This study selected the optimal conditions for enzyme treatment that can promote the extraction of functional components from Salvia plebeia (SP) and confirmed solubilization characteristics, functional component contents, and applicability evaluation in pilot-scale, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activity. The optimal conditions of pectinase, 1%, and 2 h (P) were determined through the enzyme treatment of SP. The water-soluble index and total polyphenol content were the highest in P compared to 100oC reflux condition for 2 h (CON). Component analysis performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that flavonoid contents were increased 6.6-9.5 times in the P compared to CON. There was no difference in component content when comparing the measurement lab-scale and pilot scale. CON and P indicated cytoprotective effect against H2O2-induced RAW 264.7 cells. CON and P pre-treatment also reduced the production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, P showed higher antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities than CON. These results suggested that P has a higher concentration of bioactive compounds through enzyme treatment than that obtained from CON. Thus, it can be used as a primary material for industrial utilization, such as developing functional food materials using SP.

This study investigated on the nutritional components and physiological activity of four wild vegetables namely Salvia plebeia R. Br., Angelica acutiloba, Gynura procumbens and Saururus chinensis Baill for the development of representative wild vegetables in Chungbuk. Salvia plebeia possessed the highest radical scavenging activity and beta-carotene, but exhibited the lowest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity compared to the other three vegetables. Angelica acutiloba showed high crude protein content and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, but contained low total polyphenol content, radical scavenging ability and beta-carotene compared to the other three vegetables. Gynura procumbens showed high mineral content, beta-carotene, vitamin K1 content and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, but showed the lowest total polyphenol content and radical scavenging ability compared to the other three vegetables. Saururus chinensis showed high crude fiber content and total polyphenol content, but contained the lowest mineral and vitamin K1 content. To conclude, it is suggested to use Salvia plebeia or Saururus chinensis as antioxidant food materials and Angelica acutiloba and Gynura procumbens as food materials and sources of α-glucosidase inhibitors. In particular, it is believed that Saururus chinensis, which possessed high content of crude fiber, is suitable for low-calorie food materials such as diet products.

This study provides data to explore functional medicinal food materials that can prevent adult diseases, and verified antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of each solvent fraction of the methanol extract of Salvia plebeia R. Br. in Korea. In the analysis of total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging ability, and FRAP reduction ability as indicators of antioxidant activity, the methanol fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of the Salvia plebeia R. Br. group showed high antioxidant activity. Ethyl acetate fraction of Salvia plebeia R. Br. methanol extract also showed excellent antioxidative activity as compared with BHT. In the mouse macrophage line Raw 264.7 cells, the NO production ability by LPS treatment was significantly increased in the LPS treatment group compared to the untreated group. In inflammatory reactions induced by LPS treatment in Raw 264.7 cells, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, PGE2, IL-1β) and NO production were decreased in the EtOAc fraction and MeOH fraction of the methanol extract of Salvia plebeia R. Br. compared to the case of LPS treatment alone. The anti-inflammatory effect was proved by significantly inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines. The present results suggest that Salvia plebeia R. Br. supplementation is beneficial for the suppression of antioxidant and anti-inflammation.

본 연구에서는 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이 흰쥐에서 곰보배추 파우더가 간조직의 항산화 효소활성 및 산화적 손상에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 실험군을 4군으로 나누어 정상 식이군, 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이군, 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이에 곰보배추 파우더를 5% 및 10% 첨가한 군으로 각각 나누었다. 간 조직 중의 항산화 효소계인 GSH-px, catalase 및 SOD 활성은 정상군에 비해 HF군에서는 감소되는 경향을 나타내었으나 HF군에 비해 곰보배추 파우더 공급군에서 유의적으로 증가되었다. Superoxide radical 함량을 mitochondria 및 microsome에서 측정한 결과 정상군에 비해 HF군에서 유의적인 증가를 나타내었으나 곰보배추 공급으로 유의하게 감소되었다. 특히 microsome에서는 군간의 유의한 차이도 나타내었다. 간조직의 cytosol 및 mitochondria에서 H2O2의 함량에서는 곰보배추 공급군 모두에서 유의적인 감소로 정상군 수준을 나타내었다. 혈청에서 간수치 GOT 및 GPT를 측정한 결과 10%의 곰보배추의 공급으로 HF군에 비해 유의적으로 감소되었다. 간조직의 microsome 및 mitochondria에서의 산화단백질 함량 또한 곰보배추 파우더의 공급으로 유의적으로 감소하였다. 과산화지질의 함량을 간조직에서 관찰 한 결과 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이로 인해 증가된 과산화지질이 곰보배추 파우더를 공급한 군에서 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. 곰보배추의 공급으로 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이로 손상된 간조직의 항산화계는 곰보배추 내 함유되어진 여러 생리활성 물질들이 항산화효소의 활성을 증가시켜 체내에서 생성된 free radical에 의한 산화를 억제시켰으리라 사료되어진다. 이로 미루어 곰보배추는 체내 조직의 산화를 억제하는 항산화작용에 효과적으로 기여함을 알 수 있었다.

