계면활성제(SF316+FB0800)가 처리된 폴리에틸렌 필름 시설에서 직경 9cm 원안의 필름 표면에 부착된 수적량은 무처리구에서 1.21 mL, 1% 처리구에서 0.15mL, 2% 처리구에서 0.07 mL가 측정되었다. 그러나 육안으로는 1%와 2% 처리구 사이에 차이를 관찰하기가 어려웠다. 수적량은 하루 중 오전 10시에 가장 많았고, 기온의 상승된 오후 2시에 적었다. 무처리구에 비하여 계면활성제 1%와 2% 처리구 사이에 차이를 관찰하기가 어려웠다. 수적량은 하루 중 오전 10시에 가장 많았고, 기온이 상승된 오후 2시에 적었다. 무처리구에 비하여 계면활성제 1%와 2% 처리구에서 투광율은 각각 9.3%, 12.9% 높았다. 기온과 습도는 계면활성제가 처리된 비닐하우스와 머처리 비닐하우스 사이에 뚜렸한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 오전의 기온은 계면활성제 처리 비닐하우스에서 1~2℃ 정도 높았으며, 지온의 경우는 계면활성제 처리시설에서 3~4℃ 정도 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 겨울철 상추의 생육은 계면활성제가 처리된 필름으로 피복된 비닐하우스에서 빨랐다. 그러나 계면활성제농도 1%와 2% 처리구 사이에는 뚜렸한 차이를 보이지 않았다.

The cutaneous tolerability of detergent formulations can be improved by means of suitable additives. They complex the surfactant molecules lowering the concentration of their free monomeric species. Proteins derivatives used as additives for detergency are usually prepared by partial hydrolysis of plant reserve proteins. The main purpose of the hydrolytic cleavage is to make them water soluble and suitable for liquid products. Water solubility and stability are obtained by means of complexation with surfactants which also increase their actual hydrophobicity, an important parameter affecting cosmetic properties of proteins. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and electric capacitance (EC) have been adopted as investigation technigues to evaluate the skin integrity/damage in vitro tests, The performance of native wheat protein / surfactant complexes has been compared with traditional protein hydrolysates as detergent additives. The results show a noticeable reduction of skin irritation in surfactant formulations with addition of native wheat protein.

A proposed method of determining the composition of mixed micelles in equilibrium with monomer of known composition is described. The systems were sodium α-sulfonated dodecanoyl ethyl esther (α-SR12Et) or sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether (Brij 35) un water and in 0.1M sodium chloride solution at 25℃. This technique applies the Gibbs-Duhem equation to the mixed micelles, which is treated as a pseudophase. This proposed methodology, which needs only critical micelle concentration data as a function of monomer composition, is applied to an anionic/nonionic surfactant pair. The calculated monomer-micelle equilibrium is found to be very similar to the much-used regular solution for nonideal systems.

While the equilibrium behaviour of surfactant solution is well studied, the understanding of the kinetics and pathways of structural transition under nonequilibrium conditions is only begining to develop. Attention has recently been directed mainly towards micellar kinectics, transitions between micellar and lamellar phases, vesicle fusion, and phases separation in microemulsions. This progress has profited greatly from developments that have taken place in various techniques and instruments.

These N-acyl amino acid surfactants is normally produced by reaction of acid anhydride with sodium l-glutamate hydrolysates under Schotten-Baumann condition i.e., in alkaline aqueous medium. To avoid using fatty acid chlorides, acylations were also carried out with the fatty acids themselves or with their methyl esters, but unfortunately these methods cannot be used in practice, dodecenyl succinic anhydride, was to be studied for their suitability as acylating agents the production if acylated glutamine hydrolysates. The surface activities including surface tension forming power, forming stability and emulsifying power were measured. The experimental results revealed that the products have a good emulsifying power. Thus, there derivatives will be expected to be used an emulsifying agent for O/W type cosmetic emulsion.

A conductimetric study of foam formed from mixture of the protein, β-lactoglobulin, and the nonioinc surfactant, SML, revealed that their stability was reduced at concentrations of SML in the range 3~10mM. The interaction of SML with β-lactoglobulin was investigated by fluorimetry and a dissociation constant of 0.2μM was calculated for the complex. Surface tension studies confirmed the presence of interaction between the two components and provided evidence for the progressive displacement of β-lactogloblin from the air/water interface with increasing SML concentration. Experiments using air-suspended microscopic thin liquid films revealed transitions in the chainage characteristics and thickness of the film at SML concentrations below that which resulted in destabilization of the foam. However, measurements of surface mobility of fluorescent-labeled β-lactoglobulin by a photobleaching method identified that a transition to a mobile system occurred at a SML concentration which correlated with the onset of instability in the disperse phase. The results would indicate that maintenance of the viscoelastic properties of the surface is paramount importance in determining the stability of interfaces comprising mixtures of protein and surfactant.

