This meta-analysis evaluates the impact of reducing crude protein (CP) levels in growing pig diets on manure nitrogen emissions to identify strategies for maximizing environmental benefits. A systematic search of PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus (2003 to 2024) yielded 56 observations from 10 studies. We employed random-effects models with restricted maximum-likelihood (REML) estimation and used Hedges’ g to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD). Additionally, meta-regression and broken-line regression analyses were conducted to investigate heterogeneity and emission breakpoints. The results indicate that low-protein diets significantly reduce both urinary nitrogen emissions (SMD = -5.09; p < 0.0001) and fecal nitrogen emissions (SMD = -0.79; p < 0.001). Substantial heterogeneity was observed for both fecal ($I^2$ = 81.6%) and urinary ($I^2$ = 81.7%) nitrogen emissions (p < 0.0001), highlighting the influence of varying study conditions. Broken-line regression analysis identified a significant breakpoint for urinary nitrogen emissions at 18.8% CP (p < 0.01), whereas no significant breakpoint was observed for fecal nitrogen emissions. Meta-regression analysis revealed that every 1% decrease in dietary CP was associated with increased supplementation of synthetic amino acids, including DL-methionine (p < 0.05), DL-tryptophan (p < 0.04), and L-threonine (p < 0.02), with L-lysine showing a tendency to increase (p = 0.10). Furthermore, economic analysis demonstrated that a moderate reduction to 15% CP, supplemented with four essential amino acids, yields a net cost saving of approximately $2.80 USD per metric ton; conversely, a drastic reduction to 13% CP incurs a net cost increase of approximately $14.30 USD per metric ton due to the high cost of valine and isoleucine. In conclusion, reducing dietary crude protein levels serves as an effective strategy for mitigating urinary nitrogen emissions, necessitating the precise supplementation of synthetic amino acids to balance environmental benefits with the nutritional requirements of growing pigs.

