In this study, the impact load resulting from collision with the fuel rods of surrogate spent nuclear fuel (SNF) assemblies was measured during a rolling test based on an analysis of the data from surrogate SNF-loaded sea transportation tests. Unfortunately, during the sea transportation tests, excessive rolling motion occurred on the ship during the test, causing the assemblies to slip and collide with the canister. Hence, we designed and conducted a separate test to simulate rolling in sea transportation to determine whether such impact loads can occur under normal conditions of SNF transport, with the test conditions for the fuel assembly to slide within the basket experimentally determined. Rolling tests were conducted while varying the rolling angle and frequency to determine the angles and frequencies at which the assemblies experienced slippage. The test results show that slippage of SNF assemblies can occur at angles of approximately 14° or greater because of rolling motion, which can generate impact loads. However, this result exceeds the conditions under which a vessel can depart for coastal navigation, thus deviating from the normal conditions required for SNF transport. Consequently, it is not necessary to consider such loads when evaluating the integrity of SNFs under normal transportation conditions.

The study aim was to develop and test the effects of integrated simulation pertaining to patients with schizophrenia using a hypertensive crisis module for nursing students. Methods: This pilot study with seven undergraduate nursing students used a single group, pre-post test design. Integrated simulation pertaining to patients with schizophrenia using a hypertensive crisis module was developed based on the ADDIE model (i.e., Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation), expert meetings with subject professors, a literature review, a preliminary survey, and focus group interviews. Data were collected and measured for general characteristics of the study participants, critical thinking disposition, problem-solving, clinical judgment, self-efficacy, simulation design, and simulation effectiveness. Qualitative contents were analyzed through focus group interviews. Results: No statistically significant differences were found in class design, critical thinking disposition, problem-solving, clinical judgment, and self-efficacy after applying the integrated simulation module. Based on the data obtained from the focus group interviews of study participants, the following four categories were established: “Integrating knowledge and applying it to practice,” “Nursing in unexpected situations,” “Challenged to be an expert,” and “Ensuring receptive and psychological safety in simulation practice.” Conclusion: An integrated simulation module was developed to integrate the nursing problems associated with individual subjects beyond the scope of one subject, and the effect was verified by applying it

Gases such as hydrogen can generate from the disposal canister in high-level radioactive waste disposal systems owing to the corrosion of cooper container in anoxic conditions. The gas can be accumulated in the voids of bentonite buffer around the disposal canister if gas generation rates become larger than the gas diffusion rate of bentonite buffer with the low-permeability. Continuous gas accumulations result in the increase in gas pressure, causing sudden dilation flow of gases with the gas pressure exceeding the gas breakthrough pressure. Given that the gas dilation flow can cause radionuclide leakage out of the engineered barrier system, it is necessary to consider possible damages affected by the radionuclide leakage and to properly understand the complicated behaviors of gas flow in the bentonite buffer with low permeability. In this study, the coupled hydro-mechanical model combined with the damage model that considers two-phase fluid flow and changes in hydraulic properties affected by mechanical deformations is applied to numerical simulations of 1-D gas injection test on saturated bentonite samples (refer to DECOVALEX-2019 Task A Stage 1A). To simulate the mechanical behavior of microcracks which occur due to the dilation flow caused by increase in gas pressure, a concept of elastic damage constitutive law is considered in the coupled hydro-mechanical model. When the TOUGH-FLAC coupling-based model proposed in this study is applied, changes in hydraulic properties affected by mechanical deformations combined with the mechanical damage are appropriately considered, and changes in gas injection pressure, pore pressures at radial filters and outlet, and stress recorded during the gas injection test are accurately simulated.