Surface tension as a function of concentration and temperature was measured for aquous solution of sodium N-acyl sarcosinate, RCON(CH3)CH2 COONa, From the intersection points in the (γ-logC) curves, the critical micelle concentration (cmc) was determined at 20, 30, 40, and 50℃. Structural effects on the cmc maximum and the minimum area per molecule at the aquous solution/air interface were discussed. The free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of micellization and adsorption of surfactant solution also were investigated. Numberous investigators have dealt with sodium N-acyl sarcosinates and their applications as wettings, flooding and reducing agents and as corrosion inhibitors.

Physical properties and performance characteristics of sodium salt of several pure N-acyl amino acids made from glycine, dl-alanine, sarcosine, dl-valine, l-leucine, l-aspartic acid and l-lysine seven long chain fatty acids are reported. The effect of acyl chain length and the differences in the structure of constituent amino acid of seven homologous series of amide intermediate linked carboxylate surfactant of this class on the properties are discussed.

Sodium N-acyl N-methyl taurates were synthesized by effectual acylation of fatty acid ethyl esters C(C12~C18) and N-methyl taurine. All the surface activities including krafft point, solubility, interface tension, foaming power, lime-soap dispersing ability and detergency were measured, and cmc was evaluated in dilute aqueous solution.

In this study, the relation of the preservation efficacy reduction with methyl paraben of parahydroxybenzoic acid derivatives was investigated using the dialysis membrane method with tween-80 of surfactant and TiO2/Talc of inorganic powder meterial from emulsion system. It was found that the preservation efficacy of tween-80 and TiO2/Talc from emulsion system was reduced due to the adsorption of methyl paraben. According to the microbe test, In case of tween-80, MBC appeared in 0.19 w/v% and in case of TiO2/Talc, MBC appeared in 0.22w/v% / 0.23w/v%. In general, the equation of Talc's adsorption weight(A·W) has a tendency to show in A·W=11.5C0.745

In the separation of toluene/n-heptane mixture by the emulsion type liquid membrane in a batch system, the effect of surfactants on the separation factor and membrane stability were studied over the surfactant concentration ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 wt% at the contact time of 5 and 10 minutes and the settling time 5 and 10 minutes. The surfactants used were triethanol amine lauryl sulfate. The separation factor reached its maximum value at the surfactant concentration of 0.5 wt%. It was found that the percentage of membrane breakup reached its minium values and the separation factor showed its maximum value at the surfactant concentration of 0.5 wt%, which confirmed that efficient separation could be effect when emulsion liquid membrane were stable because of low membrane break up.

For a cosmetic plant wastewater containing surfactants of high concentration, adsorption treatment by granular activated carbon(GAC) having different pore size distribution was studied. Three sorts GACs were used and regenerated afterwards with methanol. Experiments were composed of batch process and column test for both virgin and regenerated GACs. Following conclusions were drawn from the study: Methylene blue activating substance(MBAS) adsorption data from the batch tests for three GACs are described well by BET isotherm and Freundich isotherm. Simulation with the BET isotherm shows that maximum adsorption appears to be affected not only by specific surface area but also by pore size distribution. Maximum adsorption from the BET isotherm for MBAS appears to diminish as the number of reactivation increases. The diminishing ratio of maximum adsorption appears to decrease as the pore size decreases. Recovery ratio of the methanol by vacuum evaporation from the spent methanol ranges from 95% to 97%.

계면활성제는 수용액에서 미셀을 형성함에 있어서 자기확산이 분자 운동과 상변화에 대하여 자세한 정보를 제공하고 공업적으로 응용할 수 있는 기술이 점차 증가하고 있다. 계면활성제가 미셀을 형성함에 있어 자기확산 정도는 화학구조의 변화성과 상호 결합 및 회합현상에 매우 민감한 것은 사실이다. 특히 계면활성제 용액의 넓은 범위의 분자 시스템과 콜로이드 상태의 변화성은 다향한 물리, 화학적 성질에 기여됨이 많다. 더욱이 미셀 형성에서 자기확산 계수는 분자 치환에 직간접적으로 상호관계가 있어 NMR 분광학에서 스핀 이완속도의 해석과 분자의 재배열, 스핀 이완에 대한 모델선정 등에 많은 관심을 갖는다. 그중 미셀형성에 있어서 자기확산에 대한 측정 방법중 가장 많이 이용되고 있는 Fourier Transform Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo(FT-PGSE) 측정법은 계면활성제의 미셀형성에 대한 상변화성 및 물리, 화학적 성질을 다루는데 새로운 도구로 제공되고 있다. 이는 이 계통의 기술적 측정방법에 있어서 적절한 개선과 새로운 응용분야를 확장하는데 있어서 많은 가능성을 갖고있다. 그리하여 이들에 대한 역사적 배경과 기초적인 이론을 가지고 미셀 형성에 있어 자기확산에 대한 개념을 말하고 그에 대한 응용성을 계통적으로 설명하고자 한다.

