시중에 유통 중인 물휴지 62 품목을 선정하여 살균보존 제 성분 및 유해물질 함유 여부 등의 안전성을 조사하였다. 일반적으로 화장품 및 식품에 가장 많이 사용하는 살균 보존제인 안식향산나트륨은 46 품목에서 200~3500 ppm 검출되었고 파라벤류는 1품목에서 파라옥시안식향산메칠이 9 ppm 검출되었다. 사용할 수 없는 살균보존제인 메칠클로로이소치아졸리 논과 메칠이소치아졸리논(3:1)혼합물이 1 품목에서 검출되어 부적합 판정되었으며, 메칠클로로이소치아졸리논 5 ppm, 메칠이소치아졸리논 140 ppm 검출되었다. 염화세틸피리디늄은 5 품목에서 7~13 ppm 검출되었으 며, 모두 허용기준 이내로 나타났다. 잔류유해물질인 포름알데히드 검사결과는 0.069~1.796 μg/ g로 허용기준인 20 μg/g 이하였다. 메탄올은 5~51 ppm 검출되었으며, 이 중 4 품목에서 허용기준인 20 ppm보다 2배 이상의 농도가 나타났다. 안전한 제품이 유통될 수 있 도록 메탄올의 잔류경로에 대한 지속적인 조사 및 모니터 링이 필요하다고 판단된다. 물휴지의 pH를 측정한 결과 4.0~8.2로 나타나 유통화장 품의 pH 3.0~9.0 기준에 적합하였으나, 물휴지에는 pH 기 준이 설정되어 있지 않으므로 안전관리를 위해서는 pH 기준을 설정하는 고시개정이 필요할 것이다.

본 연구는 소의 가식부위(근육, 신장, 간장, 지방) 중에 서 세팔렉신을 효과적으로 정량분석하기 위한 LC-MS/MS 법을 확립하고 이를 검증하기 위해 수행되었다. 확립된 LC-MS/MS에 대해 특이성, 검출한계, 정량한계, 정확도 및 정밀도에 대한 검증을 통하여 유효성을 확인하였다. 표준 용액을 이용하여 검량성을 작성한 결과, r2 > 0.999 이상의 직선성을 나타내었으며, 세팔렉신에 대한 검출한계와 정량한계는 각각 2~10과 6~30 μg/kg으로 나타났다. 또한, 회 수율은 83.9~106.8%로 나타났으며, 상대표준편차는 2.3~ 14.8%로 나타나 정확성이 우수하였다. 이는 식품의약품안 전처의 잔류동물용의약품 분석법에서 제시한 기준에 모두 적합한 수준이었다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 개발된 LCMS/ MS법은 향후 소의 가식부위 중 세팔렉신을 분석하는데 효과적으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of garlic on uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) transcriptional regulation of UCP2- luciferase transgenic mice fed on a high fat diet to induce obesity. To examine the transcriptional regulation of UCP2, we generated transgenic mice with a UCP2 promoter (-1,830/+30 bp) containing luciferase as a reporter gene. UCP2-luciferase transgenic mice were fed a 45% high-fat diet for 8 weeks to induce obesity. Subsequently, mice were maintained on either a high-fat control diet (TG-CON), or high-fat diets supplemented with 2% (TG-GL2) or 5% (TG-GL5) garlic for a further 8 weeks. Dietary garlic reduced body weight and energy efficiency ratio in the TG-GL5 group, compared to the TG-CON group. Furthermore, garlic supplementation significantly decreased white adipose tissue fat mass and plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and leptin in the TG-GL2 and TG-GL5 groups, compared to the TG-CON group. Specifically, UCP2 promoter activity in metabolic tissues such as liver, white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle was increased by garlic supplementation. These results suggest that dietary garlic was partially associated with an increase of UCP2 transcriptional activity in metabolic tissues for decreasing obesity.

