The mechanical, hydraulic, thermal, and chemical properties of the subsurface can have a significant effect on the long-term performance of an underground facility. Therefore, it is important to accurately estimate the aquifer properties in order to predict the groundwater flow and solute transport and thus ensure the stability and safety of a high-level radioactive waste disposal. Using heat as a tracer has become a popular tool for the subsurface characterization. Recent studies have demonstrated that heat tracing is an effective approach to quantify both hydrogeological and thermal subsurface properties. However, most studies in natural conditions assume the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) between the solid and fluid phases, ignoring heat exchange between them. The LTE assumption has not yet been verified by experiments. This work investigates the validity of the LTE assumption by performing the laboratory tracer tests using both solute and heat in a porous medium under natural groundwater flow velocities (Reynolds number, Re < 0.37). The experimental results showed that the LTE assumption can be violated even under natural groundwater flow conditions. The violation of LTE (LTNE) had a significant impact on mechanical dispersion, whereas its effect on velocity was negligible. These results provide the first experimental evidence for LTNE effects in natural conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to consider LTNE effects especially when the mechanical dispersion is evaluated using heat tracing.

The effect of the process conditions of high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating on the porosity of the coating layer is investigated. HVOF coating layers are formed by depositing amorphous FeMoCrBC powder. Oxygen pressure varies from 126 to 146 psi and kerosene pressure from 110 to 130 psi. The Microstructural analysis confirms its porosity. Data analysis is performed using experimental data. The oxygen pressure-kerosene pressure ratio is found to be a key contributor to the porosity. An empirical model is proposed using linear regression analysis. The proposed model is then validated using additional test data. We confirm that the oxygen pressure-kerosene pressure ratio exponentially increases porosity. We present a porosity prediction model relationship for the oxygen pressure-kerosene pressure ratio.

The precipitation effect of Al-6%Si-0.4%Mg-0.9%Cu-(Ti) alloy (in wt.%) after various heat treatments was studied using a laser flash device (LFA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Solid solution treatment was performed at 535 oC for 6 h, followed by water cooling, and samples were artificially aged in air at 180 oC and 220 oC for 5 h. The titanium-free alloy Al-6%Si-0.4%Mg-0.9%Cu showed higher thermal diffusivity than did the Al-6%Si-0.4%Mg-0.9%Cu-0.2%Ti alloy over the entire temperature range. In the temperature ranges below 200 oC and above 300 oC, the value of thermal diffusivity decreased with increasing temperature. As the sample temperature increased between 200 oC and 400 oC, phase precipitation occurred. From the results of DSC analysis, the temperature dependence of the change in thermal diffusivity in the temperature range between 200 oC and 400 oC was strongly influenced by the precipitation of θ'-Al2Cu, β'-Mg2Si, and Si phases. The most important factor in the temperature dependence of thermal diffusivity was Si precipitation.

This study analyzes the internal temperature characteristics of heater module using a numerical method when the constant heat flux and heat flux time are applied to the surface heating element. The horizontal and vertical dimensions of heater module are 100mm, and the height is 5mm. The heat flux is 10,000W/m2, 15,000W/m2, and 20,000W/m2, and heat flux time is 5 seconds, 10 seconds, 15 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds and 50 seconds, respectively. When the heat flux time was 50 seconds, the temperature of the surface heating element rose to 120.5°C, while the skin epidermis temperature rose 1.7°C. As a result, the surface temperature of the surface heating element increased greatly in the horizontal direction, while it increased low in the depth direction. This is because the heat conduction of the surface heating element is transmitted in the X-Y plane direction, and the thermal conductivity of the pet(polyethylene terephthalate) film and insulation sheet under the surface heating element is very low. when the heat flux at the surface heating element is 20,000W/m2, the skin's epidermal temperature rises up to 0.82℃ compared to 10,000W/m2 and 15,000W/m2.

대류열전달은 겨울철 온실 열손실의 중요한 원인이 되며, 일반적으로 복사열에 의한 손실보다 더 크다. 스크린의 대류열전달계수를 자연상태에서 측정한 연구가 수행된 바는 있지만 상하면의 재질이 동일하고 공극이 없는 스크린에 대해서는 적용을 할 수 없는 방법이다. 이러한 재질의 스크린은 한국에서 많이 사용되고 있으나 대류열전달 특성을 파악하는데 많은 어려움이 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 공극이 없는 3가지 종류의 스크린에 대해 대류열전달계수를 구하였으며, 계수를 산정하기 위하여 복사열수지 이론에 근거하여 산정방법을 개발하였다. 실험장치에 스크린을 설치하고 일사량, 장파복사량, 대기온도, 스크린 및 흑색천의 표면온도, 풍속 등을 측정하였다. 스크린의 표면온도와 주변온도의 차이에 따른 대류열전달계수를 산정하였다. 풍속이 거의 없는 상태에서 온도의 차이가 증가함에 따라 계수는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.