국내 양돈 산업의 대형화와 산업화에 따라 축산 악취에 대한 민원 발생이 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 돼지 분뇨 에서 주로 발생하는 악취는 후각적 불쾌감을 유발할 뿐 아니라, 돼지의 폐사율 증가, 생산성 저하, 농장 근로자의 작업 환경 악화 등 다양한 부정적 영향을 미친다. 따라서 전국적인 양돈장 환경 개선과 효과적인 악취 저감 대책의 마련이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 천연 추출물 복합체인 바 이오매직®의 양돈장 악취 저감 효과와 그에 따른 부수적 인 생리학적 개선 효과를 평가하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 바이오매직®은 오렌지, 파파야, 라임을 발효하여 제조한 것으로, 우선 돼지 농장에서 분리된 메티실린 내성 황색 포도상구균(MRSA)을 대상으로 항균 활성을 평가하였다. CLSI 기준에 따른 최소억제농도(MIC) 및 최소살균농도 (MBC) 시험 결과, 바이오매직®은 15개 MRSA 균주에 대 해 낮은 MIC와 MBC 값을 나타내어 우수한 항균 활성을 보였다. 양돈장 내 주요 악취 유발 물질인 암모니아(NH3), 황화수소(H2S), 이산화탄소(CO2)에 대한 저감 효과를 조사 한 결과, 바이오매직®을 살포한 후 NH3와 C O2 농도가 유 의적으로 감소하였으나(P<0.05), H2S는 연구 전기간에 걸 쳐 측정되지 않았다. 또한, 돼지의 스트레스 수준은 혈중 코르티솔 농도를 효소면역측정법(ELISA)으로 측정하여 평 가하였다. 그 결과, 실험군의 코르티솔 농도 감소율이 대조 군에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 스트레스 감 소에 따른 면역력 향상 여부를 평가하기 위해 유세포 분석 (flow cytometry)을 실시한 결과, 항원제시세포의 비율이 다 소 증가하였고, CD4-T cell 비율이 유의적으로 증가하였다 (P<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 본 실험에서 사용한 바 이오매직®은 양돈장에서 악취 저감뿐만 아니라 돼지의 스 트레스 완화 및 면역 기능 향상에도 긍정적인 효과를 나타 내었다. 이러한 개선 효과는 폐사율 감소 및 생산성 향상, 나아가 동물 복지 증진에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Ammonia (NH3) emitted from swine manure contributes to odor problems and environmental pollution in intensive livestock systems. Plant extracts containing natural saponins, such as Yucca schidigera (YS) and Quillaja saponaria (QS), are used as potential agents to reduce gaseous emissions. This study evaluated the effect of a YS–QS powdered extract on NH3 emissions from pig manure under controlled laboratory conditions. Nine cylindrical pots (23 cm diameter, 25 cm height) were filled with 5 kg of fresh pig manure and assigned to three treatments with three replicates each: untreated manure (T0), manure plus 250 mg/kg extract (T250), and manure plus 2,500 mg/kg extract (T2500). Pots were maintained at 30°C in insulated containers. The extract consisted of a commercially available YS–QS powder. Initial manure properties were pH 8.19 and oxidation-reduction potential –60 mV. Headspace NH3 concentrations were continuously measured using a multi-channel laser-based gas analyzer at ~67-second intervals. Based on the results, NH3 concentrations at day 0 for T0, T250, and T2500 were 35.31±11.07, 62.03±24.30, and 84.65±21.11 ppb, respectively. By day 2, the concentrations decreased to 29.40±12.69, 41.59±18.92, and 50.40±18.81 ppb. The overall reduction rates from day 0 to day 2 were 17% (T0), 33% (T250), and 40% (T2500), with T250 achieving approximately twice the reduction observed in T0. In conclusion, the YS–QS extract reduced NH3 emissions from pig manure, with treatments ≥250 mg/kg showing greater effectiveness than the untreated manure. These results support the potential use of plant-based additives to improve NH3 emission control in manure.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary tryptophan supplementation on growth performance, skin lesions, and blood parameters in weaned piglets. A total of 144 piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc; initial BW: 6.63±0.21 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments, with six replicates of eight pigs each for 28 days. The treatments included a control diet (CON), a diet supplemented with 0.10 % tryptophan (T1), and a diet with 0.20% tryptophan (T2). Growth performance was assessed by measuring average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (G:F). Skin lesions were scored on days 14 and 28, and blood samples were collected at the end of each phase for analysis of growth hormone, cortisol, and serotonin levels. Results indicated that tryptophan supplementation improved ADG and G:F compared with the control, particularly in the T2 group. Skin lesion scores were lower in the tryptophan supplemented groups, suggesting reduced aggression. Furthermore, blood serotonin levels tended to increase and cortisol levels showed a decreasing trend in tryptophan-supplemented groups, suggesting potential stress mitigation. These findings suggest that dietary tryptophan supplementation can enhance performance and welfare in weaned piglets under stress.

Ibuprofen (IBU), a common pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP), is a pervasive water pollutant with adverse ecological and human health effects after transformation and accumulation. In this study, we synthesized Fe, N-doped carbon quantum dots (Fe, N-CQDs) using pig blood and FeCl3 as a precursor via a one-step hydrothermal method. TEM, XRD, XPS, and UV–Vis were used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of Fe, N-CQDs. We investigated the feasibility of Fe, N-CQDs in activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for IBU degradation under visible light. The experimental results revealed that Fe in Fe, N-CQDs predominantly formed a stable complex through Fe–N and Fe-OH, with a high degree of graphitization and a sp2- hybridized graphitic phase conjugate structure. The Fe, N-CQDs/Light/PMS system exhibited strong activity, degrading over 87% of IBU, maintaining a wide pH range (3–10) adaptability. Notably, Fe, N-CQDs acted as visible-light catalysts, promoting Fe3+/ Fe2+ cycling and PMS activation, generating both free radicals ( SO4 •–, ·OH) and non-radicals (1O2, h+) to effectively degrade IBU. This study presents an innovative approach for the sustainable utilization of pig blood as a biomass precursor to synthesize Fe- and N-doped carbon materials. This study provides a new approach for the sustainable and value-added utilization of natural wastes and biomass precursors of Fe- and N-doped carbon materials, which can be used to treat pollutants in water while treating discarded pig blood.