북한은 2017년 9월 3일 풍계리 핵실험장에서 6차 지하 핵실험을 단행하였다. 이전에 수행했던 핵실험들과 달리 풍계리 핵 실험장 주변에서 몇 차례의 유발지진이 발생하였고 이로 인해 지하에 갇혀 있던 방사성제논이 대기 중으로 방출되는데 영향을 끼쳤을 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구에서는 북한의 6차 핵실험 이후에 발생한 유발지진을 고려하여 핵실험으로 발생한 방사성제논의 몇 가지 방출 시나리오에 따른 대기확산 모의실험을 본 연구진이 개발한 LADAS (Lagrangian Atmospheric Dose Assessment System) 모델에 기상청의 수치예보자료를 적용하여 수행하였다. 방사성제논의 가능한 검출 위치와 시간을 찾기 위해, 1일 간격 및 1주일 간격의 지연방출뿐만 아니라 유발지진으로 유출된 지연방출 시나리오도 설정하였다. 포괄 적핵실험금지조약기구(Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization)에서 운영중인 전세계관측망(International Monitoring System)과 원자력안전위원회의 133Xe 탐지 결과는 유발지진으로 유출된 방사성제논의 방출 시나리오에 따른 모의실험의 결과와 대체로 부합되었다.

In a solar coronagraph, the most important component is an occulter to block the direct light from the disk of the sun. Because the intensity of the solar outer corona is 10−6 to 10−10 times of that of the solar disk (I⊙), it is necessary to minimize scattering at the optical elements and diffraction at the occulter. Using a Fourier optic simulation and a stray light test, we investigated the performance of a compact coronagraph that uses an external truncated-cone occulter without an internal occulter and Lyot stop. In the simulation, the diffracted light was minimized to the order of 7.6 × 10−10 I⊙ when the cone angle c was about 0.39◦. The performance of the cone occulter was then tested by experiment. The level of the diffracted light reached the order of 6 × 10−9 I⊙ at c = 0.40◦. This is sufficient to observe the outer corona without additional optical elements such as a Lyot stop or inner occulter. We also found the manufacturing tolerance of the cone angle to be 0.05◦, the lateral alignment tolerance was 45 μm, and the angular alignment tolerance was 0.043◦. Our results suggest that the physical size of coronagraphs can be shortened significantly by using a cone occulter.

Recently, the need of weight reduction has been required in automobile industry. In this paper, we aim to evaluate the composite sandwich panel to substitute original steel structure of commercial vehicle. The compressive and drum-peel tests were conducted to consider core materials and resin system of the sandwich panel. Based on the test, we decided the core reinforcement and matrix materials of the panel. As a result, the composite panel were composed of aluminum profile, glass fiber prepreg and aluminum honeycomb. We also confirmed the weight reduction ratio and structural safety compared to prior steel structure components by bending test and FEM simulation.

풍력발전 타워는 높은 세장비를 갖는 형상으로 인해 바람에 의해 발생하는 횡하중에 취약한 구조를 가지고 있기 때문에 바람은 풍력발전 타워를 설계하는데 있어서 중요한 설계요소 중 하나라고 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 타워 운송 편의성 향상을 위해 설계된 8각 및 6각 단면형상을 가지는 조립식 강관 타워 및 일반 원형 강관 타워의 일정 높이 이상에서부터 4개의 작은 기둥으로 분리되는 형상을 가지는 멀티기둥 강관 타워에 대한 2차원 단면모형 풍동실험과 3차원 모형 풍동실험을 수행하여 각 형상별 풍력계수를 산정하여 그 특성을 비교하였다. 또한 풍동실험 축소모형에 대한 CFD 해석을 수행하여 산정된 풍력계수값의 신뢰성을 확인하였으며, 마지막으로 실제스케일 풍력타워에 대한 CFD 해석을 수행하여 각 형상별 특성을 분석하였다.

The latest weight reduction research of automotive industry and technology was improved. In this paper, we aim to evaluate the composite frame to manufacture the floor assembly of commercial vehicle. The design of subframe incorporated into the floor module was determined by FEM(Finite Element Method) simulation. The mechanical properties used for the simulations were obtained from the tests for samples of glass fiber/epoxy composites. We made two kinds of pultrusion products, one was aluminum profile, the other was unidirectional composites with aluminum profile. Based on the results from the simulation and bending test, the design of the subframe was finally determined prior to adoption of the commercial vehicle floor.