본 연구에서는 회전 원판 장치에 고분자-계면활성제의 혼합체를 첨가제로 사용하여 난류 유동장에서의 마찰저항 감소효과에 대해서 조사 연구하였다. 세가지의 분자량이 다른 PAA를 마찰저항 감소효과에 영향을 줄 수 있는 여러 인자들에 대헤서 살펴 보았다. 특히 이 연구에서는 이온성 고분자와 계면활성제의복합체가 마찰저항 감소현상에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지에 대해서 연구하였다. 계면활성제와 고분자첨가제 사이의 형태학적 차이점에 특별한 관심을 가지고 실험을 하였으며 이온성 고분자의 pH에 대한 영향에 대해서도 조사하였다. 고분자와 계면활성제간의 복합체는 거대한 전해질과 같은 거동을 보이며 계면활성제가 고분자의 형태를 변화시켜 고분자의 크기를 확대시킨다. 따라서 이러한 복합체는 단일 고분자계와 비교해서 수력학적부피, 관성반경, 점도등의 값이 크게 나타나며 이렇게 팽창된 고분자는 난류 유동장에서의 마찰저항 감소효율을 증가시킨다.

신규 고분자형 계면활성제(α-allyl-ω-methoxy polyoxyethylene and maleic anhydride block copolymer)를 사용하는 고분자형 마이셀 촉진 한외여과법을 제안하였다. 제거용질로서는 염료의 중간체이며 발암성 물질인 1-나프틸 아민을 사용하였다. 고분자형 마이셀의 촉진효과는 중공사형 폴리아크리로니트릴 막(분획 분자량 6,000, 표면적 0.017m2)을 사용하여 조사하였다. 플럭스의 선형의존성은 0.6kg/cm2까지 유지되었고, 점차 압력증가에 따라 플럭스 증가율은 감소하였다. 고분자형 마이셀을 첨가하지 않은 상태에서의 제거율은 2mM의 용질에 대하여 0.19, 2 wt.%의 고분자를 첨가한 상태에서의 제거율은 0.96이었다 고분자형 마이셀 내부로의 가용화가 분리효율을 5배 촉진시킨 것을 확인하였다.

Fluorescent anionic oligo surfactants were synthesized by the condensing products of long chain alkylvinylether-maleic anhydride cooligomers and resorcinol including dye structures. Their various surface activities and dispersing action were studied on the aqueous solution. These oligo surfactants exhibited a remarkable surface tension lowering property, lower foaming and a large dispersing action for the particles of α-copper phthalocyanine blue. Further it was ascertained that the binding of oligo surfactant onto the pigment surface caused the deviation towards lower wavelengths at the maximum fluorescent intensity as compared with aqueous oligo surfactant solutions, These surface active properties of the oligo surfactants may be attributed to rigid and hydrophobic structure of dye groups, besides surface-active groups of alkylether groups and carboxylic group of the anionic oligo surfactants.

케탈이나 아세탈반응에 의하여 이루어진 1, 3-디옥솔란 고리가 산수용액 중에서 불안정해 쉽게 가수분해되는 성질을 이용하여 소수부로는 지방산의 탄화수소사슬을 친수부로는 소디움 카르복시산(Soap)을 도입하여 분해 후 계면활성을 띠지 않는 분해성 계면활성제이다. 이 화합물의 수용액에 대한 표면장력은 31dyne/cm였고, 임계미셀농도는 1.0×10-3mol/L이었다. 기포력은 비교적 좋지 않았으며, 유화력은 콩기름보다 벤젠에서 양호하였다. 또한 이 화합물의 산분해 특성을 1wt% 수용액과 벤젠 사이의 계면장력 변화에 의하여 측정한 결과 pH 1 ~ 4범위에서 약 300분 안에 모두 가수분해됨을 확인하였다.