The utilization of pig slurry (PS) as an organic fertilizer plays a pivotal role in nutrient recycling within agricultural systems. However, this practice concomitantly leads nitrogen (N) losses through ammonia (NH₃) volatilization and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of wood biochar on mitigating NH3 and N2O emissions and enhancing N retention from PS-applied soil, and plant biomass production during the vegetative growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). The experiment consisted of three treatments: 1) water (non-PS), 2) PS, and 3) PS combined with wood biochar (PS+WB). The PS+WB treatment resulted in the maintenance of elevated soil water content during the experimental period. The PS+WB treatment significantly enhanced soil nitrogen retention compared to PS alone, maintaining higher total N and NH₄⁺-N levels while reducing NO₃⁻ -N accumulation. Wood biochar application also leds to substantial reductions in NH₃ and N₂O emissions, mitigating environmental N losses. The PS+WB treatment resulted in an improvement of shoot biomass, crude protein content, and total digestible nutrients, indicating enhanced forage quality. The increased soil moisture content in PS+WB further contributed to plant growth benefits. These findings demonstrate that wood biochar is an effective amendment for improving nitrogen retention, reducing gaseous N emissions, and enhancing crop productivity in PS-amended soils.

Background: Typical difficulties encountered during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to produce embryos in pigs include poor pronucleus formation and poor-quality fertilized embryos because of high polysperm invasion. In this study, we evaluated the effects of supplementation with apple seed extract (ASE) and coculture systems on porcine in vitro-fertilized embryo culture. Methods: Slaughterhouse-derived ovaries were used to obtain cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). COCs were conventionally used to perform IVF. We examined the differences in apoptosis and metabolism during development following addition of ASE to normal culture and coculture systems. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cell development-related factors, and apoptotic proteins were compared in porcine embryos produced under different conditions. Results: The expression of genes related to insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling was increased in the coculture system. In the ASE group, early apoptosis and necrosis were reduced in fertilized embryos and the late survival rate increased. Supplementation of the coculture system with ASE led to increased expression of BCL-2 and decreased expression of Casp-3 in the cytoplasm, thereby lowering the apoptosis rate and inducing MMP expression. In addition, compared with the extract-supplemented group in normal culture, the activity of MMP-2 decreased in the coculture system supplemented with ASE, activity of MMP-9 increased, and the expression of dynactin p62 and BrdU in the cytoplasm was higher than that in the other groups. Conclusions: The coculture system increased the activity of the embryonic cytoplasm compared with the non-coculture system. Supplementation with ASE may induce cell activity and inhibit the expression of apoptotic factors.

One of the harmful substances produced by livestock manure is ammonia (NH3), which is emitted at a high rate. Additionally, NH3 reacts with sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere to produce fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, the management and countermeasures for NH3 in livestock facilities were found to be inadequate. To establish effective measures, an NH3 emission factor that complies with certified methodologies is required. This study calculates the emission factor by monitoring NH3 concentration and ventilation between September 2022 and May 2023 in a mechanically-ventilated enclosed facility. The data measurement was performed in accordance with the VERA test protocol from Europe, and NH3 concentrations were monitored in real-time using photoacoustic spectroscopy measurement equipment. The average NH3 concentrations for Rooms 1, 2, and 3 during the entire period were measured at 0.96 ± 0.39 ppm, 1.20 ± 0.57 ppm, and 1.34 ± 0.71 ppm, respectively, with an overall average of approximately 1.17 ± 0.49 ppm. The average ventilation was recorded at 2,782.0 ± 1,510.4 m³/h, with an average internal temperature of 26.0 ± 1.5 °C and a relative humidity of 63.9 ± 5.2%. The average emission factor per room was calculated as 0.14 ± 0.03 g/day/pig for Room 1, 0.19 ± 0.07 g/day/pig for Room 2, and 0.15 ± 0.05 g/day/pig for Room 3. Ultimately, this study determined the average NH3 emission factor for the weaned pig facility to be 0.16 g/day/ pig.

