 38.6㎍/㎥ and that of PM₁₀ in all studied facilities were lower than the Ministry of Environment's control standards. The average concentration of PM_2.5 was 27.2㎍/㎥ and that of PM_2.5 in 18 facilities were exceed the guideline of WHO (24h average value : 25㎍/㎥). The subway stations had the highest indoor level of particulate matters and the waiting area in bus terminals, railway terminals, indoor parking lots had followed in order. When comparing mean value of I/O ratio of PM₁₀, the only I/O ratio of subway stations were greater than one. In the case of PM_2.5, however, the average concentrations of PM_2.5 in indoors of subway stations, bus terminals, and indoor parking lots were higher than those of PM_2.5 in outdoors. The mean concentration of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were gradually increased between 6 A.M and 10 A.M and after 6 P.M in most of target buildings with increasing the number of users in thest facilities.

본 연구에서는 2006년부터 2008년까지 3년간 봄철에 PM10과 PM2.5를 채취하여 질량농도와 금속원소의 화학적 특성, 기상인자와의 관계 분석, 황사 및 비황사시의 미세먼지 특성 그리고 이동경로에 따른 농도의 특성을 고찰하였다. 연구기간동안의 PM10, PM2.5, PM10-2.5평균농도는 각각 126.2±89.8, 85.5±41.6, 40.7±54.9μg/m3이었으며 PM2.5/PM10 및 PM10-2.5/PM2.5 비는 각각 0.70, 0.48이었다. 우리나라의 북서쪽인 북경을 포함한 지역과 서쪽인 상해를 포함한 지역에서 공기덩어리가 이류 할 때 가장 높은 미세먼지농도를 나타내었다.

This study, conducted from April to May 2004 in the metropolitan and surrounding areas of Seoul, Korea, was performed to show the relationship between indoor and outdoor levels of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in 14 residential houses. In addition, indoor/outdoor ratios of PM10, PM2.5 concentrations were calculated. The relationship between the PM10, PM2.5 concentrations and respiratory symptoms by self recording questionnaire of 14 houses was investigated. In conclusion, although the results of this study failed to establish the relationship between PM10, PM2.5 concentrations and respiratory symptoms among residents, the levels of indoor PM2.5 were significantly higher than those of outdoor levels. The indoor PM10, PM2.5 concentrations were increased by the amount of time spent of residents. Further research should be directed to establish the relationship between PM10, PM2.5 concentration and respiratory symptoms.

본 연구는 서울시 북동지역의 군자동에 위치한 세종대학교를 중심으로 2001년 봄철 3월에서 4월까지 PM2.5와 PM10을 채취하여, 이들과 결합된 중금속 성분들에 대한 농도분포의 특성을 살펴보았다. 전체 관측기간 동안 산출된 PM2.5, PM10, 조대입자 영역(PM10-PM2.5)의 평균농도는 49.3±29.2, 95.5±46.1, 50.5±35.0 μg/m3으로 나타났다. 연구대상지역의 중금속 오염도를 살펴보기 위해 부화계수(enrichment factor: EF)를 비교한 결과, 미세 및 조대입자 모두에서 Zn, V, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, Mo 등의 중금속 성분들의 EF값이 수십, 수백의 범위에 달할 정도로 오염의 수준이 심각하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 미세/조대입자 영역간에 형성되는 농도비를 비교한 결과, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni 등이 미세입자 영역에서 뚜렷하게 더 높은 농도를 보이는 것으로 확인되었다. 중금속 농도에 대해 보다 세부적인 분석을 실시한 결과, 중금속 성분들의 농도는 상당 수준 증가하는데, 이와 같은 증가는 황사의 영향을 상당 수준 받는 것으로 나타났다.