Acorus gramineus is a herb used frequently in oriental medicine. Clinically, the effects of Acorus gramineus are known as awakening of one’s consciousness, removal of sputum, and relief of autism. Experimentally, Acorus gramineus root(AGR)-induced cerebral blood flow increase depending on the concentration causes diverse responses of blood pressure and regional cerebral blood flow and possesses strong inhibitory effects of apoptosis in the nervous system. We investigated the effects of AGR water extract on the adipose tissue status. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed high fat diet and a total of 35 mice were divided into 5 groups: normal group, control group, and groups treated with AGR water extract at concentrations of 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg. The mice were treated by oral administration once a day for consecutive 6 weeks, and their weight changes were monitored. As the results, the groups treated with AGR water extract showed weight loss. Also, the weights of liver, epididymal fat, retroperitoneal fat and peri-renal fat were decreased in the groups treated with AGR water extract. In histopathological examination, the sizes of adipose tissues decreased in liver, epididymal fat, retroperitoneal fat, and peri-renal fat. These results indicate that AGR water extract have an anti-obesity activity, which could be used as an useful material to decrease body adipose tissues.

아이코사노이드는 탄소수 20 개의 다가불포화지방산 산화물로 구성된다. 이들 다가불포화지방산의 생합성 전구물질을 탐지하기 위해 파 밤나방(Spodoptera exigua)의 서로 다른 조직으로부터 지방산을 분리하여 GC/MS로 조성을 분석하였다. 파밤나방 5령 유충에서 소화관, 지방체, 혈구 및 체벽을 분리하고, 각 조직에서 지질을 추출하여 각각 중성지질, 당지질 및 인지질로 분리하였다. 대부분의 조직은 palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2) 그리고 linolenic acid (18:3)를 주요 지방산으로 함유하였다. 그러나 이들 지방산의 조성은 조직과 지질 종류에 따라 상이하였다. 지방체와 혈구세포는 이들 주요 지방산 이외에 myristic acid (14:0)와 3 종류의 미동정 지방산들이 추가로 검출되었다. 서로 다른 지질 종류 가운데 인지질은 중성지질이나 당지질에 비해 상대적으로 높은 linolenic acid를 지닌 반면 포화지방산의 함유량은 낮았다. 전체 불포화지방산의 조성도 조직과 지질 종류에 따라 상이하였다. 인지질은 지방체, 혈구 및 소화관에서 높은 불포화지방산 함유 량을 나타냈다. 세포성 인지질분해효소인 calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2)는 지방산 조성을 조절하는 데 역할을 담당하였다. 이 유전자의 RNA 간섭은 중성지질과 인지질에서 지방산 조성의 변화를 유발하였다. 본 연구는 아이코사노이드 생합성의 전구물질로 여겨지는 아라키도닉산을 검출하지 못했다. 이는 곤충에 있어서 아이코사노이드는 포유동물과는 다른 새로운 생합성 과정을 통해 형성되는 것으로 추정된다.

To overcome the hyperacute immune rejection during pig-to-non-human primates xenotranasplantation, we have produced and bred α-1,3-galactosyltransferase knock-out (GalT —/—) pigs. In this study, the somatic cells and tissues from the GalT —/— pigs were characterized by an analysis of the expression of Galα-1,3-Gal (α-Gal) epitope. Briefly, ear fibroblast cell lines of 19 homozygous GalT —/— pigs were established and cryopreserved. The expression of α-Gal epitope in the cells was measured by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis using BS-I-B4 lectin. Also, the homozygous (GalT —/—) cells and tissues samples were immunostained with BS-I-B4 lectin for analysis of α-Gal epitope expression. The results showed that the expression of α-Gal epitope in GalT —/— cells (0.2 %) were significantly (p< 0.05) down-regulated to the range of cynomolgus monkey fibroblast (0.2 %) cells compared to heterozygous (GalT —/+) (9.3 %) and wild type (GalT +/+) (93.7 %) fibroblast cells. In the immunostaining results, while the expression of α-Gal epitope was detected a partly in GalT —/+ cells and mostly in GalT +/+ cells, it was almost not detected in the GalT —/— cells. Also, immunostaining results from various tissues of the GalT —/— pig showed that the expression of α-Gal epitope was not detectable, whereas various tissues from GalT +/+ pig showed a strong expression of α-Gal epitope. Our results demonstrated that α-Gal epitope expressions from GalT —/— pigs were successfully knocked out to prevent hyperacute immune rejection for further study of xenotransplantation.