In this study, the thermal behavior characteristics of flange case interior were analyzed by the numerical method. The boundary conditions at the inlet port of flange case were the heat flux and heat flux time. As the heat flux time at inlet of case increased, the temperature values gradually increased, and the degree of increase was very small. If the heat flux of the melted iron increases to 2,000,000 W/m2, the temperature change at the case interior will occur largely, causing heat deformation. As a result, in order to reduce thermal defects at the case interior, the heat flux and heat flux time of the melted iron should be set within 500,000 W/m2 and 5 seconds, respectively.

In this study, thermal performance test of VMD module was performed, prior to the construction of the demonstration plant using the vacuum membrane distillation　(VMD) module of the capacity of 400 m3/day and to the commercialization of the VMD module. For the thermal performance test, the experimental equipment of capacity of 2 m3/day was constructed. The permeate flux test and thermal performance test according to feed water conditions such as temperature and flow rate were conducted. The VMD module used in the study was manufactured by ECONITY Co., LTD with PVDF hollow fiber membrane. As a result, the Performance Ratio (PR) of the VMD module showed the maximum value of 0.904 under the condition of feed water temperature of 75℃ and flow rate of 8 m3/h. PR value of the VMD module using PVDF hollow fiber membrane showed linearly increasing relationship with feed water temperature and flow rate. Also, The permeate flux of the VMD module was analyzed to have maximum value of 18.25 LMH and the salt rejection was 99.99%.

Pouch에 넣은 전복의 함량을 변화 시켜 전열 특성을 측정한 결과, 전복의 함량이 증가하고 살균 온도가 감소할수록 가열 치사 시간이 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 121.1oC와 같은 열 처리 효과를 나타내도록 다른 온도(110oC, 125oC, 130oC)에서 각각 전복장을 제조 하여 관능 평가를 실시한 결과, 125oC에서 열처리 한 전복장이 조직감과 맛 선호도가 가장 높았다. 125oC에서 열처리한 전복장을 7개월 동안 상온에서 저장하면서 검사한 결과 pH, 염도에서는 큰 변화는 보이지 않았고 조직 강도는 3개월부터 급격하게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 총 미생물 검사 에서는 호기성, 혐기성 미생물이 모두 검출 되지 않았으나 조직감을 고려했을 때 약 3개월 정도 보관하는 것이 적합할 것으로 사료되었다.

Mono- and few-layer graphenes were grown on Ni thin films by rapid-thermal pulse chemical vapor deposition technique. In the growth steps, the exposure step for 60 s in H2 (a flow rate of 10 sccm (standard cubic centimeters per minute)) atmosphere after graphene growth was specially established to improve the quality of the graphenes. The graphene films grown by exposure alone without H2 showed an intensity ratio of IG/I2D = 0.47, compared with a value of 0.38 in the films grown by exposure in H2 ambient. The quality of the graphenes can be improved by exposure for 60 s in H2 ambient after the growth of the graphene films. The physical properties of the graphene films were investigated for the graphene films grown on various Ni film thicknesses and on 260-nm thick Ni films annealed at 500 and 700˚C. The graphene films grown on 260-nm thick Ni films at 900˚C showed the lowest IG/I2D ratio, resulting in the fewest layers. The graphene films grown on Ni films annealed at 700˚C for 2 h showed a decrease of the number of layers. The graphene films were dependent on the thickness and the grain size of the Ni films.

The effects of thermal treatment conditions on ADU (ammonium diuranate) prepared by SOL-GEL method, so-called GSP (Gel supported precipitation) process, were investigated for kernel preparation. In this study, ADU compound particles were calcined to particles in air and Ar atmospheres, and these particles were reduced and sintered in 4%-/Ar. During the thermal calcining treatment in air, ADU compound was slightly decomposed, and then converted to phases at . At , the phase appeared together with . After sintering of theses particles, the uranium oxide phases were reduced to a stoichiometric . As a result of the calcining treatment in Ar, more reduced-form of uranium oxide was observed than that treated in air atmosphere by XRD analysis. The final phases of these particles were estimated as a mixture of and .

This study presents the thermal analyses of a spent fuel dry storage cask under normal and off-normal conditions. The environmental temperature is assumed to be 15 under the normal condition. The off-normal condition has an environmental temperature of 38 . An additional off-normal condition is considered as a partial blockage of the air inlet ducts. Two of the four air inlet ducts are assumed to be completely blocked. The significant thermal design feature of the storage cask is the air flow path used to remove the decay heat from the spent fuel. Natural circulation of the air inside the cask allows the concrete and fuel cladding temperatures to be maintained below the allowable values. The finite volume computational fluid dynamics code FLUENT was used for the thermal analysis. The maximum temperatures of the fuel rod and concrete overpack were lower than the allowable values under the normal and off-normal conditions.