To analyze the effects of PM10 and PM2.5 on daily mortality cases, the relations of death counts from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases with PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were applied to the generalized additive model (GAM) in this study. From the coefficients of the GAM model, the excessive mortality risks due to an increase of 10 μg/m3 in daily mean PM10 and PM2.5 for each cause were calculated. The excessive risks of deaths from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases were 0.64%, 1.69%, and 1.16%, respectively, owing to PM10 increase and 0.42%, 2.80%, and 0.91%, respectively, owing to PM2.5 increase. Our result showed that particulate matter posed a greater risk of death from respiratory diseases and is consistent with the cases in Europe and China. The regional distribution of excessive risk of death is 0.24%–0.81%, 0.34%–2.6%, and 0.62%–1.94% from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, respectively, owing to PM10 increase, and 0.14%–1.02%, 1.07%–3.92%, and 0.22%–1.73% from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, respectively, owing to PM2.5 increase. Our results represented a different aspect from the regional concentration distributions. Thus, we saw that the concentration distributions of air pollutants differ from the affected areas and identified the need for a policy to reduce damage rather than reduce concentrations.

This study investigates the characteristics of diurnal, seasonal, and weekly roadside and residential concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Busan, as well as relationship with meteorological phenomenon. Annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan were 44.2 ㎍/m3 and 25.3 ㎍/m3, respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 concentration ratio was 0.58. Diurnal variations of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan were categorized into three types, depending on the number of peaks and times at which the peaks occurred. Roadside PM10 concentration was highest on Saturday and lowest on Friday. Residential PM10 concentration was highest on Monday and lowest on Friday. Residential PM2.5 concentration was highest on Monday and Tuesday and lowest on Friday. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were highest on Asian dust and haze, respectively. The results indicate that understanding the spaciotemporal variation of fine particles could provide insights into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.

This research investigated the characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at the main subway stations in Busan. Annual mean PM10 concentrations at the Seomyeon 1- waiting room and platform were 51.3 ㎍/㎥ and 47.5 ㎍/㎥ , respectively, and the annual PM2.5 concentration at the Seomyeon 1- platform was 28.8 ㎍/㎥ . PM2.5/PM10 ratio at Seomyeon 1-platform and Dongnae station were 0.58 and 0.53, respectively. Diurnal variation of PM10 concentration at subway stations in Busan was categorized into four types, depending on the number of peaks and the times at which the peaks occurred. Unlike the areas outside of the subway stations which reported maximum PM10 concentration mostly in spring across the entire locations, the interiors of the subway stations reported the maximum PM10 concentration in spring, winter, and even summer, depending on their location. PM10 concentration was highest on Saturday and lowest on Sunday. The numbers of days when PM10 concentration exceeded 100 ㎍/㎥ and 80 ㎍/㎥ per day over the last three years at the subway stations in Busan were 36 and 239, respectively. The findings of this research are expected to enhace the understanding of the fine particle characteristics at subway stations in Busan and be useful for developing a strategy for controlling urban indoor air quality.

The characteristics of PM10, PM2.5 and Ratio(PM2.5/PM10) of 11 urban air monitoring stations in Gyeongnam were analyzed for the last 3 years(`15~`17). The average of the all stations was PM10 45 μg/㎥, PM2.5 24 μg/㎥ and Ratio 0.54, and annual reduction rates were PM10 -2.9%, PM2.5 –2.7% and Ratio –1.2%, respectively. The seasonal characteristics of PM10 were spring 54 μg/㎥ > winter 48 μg/㎥ > summer/autumn 40 μg/㎥, PM2.5 were spring/winter 26 μg/㎥ > summer 23 > autumn 22 μg/㎥ and Ratio were summer 0.56 > winter 0.55 > autumn 0.54 > spring 0.51, respectively. The hourly characteristics of PM10 were 11 μg/㎥ higher than 09:00~12:00 at 03:00~06:00, PM2.5 were 6 μg/㎥ higher than 09:00~12:00 at 17:00~18:00 and Ratio were 0.07 higher than 04:00~06:00 at 19:00. By site, the highest concentration of PM10 was YJ site 53 μg/㎥ and PM2.5 was HW site 28 μg/㎥. And Ratio at HD site showed the largest reduction from `15 0.62 to `17 0.52.