본 연구는 돼지 간 거리(PD), 돈사 내 상대 습도(RRH), 돈사 내 이산화탄소(RCO2) 세 가지 변수를 사용하여, 네 개의 데이터 세트를 구성하고, 이를 다중 선형 회귀(MLR), 서포트 벡터 회귀(SVR) 및 랜덤 포레스트 회귀(RFR) 세 가지 모델 기계학습(ML)에 적용하여, 돈사 내 온도(RT)를 예측하고자 한다. 2022년 10월 5일부터 11월 19일까지 실험을 진행하였다. Hik-vision 2D카메라를 사용하여, 돈사 내 영상을 기록하였다. 이후 ArcMap 프로그램을 사용하여, 돈사 내 영상에서 추출한 이미지 안 돼지의 PD를 계산하였다. 축산환경관리시스템(LEMS) 센서를 사용하여, RT, RRH 및 RCO2를 측정하였다. 연구 결과 각 변수 간 상관분석 시 RT와 PD 간의 강한 양의 상관관계가 나타났다(r > 0.75). 네 가지 데이터 세트 중 데이터 세트 3을 사용한 ML 모델이 높은 정확도가 나타났으며, 세 가지 회귀 모델 중에서 RFR 모델이 가장 우수한 성능을 보였다.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of combining acidification with adsorbents (zeolite and biochar) to mitigate the environmental impacts of pig slurry, focusing on ammonia (NH3) emission and nitrate (NO3 -) leaching. The four treatments were applied: 1) pig slurry (PS) alone as a control, 2) acidified PS (AP), 3) acidified pig slurry with zeolite (APZ), and 4) acidified pig slurry with biochar (APB). The AP mitigates NH3 emission and NO3 - leaching compared to PS alone. Acidification reduced the cumulative NH3 emission and its emission factor by 35.9% and 12.5%, respectively. The APZ and APB increased NH4 +-N concentration, with the highest level in APB, compared to AP. The NH4 + adsorption capacity of APB (0.90 mg g-1) was higher than that of APZ (0.63 mg g-1). The APB and APZ treatments induced less NH3 emission compared to AP. The cumulative NH3 emission was reduced by 12.2% and 27.6% in APZ and APB, respectively, compared to AP treatment. NO3 - leaching began to appear on days 12 and 13, and its peak reached on days 16 and 17, which were later than AP. The cumulative NO3 - leaching decreased by 17.7% and 25.0% in APZ and APB, respectively, compared to AP treatment. These results suggest that combining biochar or zeolite with acidified pig slurry is an effective method to mitigate NH3 emission and NO3 - leaching, with biochar being particularly effective.

본 연구는 국내의 세 품종 돼지에 대하여 혈통자료를 이용한 근교계수와 유전체자료를 이용한 근교계수를 분석하고 비교하기 위하여 수행되었다. 분석에 이용된 혈통자료는 듀록, 랜드레이스 및 요크셔 종에서 각각 137,302두, 228,651두와 657,079두였고, 유전체자료의 경우 Illumina Porcine SNP 60K bead chip V2를 이용하여 수집하였으며 세 품종에서 각각 2,567개, 7,594개 및 12,906개의 자료를 이용하였다. 듀록, 랜드레이스와 요크셔에서 혈통자료를 이용하여 추정된 근교계수는 각각 0.04, 0.02 및 0.02였으며, 유전체자료를 이용하여 추정된 근교계수는 각각 0.184, 0.098 및 0.063이었다. 듀록에서 두 근교계수의 상관이 0.466으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 혈통완성도는 유전체 정보를 이용하여 보완할 수 있음이 확인되었으며, 유전체 정보는 집단의 유전자원 관리에도 활용도가 높아 국내 양돈산업의 근친도 관리에서 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 기대된다.

This experiment investigated the effects of feed additives of Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai (SQN) extract on Landrace pigs on economic traits such as the quality, physiological characteristics, and productivity. Sixteen pigs with an average age of 154 days were selected as experimental subjects. The experiment was conducted by dividing the group into eight pigs for the supplementation group, feeding with SQN extract, and another eight for the control group feeding without SQN extract. Water was fed ad libitum. On the 30th day, there was no significant difference between meat quality and productivity. However, the glucose and thyroxine were statistically lower with the supplementation group than with the control group (p<0.05). Also, the levels of creatinine difference between 1.18 ± 0.12 ㎎/㎗ with the supplementation group and 0.70 ± 0.06 ㎎/㎗ with the control group (p<0.05). However, all serum biochemistry values were within a normal range, with no health problems. The present study will help solve the problem of reducing the diversity of plant species in Halla Mountain by increasing the availability of the SQN as a pig feed additive.