Background: Small particles increase airway inflammation upon reaching the alveoli. Here, we investigated the protective or therapeutic effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br. (SP_R) extracts on airway inflammation. Methods and Results: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of SP_R extracts, we measured their inhibitory effect on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression of inflammatory mediators, and immune cell infiltration in MH-S alveolar macrophage cells and in the ambient particulate matter (APM)-exposed airway inflammation mice model. The SP_R extracts inhibited the production of ROS and expression of IL-4, IL-10, IL-15, and IL-17A mRNA in APM-stimulated MH-S cells. Oral administration of SP_R extracts suppressed APM-induced inflammatory symptoms, such as high alveolar wall thickness, excess collagen fibers, decreased mRNA expression of chemokines (Ccr9, Ccl5, Ccr3), inflammatory cytokines (IL-15, TNF-α), and IL-4 Th2 cytokine in the lung. The SP_R extracts also inhibited ROS production, granulocyte (CD11b+Gr-1+) infiltration, IL-17A, TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein (Mip-2), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl-1) production in the airway. The specific compounds in the SR-R extracts that mediate the anti-inflammatory effects were identified. Conclusions: In this study, SP_R extracts effectively inhibited airway inflammatory responses, such as ROS production and granulocyte infiltration into the airway, by regulating the expression of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines.

Background: In the present study, we established an HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)-analysis method for the determination of marker compounds as a part of the material standardization for the development of health-functional foods from Salvia plebeia R. Br. extract. Methods and Results: The quantitative determination method of hispidulin as a marker compound was optimized by HPLC analysis using a YMC hydrosphere C18 column with a gradient elution system. This method was validated using specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision tests. It showed a high linearity in the calibration curve with a coefficient of correlation (r2) of 0.999995. The method was fully validated, and was sensitive, with the limit of detection (LOD) at 0.09 ㎍• ㎖−1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) at 0.27 ㎍• ㎖−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of the data from intra- and inter-day precision were 0.05 - 0.22% and 0.32 - 0.42%, respectively, and the intra- and inter-day accuracy of hispidulin were 99.5 - 102.3% and 98.8 - 101.5%, respectively. The average content of hispidulin in Salvia plebeia R. Br. extract was 3.945 ㎎• g−1 (0.39%). Conclusions: These results suggest that the developed HPLC method is very efficient, and that it could contribute to the quality control of Salvia plebeia R. Br. extracts as a functional ingredient in health functional foods.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br. ethanolic extract with differentaspects (stem/leaf and whole plant) on differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The morphologicalchanges and the degrees of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were measured by Oil Red O staining and intra-cellular trig-lyceride (TG) assay. The mRNA expressions of special peroxisome proliferation activated receptor- genes (PPAR), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPα), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were detected by reverse tran-scriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The 50% ethanolic extracts (100μg/mL) of stem and leaf (SALE) and 30%ethanolic extracts (100g/mL) of whole plant (SAE) from Salvia plebeia R. Br. were significantly attenuated lipid accumula-tion during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Ethyl acetate-soluble fractions (50μg/mL) significantly inhibited lipid dropletaccumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, SALE induced down-regulation of specific adipogenic transcriptional factors (C/EBPα and PPARγ) and target genes (FAS and LPL) during adipogenesis. Salvia plebeia R. Br. may be used as a safe and effi-cient natural substance to manage obesity.

본 연구는 배암차즈기 메탄을 추출물의 생리활성 및 기능성을 검토하기 위해서 항산화효과 및 아질산염 소거능을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 배암차즈기 메탄을 추출물의 전자공여능(RC50)은 51.10 μg/ml로 나타났고 SOD 유사활성은 추출물(0.92mg/ml)을 첨가하였을때 62.11%로 가장 높게 관찰되었으며, linoleic acid에 대한 항산화력은 추출물 (0.2mg/ml)을 첨가하여 지질과산화물을 측정한 결과 배양시간 1, 2, 4일 경과후 각각 72.86%, 77.18%, 78.32% 감소율을 보임으로써 효과적인 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. 총 페놀함량은 gallic acid equivalents (GAE)로 측정되었고, 202.35± 1.26 GAE μ extract으로 조사되었다. 아질산염 소거능은 복합 생약추출물(0.2mg/ml)을 첨가하였을 때 pH 1.2조건에서 44.29%로 가장 높게 나타났으며 pH가 증가할수록 감소하였다. 이상의 결과로 배암차즈기 메탄을 추출물은 우수한 항산화 효과와 아질산염 소거능을 나타냄으로써 기능성 식품 소재 및 식품 첨가물로써 사용가능 하리라 사료된다.