This study identified physical characteristics and aerosol particle sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in the industrial complex of Busan Metropolitan City, Korea. Samples of PM10, PM2.5 and also soil, were collected in several areas during the year of 2012 to investigate elemental composition. A URG cyclone sampler was used for collection. The samples were collected according to each experimental condition, and the analysis method of SEM-EDX was used to determine the concentration of each metallic element. The comparative analysis indicated that their mass concentration ranged from 1% to 3%. The elements in the industrial region that were above 10% were Si, Al, Fe, and Ca. Those below 5% were Na, Mg, and S. The remaining elements (1% of total mass) consisted of elements such as Ni, Co, Br and Pb. Finally, a statistical tool was applied to the elemental results to identify each source for the industrial region. From a principal components analysis (SPSS, Ver 20.0) performed to analyze the possible sources of PM10 in the industrial region, five main factors were determined. Factor 1 (Si, Al), which accounted for 15.8% of the total variance, was mostly affected by soil and dust from manufacturing facilities nearby, Factors 2 (Cu, Ni), 3 (Zn, Pb), and 4 (Mn, Fe), which also accounted for some of variance, were mainly related to iron, non-ferrous metals, and other industrial manufacturing sources. Also, five factors determined to access possible sources of PM2.5, Factor 1 (Na, S), accounted for 13.5% of the total variance and was affected by sea-salt particles and fuel incineration sources, and Factors 2 (Ti, Mn), 3 (Pb, Cl), 4 (K, Al) also explained significant proportions of the variance. Theses factors mean that the PM2.5 emission sources may be considered as sources of incineration, and metals, and non-ferrous manufacturing industries.

This study investigates weekday/weekend characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration and metallic elements in Busan in the springtime of 2013. PM10 concentration on weekday/weekend were 77.54 and 67.28 ㎍/㎥, respectively. And PM2.5 concentration on weekday/weekend were 57.81 and 43.83 ㎍/㎥, respectively. Also, PM2.5/PM10 concentration ratio on weekdays/weekend was 0.75 and 0.65, respectively. The contribution rates of Na to total metallic elements in PM10 on weekday/weekend were 38.3% and 38.9%, respectively. It would be useful in control effectively with management of urban fine particle to understand characteristics of fine particle concentration on weekday/weekend.

Ambient particulate matters(PM10 and PM2.5) were investigated at GNTECH university in Jinju city. Samples were collected using a dichotomous sampler(series 240, Andersen Corp.) and a TEOM(Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance) monitor period from November 2012 to October 2013. For the dichotomous sampler measurements, daily 24-h integrated PM2.5 and PM10–2.5 ambient air samples were collected at a total flow rate of 16.7 L /min. For the TEOM monitor measurements, daily 1-h integrated PM10 ambient air samples were collected at a flow rate of 16.7 L /min. The annual average concentrations of PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 by a dichotomous sampler were 10.0±6.1 μg/m3 and 22.6±9.3 μg/m3, respectively. And PM10 concentration by dichotomous sampler were similar to TEOM monitor by 32.7±12.9 μg/m3 and 31.7±11.3 μg/m3, respectively. And good correlation (R2=0.964) between the two methods was observed. The annual average of PM2.5/PM10 ratio was 0.70±0.12.

The study investigates weekday/weekend characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations and meteorological elements in Busan. The PM10 concentration is highest on Wednesday and Thursday, and lowest on Sunday. On the other hand, the PM2.5 concentration is highest on Wednesday and lowest on Sunday. The location where concentrations of weekdays and weekend differ the most is Hwakjang-dong, the industrial area, and where they differ the least is Gijang-up and Joa-dong, the residential area. Fine particle concentration in the industrial area was consistent at dawn and in the morning, but varied in the afternoon and at night. The visibility of Sunday was 0.49 km higher than that of weekdays, and the solar radiation of Sunday was 0.11 MJ/㎡ higher than that of weekdays. These results indicate that the concentration of fine particles had influence on the change of visibility and solar radiation.