In this study, we analyzed the changes in concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA), phenols, and indoles, as well as odor contribution in pig slurry. The pig slurry was stored for approximately two months after the manure excretion of pigs which had been fed 3% level of peat moss additive. The investigation was carried out through lab-scale experiments simulating slurry pit conditions within pig house. Throughout the storage period, the concentration of VFA exhibited a tendency to be 11%-32% higher in the pig manure treated with peat moss as compared to the control group. From a concentration perspective, phenol and acetic acid accounted for the majority of the total odor compounds produced during the pig slurry storage period. However, their significance diminished when the concentration of odoros compounds are converted into odor activity value and odor contribution. Despite the odor reduction effect of the ammonia (NH3) adsorption by peat moss, if it cannot effectively reduce the high odor-contributing compounds such as indoles and p-cresol, the sole use of peat moss may not be considered an effective means of mitigating odors produced by pig slurry. According to this study, indoles, p-cresol, skatole, and valeric acid were consistently revealed as major odor-contributing substances during the two-month storage of pig slurry. Therefore, a comprehensive odor mitigation methodology should be proposed, taking into consideration the odor generation characteristics (including temporal concentration and odor contribution) of pig slurry-derived odors during storage.

돼지의 체세포 핵이식(Somatic cell nuclear transfer,SCNT)은 인간에게 약리적 효과가 있는 단백질, 이종 간 장기이식(xenotransplantation)에 사용되는 장기, 질병 연 구 목적의 모델 동물을 제공한다. 특히 형질전환 돼지를 활용한 심장 이식이 세계 최초로 성공한 후 형질전환 돼 지 생산의 안정화는 다음 연구를 위한 중요한 점으로 대 두되고 있으나, 미니돼지의 체세포 핵이식 배아의 생산 효율은 아직 낮은 실정이다. 형질전환의 성공은 양질의 SCNT 배아 생산에서 시작되어야 한다. 이러한 SCNT 배 아의 생산 효율을 향상할 수 있는 요인 중에는 공여 세포 의 형태가 있으며, 성공적인 공여 세포의 생산을 위해서 는 종축에 따른 세포의 특성을 파악하여야 하고, 혈액형 의 차이에서 발생하는 문제점 해결을 위해 OO 타입의 선 별이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 지속적인 계대 배양을 통 하여 공여 세포로 사용되는 미니돼지의 태아섬유아세포의 계대 배양 조건을 확립하고자 한다. 또한 미니돼지의 혈 액형을 PCR 기반으로 분석하여 분류하고 OO 타입의 선 별을 통하여 이종 간 이식에 용이하게 공여 세포의 조건 을 확립하였다. 이후 sgRNA(single guide RNA)를 사용하 여 CRISPR-Cpf1로 GGTA1(α-1,3 galactosyl-transferase) 유전자를 knock-out 한 미니돼지의 생산으로, 급성면역반 응을 유발하는 Gal(1,3)Gal epitope이 제거된 미니돼지의 세포 주를 구축 및 체세포 핵이식을 통해 GGTA1 knock-out 미니돼지를 생산하였으며, 이러한 연구는 이후 체세포 핵이식 및 이종 간 장기이식에 중요한 기초자료로 사용될 것이라고 생각된다.

The distance between livestock facilities and residential spaces is decreasing. Moreover, livestock odor complaints are increasing due to the large-scale and concentrated livestock breading industry. In order to reduce odor from livestock facilities, bio-curtain that are easy to install and inexpensive are commonly used in Korea. However, there is a lack of basic data on design standards and operation manuals for bio-curtains. The installation density of the bio-curtain material is an important factor that affects the odor reduction rate, increment of the load on the ventilation fans, and the structural stability of the curtain. There are limitations on deriving the design conditions of the bio-curtain by only field experiments targeting invisible air. Therefore, aerodynamic simulation such as CFD (computational fluid dynamics) can be used to obtain quantitative data according to various environmental conditions. Bio-curtain is a porous medium with a complex structure, and it is necessary to derive aerodynamic coefficients to analyze it. In this study, the wind speed and pressure difference according to the design density of the bio-curtain were monitored using the experimental chamber. Using the field results, a pressure resistance curve was created for each flow velocity and installation density. The viscosity and resistance coefficient of the bio-curtain were calculated through the derived resistance curve.