Nowadays, consumption of fisheries products is increasing. There are several factors, one of which is a quantitative development through aquaculture. Another factor is an increase qualitative consumption of fish which require that fish be supplied alive. This requires a lot of technical effort to transport the live fish that have low survival rate (c.f. tuna and mackerel) in coastal waters and in the open sea. To develop a towing cage for transporting the live fish, model test in a circulate water channel and simulation by computer tool were carried out. In order to spread vertically, floats were attached at the upper part of the cage, and iron chains attached at the lower part of the cage. For horizontal spreading, kites were attached on the cage. The tension and spreading performance of the cage were measured. The result shows that the tension and reduction ratio of inside volume of the cage were tended to increase with increased towing speeds. The suitable operation condition in towing cage was 1.0 m/s towing speeds with vertical spreading force 8.7 kN, horizontal spreading force 5.6 kN; in this case the reduction ratio of inside volume of the cage was estimated as 25%.

In this study, a circular tower, a modular tower and a multi-column tower were subjected to wind tunnel test and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) simulation. A modular tower with an octagonal cross-section is designed for easy transportation during construction. A multi-column tower with four secondary columns, which have smaller cross-sectional area relative to the main column, is designed for mitigating wind load. Their mean wind force coefficients were obtained through wind tunnel test and CFD simulation, which were carried out by Daewoo Institute of Construction Technology. Their results are compared to each other to verify the reliability of calculated mean wind force coefficient. Difference between mean wind force coefficient values obtained from wind tunnel test and CFD simulation is shown to be within 10% for a circular tower and a multi-column tower, and slightly above 10% for a modular tower.

항공기 연료셀은 추락 상황에서 승무원의 생존성과 직결되는 중요 구성품으로 회전익 항공기에 적용되고 있는 내충격성 연료셀은 추락시 승무원의 생존성 향상에 큰 역할을 하고 있다. 미육군은 항공기가 처할수 있는 다양한 상황에서 연료셀이제 기능을 발휘할 수 있도록 1960년대 초부터 MIL-DTL-27422 이라는 연료셀 개발규격을 제정하여 현재까지 적용해 오고있다. 해당 개발규격에 규정된 시험 중에서 충돌충격시험은 연료셀의 내충격 성능을 검증하는 시험으로써, 해당 시험을 통과하는 연료셀은 생존가능 충돌환경에서 화재가 발생하지 않아 승무원의 생존성이 대폭 향상될 수 있음을 의미한다. 그러나 충돌충격시험은 작용하는 하중 수준이 너무 높기 때문에 실패 위험성이 가장 큰 시험이기도 하다. 연료셀이 해당 시험을 통과하지 못하는 경우에는 재시험을 위한 비용과 준비기간이 상당히 소요되어 항공기 개발일정에 심각한 지장을 초래할 가능성도 높다. 따라서, 연료셀 설계 초기부터 내충격성능 만족여부에 대한 예측을 위해 충돌충격시험의 수치해석을 통한 실물시험에서의 실패 가능성을 최소화해야 한다는 필요성이 제기되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 충돌모사 프로그램인 LS-DYNA에서 지원하는 유체-구조 연성해석 방법인 SPH 방법을 사용하여 연료셀 충돌충격시험 수치 모사를 수행하였다. 수치해석 조건으로 MIL-DTL-27422에서 요구하는 시험조건을 고려하였고, 실물 연료셀의 시편시험을 통해 확보한 물성데이타를 해석에 반영하였다. 그 결과로 연료셀 자체의 응력수준을 평가하고 취약부위에 대한 고찰을 수행하였다.

PURPOSES: Simulation of aggregate slump test using equivalent sphere particle in DEM and its validity evaluation against lab aggregate slump test METHODS : In this research, aggregate slump tests are performed and compared with DEM simulation. To utilize spheric particles in YADE, equivalent sphere diameter concept is applied. As verification measures, the volume in slump cone filled with aggregate is used and it is compared with volume in slump cone filled with equivalent sphere particle. Slump height and diameter are also used to evaluate the suggested numerical method with equivalent concept RESULTS : Simulation test results show good agrement with lab test results in terms of loose packing volume, height and diameter of slumped particle clump. CONCLUSIONS : It is concluded that numerical simulation using DEM is applicable to evaluate the effect of aggregate morphological property in loose packing and optimum gradation determination based on the aggregate slump test simulation result.