This study analyzes the chemical composition of metallic elements and water-soluble ions in PM10 and PM2.5. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan during 2010-2012 were 97.2±67.5 and 67.5±32.8 ㎍/㎥, respectively, and the mean PM2.5/PM10 concentration ratio was 0.73. The contribution rate of water-soluble ions to PM10 ranged from 29.0% to 58.6%(a mean of 38.6%) and that to PM2.5 ranged from 33.9% to 58.4%(a mean of 43.1%). The contribution rate of sea salt to PM10 was 13.9% for 2011 and 9.7% for 2012, while that to PM2.5 was 17.4% for 2011 and 10.1% for 2012. PM10 concentration during Asian dust events was 334.3 ㎍/㎥ and 113.3 ㎍/㎥ during non-Asian dust events, and the PM10 concentration ratio of Asian Dust/Non Asian dust was 2.95. On the other hand, the PM2.5 concentration in Asian dust was 157.4 ㎍/㎥ and 83.2㎍/㎥ in Non Asian dust, and the PM2.5 concentration ratio of Asian Dust/Non Asian dust was 1.89, which was lower than that of PM10.

This study introduces a novel approach to the differentiation of two phenomena, Asian Dust and haze, which are extremely difficult to distinguish based solely on comparisons of PM10 concentration, through use of the Optical Particle Counter (OPC), which simultaneously generates PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration. In the case of Asian Dust, PM10 concentration rose to the exclusion of PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration. The relative ratios of PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration versus PM10 concentration were below 40%, which is consistent with the conclusion that Asian Dust, as a prime example of the coarse-particle phenomenon, only impacts PM10 concentration, not PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration. In contrast, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration simultaneously increased with haze. The relative ratios of PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration versus PM10 concentration were generally above 70%. In this case, PM1.0 concentration varies because a haze event consists of secondary aerosol in the fine-mode, and the relative ratios of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration remain intact as these values already subsume PM1.0 concentration. The sequential shift of the peaks in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations also serve to individually track the transport of coarse-mode versus fine-mode aerosols. The distinction in the relative ratios of PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentration versus PM10 concentration in an Asian Dust versus a haze event, when collected on a national or global scale using OPC monitoring networks, provides realistic information on outbreaks and transport of Asian Dust and haze.

Hourly concentrations of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10, were investigated at Gangneung city in the Korean east coast on 0000LST October 26~1800LST October 29, 2003. Before the intrusion of Yellow dust from Gobi Desert, PM10(PM2.5, PM1) concentration was generally low, more or less than 20 (10, 5) μg/m3, and higher PM concentration was found at 0900LST at the beginning time of office hour and their maximum ones at 1700LST around its ending time. As correlation coefficient of PM10 and PM2.5(PM2.5 and PM1, and PM10 and PM1) was very high with 0.90(0.99, 0.84), and fractional ratios of (PM10-PM2.5)/PM2.5((PM2.5-PM1)/PM1) were 1.37~3.39(0.23~0.54), respectively. It implied that local PM10 concentration could be greatly affected by particulate matters of sizes larger than 2.5 μm, and PM2.5 concentration could be by particulate matters of sizes smaller than 2.5 μm. During the dust intrusion, maximum concentration of PM10(PM2.5, PM1) reached 154.57(93.19, 76.05) μg/m3 with 3.8(3.4, 14.1) times higher concentration than before the dust intrusion. As correlation coefficient of PM10 and PM2.5(vice verse, PM2.5, PM1) was almost perfect high with 0.98(1.00, 0.97) and fractional ratios of (PM10-PM2.5)/PM2.5((PM2.5-PM1)/PM1) were 0.48~1.25(0.16~0.37), local PM10 concentration could be major affected by particulates smaller than both 2.5 μm and 1 μm (fine particulate), opposite to ones before the dust intrusion. After the ending of dust intrusion, as its coefficient of 0.23(0.81, - 0.36) was very low, except the case of PM2.5 and PM1 and (PM10-PM2.5)/PM2.5((PM2.5-PM1)/PM1) were 1.13~1.91(0.29~1.90), concentrations of coarse particulates larger than 2.5 μm greatly contributed to PM10 concentration, again. For a whole period, as the correlation coefficients of PM10, PM2.5, PM1 were very high with 0.94, 1.00 and 0.92, reliable regression equations among PM concentrations were suggested.