The present trial verified the effects of spraying microbial agents on odor reduction in commercial pig farms of different operating sizes and barn types. Farms without microbial agent spraying and those sprayed with microbial agents at two different intervals were compared. The treatments included spraying of water alone every day or a mixture of water plus microbial agent at 24 and 72 h intervals. The experimental farms were divided according to size into 1,000-, 3,000-, and 5,000-head farms and according to barn type into gestation, farrowing, nursery, and grower-finisher farms. To compare odor concentration within each housing barn, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas levels were measured. The average concentrations of ammonia (p<0.01) and hydrogen sulfide (p<0.05) gas were the lowest in all types of farms sprayed with the microbial agent at a 24 h interval. In farms sprayed with the microbial agent at a 24 h interval, the decrease in ammonia concentration according to barn type was in the following order: farrowing (p<0.01) (11.0 to 1.8 ppm), nursery (p<0.05) (17.0 to 9.2 ppm), grower-finisher (15.3 to 8.8 ppm), and gestation (9.7 to 6.4 ppm) farms. Moreover, spraying the microbial agent at a 24 h interval significantly (p<0.01) decreased ammonia concentration from 19.9 to 10.4 ppm, from 11.1 to 4.1 ppm, and from 8.8 to 5.1 ppm in 5,000-, 3,000-, and 1,000-head farms, respectively. Overall, spraying microbial agents every day may be the most effective method to reduce odor in commercial pig farms.

Excess nitrogen (N) flowing from livestock manure to water systems poses a serious threat to the natural environment. Thus, livestock wastewater management has recently drawn attention to this related field. This study first attempted to obtain the optimal conditions for the further volatilization of NH3 gas generated from pig wastewater by adjusting the amount of injected magnesia (MgO). At 0.8 wt.% of MgO (by pig wastewater weight), the volatility rate of NH3 increased to 75.5% after a day of aeration compared to untreated samples (pig wastewater itself). This phenomenon was attributed to increases in the pH of pig wastewater as MgO dissolved in it, increasing the volatilization efficiency of NH3. The initial pH of pig wastewater was 8.4, and the pH was 9.2 when MgO was added up to 0.8 wt.%. Second, the residual ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N) in pig wastewater was removed by precipitation in the form of struvite (NH4MgPO4·6H2O) by adjusting the pH after adding MgO and H3PO4. Struvite produced in the pig wastewater was identified by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. White precipitates began to form at pH 6, and the higher the pH, the lower the concentration of NH4 +-N in pig wastewater. Of the total 86.1% of NH4 +-N removed, 62.4% was achieved at pH 6, which was the highest removal rate. Furthermore, how struvite changes with pH was investigated. Under conditions of pH 11 or higher, the synthesized struvite was completely decomposed. The yield of struvite in the precipitate was determined to be between 68% and 84% through a variety of analyses.

Cryopreservation of porcine ovarian tissue by vitrification method is a promising approach to preserve genetic materials for future use. However, information is not enough and technology still remains in a challenge stage in pig. Therefore, the objective of present study was to determine possibility of vitrification method to cryopreserve porcine ovarian tissue and to confirm an occurrence of cryoinjuries. Briefly, cryoinjuries and apoptosis patterns in vitrified-warmed ovarian tissue were examined by histological evaluation and TUNEL assay respectively. In results, a damaged morphology of oocytes was detected among groups and the rate was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in vitrification group (25.8%) than freezing control group (67.7%), while fresh control group (6.6%) showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower than both groups. In addition, cryoinjury that form a wave pattern of tissues around follicles was found in the frozen control group, but not in the fresh control group as well as in the vitrification group. Apoptotic cells in follicle was observed only in freezing control group while no apoptotic cell was found in both fresh control and vitrification. Similarly, apoptotic patterns of tissues not in follicle were comparable between fresh control and vitrification groups while freezing control group showed increased tendency. Conclusively, it was confirmed that vitrification method has a prevention effect against cryoinjury and this method could be an alternative approach for cryopreservation of genetic material in pigs. Further study is needed to examine the viability of oocytes derived from vitrified-warmed ovarian tissue.