Plasma 용사된 단열피복에 내재하는 기공의 크기, 형상 및 분포는 피복층 자체의 물성에 지대한 영향을 미치므로 이를 용사변수에 따라 조사하였다. MgO 안정화 지르코니아 피복시 도입되는 기공은 미세기공 외에 각각 생성기구가 다른 조대한 기공 즉 구형과 불규칙한 기공, 그리고 crack으로 구성되었다. 용사거리에 따라 기공의 생성과정과 특성이 변하였으며 Plasma 전류 및 가스 유량의 증가에 의해서 기공도는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. Plasma 가스가 N2인 경우가 Ar보다 더 높은기공도를 보였고 전체적으로 단열피복의 기공도는 10~18%였다. Scratch test로 측정된 단열피복층의 상대적인 경도는 기공도와 높은 상관관계를 보였다.

The present study explores time and spatial thermal environment for Daegu, which is a city built on a basin area, according to varying land cover conditions of the earth's surface by analyzing data derived from meteorological observation and satellite images. The study has classified land use by utilizing MODIS satellite images and analyzed land surface temperature. Also, by using data acquired from automatic weather system, the study has evaluated the effects of atmospheric heating caused by city pavements by analyzing the sensible heat flux between the city's land surface and the atmosphere.The results are as follows. 1) Classification of land use in the Daegu area shows 46.64% of urban and built-up area, 1.39% of watersides, 35.19% of forest, 11.43% of crops, and 5.37% grasslands. 2) During the weekdays throughout the year, the land surface temperature was high for Dalseogu, Bukgu, and Seogu regions where industrial complexes could be found. Comparatively, lower temperature could be observed in the woodlands. 3) While the land surface temperature displayed the effects of pushing air upwards during the weekdays in urban areas, the reverse was true for forest regions. During the night, the temperature did not exert any significant influence on air movement.

The living performances of crews and passengers in cabins have been less received attention, while Korea is a top leading country in ship building industry. To develop a high value added ships like 5-star cruisers, researches on the comfort and productivity in cabins should be carried out with urgent. The purpose of this study is to measure and analyze of the ship's indoor thermal conditions in spring, summer and winter, and also to compare the seasonal differences, of which conditions are supplied from and controlled by marine HVAC The temperature, humidity and air supply volume of 5 different needs of cabins on a training ship were measured through a year, which was launched at Dec. 2005 and totally 246 crews can go on board for education. The following results were obtained: (1)In the spring, the temperature in cabins was measured as 20~25℃ and humidity was below 30%. (2)In the summer, the temperatures was controlled at 21~27℃ in almost cabins and humidity was between 40~60% which is known as comfort conditions. (3)In the winter, temperature and humidity was maintained between 19~26℃, and humidity was between 10~50%. (4)It is clear that the humidity conditions in cabins are not properly controlled at all through a year to satisfy the Comfort Standards provided by ASHRAE and/or ISO, In conclusion, humidification and dehumidification of cabins must be treated with importance for more comfort living and working environments for crews and passengers.

우리나라 남부 도작지대에 있어서 수도 2기작 재배의 가능성과 이에 대한 지역간 차이를 알고자 이리외 9개지역에서 30년간의 기상자료를 조사하고 생육한계기온 및 적산온도를 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 제 1 기작 재배에 있어서 1. 여수, 부산, 제주지방은 파종시 서리에 대한 염려가 없으나 이리, 전주, 광주에서는 30-40일간, 대구, 울산은 18-28일간, 목포, 포항은 4-14일간의 상해 위험기간을 각각 보였다. 2. 이앙한계기는 대개 4월 중하순경으로 물못자리묘에 비하여 보온절충묘는 5일, 밭못자리묘는 10일 정도 더 빨라서 2기작재배에 유리하였다. 3. 출수한계기에는 6월하순경이며, 유수형성기의 냉해위험기간은 지역에 따라 8-25일 간이었다. 4. 등숙한계기는 (제2기작의 이앙한계기)는 7월하순-8월상순경이며, 등숙기간은 32-39일로서 SS≒SL＜LS≒LL의 관계기 있었다. 제2기작 재배에 있어서 1. 등숙안전출수기(HLC)는 이리, 전주, 광주, 대구가 9월 상순경이고 기타지역에서는 9월 17일경으로 등숙최적출수기(HSC)는 이보다 4일정도 더 빨랐다. 2. 등숙종기를 규정하는 평균기온 15℃ 의 출현기(θ15)와 최저기온 10℃ 의 출현기(θ10)의 상호간에는 θ15>θ10형과 θ15<θ10형의 두 지역으로 나눌수 있었다. 3. 등숙한계기는 이리, 전주, 광주, 대구가 10월 9일 경이고, 목포, 여수, 부산, 제주는 10월 28일 경이었다. 등숙이 완전하려면 실용적 등숙을 목표로 할 때보다 등숙기간이 3-4일 더 필요하였다. 4. 이앙후 1,550℃ 의 제1기작과 제2기작의 재배기간중 13-42일이 서로 중복되었다. 따라서 수도 2기작재배가 가능하려면 이앙후 1,000-1,200℃ 의 적산온도에서도 출수가 되는 품종의 육성과"중복 2기작 재배기술"이 재 검토되어야 할것이다.토되어야 할것이다.