Three growing wethers were used to investigate the differences in nitrogen (N) retention, blood plasma metabolite concentration and energy-yielding nutrient supply to muscle and adipose tissue. The wethers were fed one of three diets: timothy hay with concentrate (THD), Italian ryegrass with concentrate (IRD), and rice straw with concentrate (RSD) for 11 days. The experimental diets were adjusted to the animals to provide 100 g of daily gain. The triglyceride (TG) concentration of blood plasma in arterial and portal veins was higher with THD and IRD than with RSD. Conversely, the available amount of TG in tissues was higher with IRD. The daily amount of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) supplied to muscle tissue and adipose tissue was numerically higher with THD than IRD or RSD. Although N retention did not differ among the diets, it was numerically higher with THD than with IRD or RSD. The results suggest that the difference in the amount of glucose and NEFA delivered to muscle tissue may reflect the N retention in response to forage based diets.

Immune mediators play crucial roles in amplifying the emergency signals with massive amounts of de novo synthesized mediators and relaying the specific recognition signals to the immune-associated target tissues. Eicosanoids are the representative immune mediators and synthesized from a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), arachidonic acid. Compared to mammalian systems, insects have relatively low levels of arachidonic acid in the biological membranes. This has raised a fundamental issue that eicosanoids may be not significant in insect system. Our previous chemical analysis suggests that the hemocytes of Spodoptera exigua have less than 5% arachidonic acid. We postulated that S. exigua may store arachidonic acid in other tissues, such as fat body. This analysed fatty acid compositions of two immune-associated tissues using a gas chromatography (GC) eguipped with FID detector or GC-MS. Our analysis of PUFA in the immune tissues suggests that insects maintain a low level of PUFA including arachidonic acid due to its evolutionary origin from the paleozoic era at which the oxygen level was 35%, compared to the present era 21%.

나프탈렌(Naphthalene)과 같은 다환방향족탄화수소류(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)는 수계에 유입되어 해양생물들에게 영향을 미치게 된다. 나프탈렌은 유류속의 PAHs 내에서 함량이 가장 높으며, 독성이 강하다. 본 연구에서는 대조구(0 μg/L), 1000, 1800, 3200, 5600, 10000 μg/L의 6개 나프탈렌 농도구를 설정하고 넙치 치어에 대한 나프탈렌의 24시간 반수치사농도(24h-LC50)을 구했으며, 아가미, 간, 신장, 근육내의 나프탈렌 농도를 분석하였다. 넙치 치어의 24h-LC50은 Large 그룹에서 2410.76 μg/L, Small 그룹에서 2230.67 μg/L을 나타내었다. 각 조직에서의 나프탈렌 농도는 간 및 신장에서 아가미 및 근육보다 높았다.

The sensitivities of PrP Sc detection methods, western blotting (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and protein mis-folding cyclic amplification (PMCA) techniques were compared from brains, spleens and blood of mice challenged with PrP Sc of murine-adapted BSE strain 301C. PrP Sc was detected in the spleen from 30 dpi by IHC and at 60 dpi by WB. At 30 dpi, disease-specific signals of PrP Sc was observed in only two follicles of a single spleen. PrP Sc was detected in spleen at 10 dpi with PMCA after 5 rounds of amplification. Clinical signs were obviously shown from 240 dpi, and coincided with first detection of PrP Sc in brains by WB, IHC and PMCA after one round amplification. In addition, PrP Sc was also detected in blood at 60, 180 and 240 dpi with PMCA after 5 rounds of amplification. The FDC-M1 epitope, which appears in immature FDCs, and PrP Sc were detected in follicles first at 30 dpi, whilst the FDC-M2 epitope of mature FDCs was detected at 60 dpi. More FDC-M2 epitope and PrP Sc were detected in follicles as disease progressed. The CD21/35 epitope is expressed on both FDCs and germinal center B cells. The pattern of CD21/35 expressing cells was similar to but less dominant than that of FDCs.

The human body and head louse are ectoparasites of humans for thousands of years. Although both body and head lice belong to a single species, Pediculus humanus, only body lice are known to transmit several bacterial diseases. This different vector competence is assumed to be due to their different immune responses. Here, the immune reactions in the alimentary canal were investigated in both two louse subspecies following oral challenge of Escherichia coli as a model gram-negative bacteria. In propagation assay, head lice suppressed the proliferation of E. coli in their epithelial cells effectively at the early stage of infection, resulting in gradual reduction of E. coli number in gut tissues. In contrast, the number of E. coli steadily increased in gut tissues of body lice. No apparent alteration of transcription was observed following E. coli challenge in three important genes for the humoral immune responses, PGRP as a recognition gene and defensin1 and 2 as effector genes. Nevertheless, the basal transcription levels of these genes were higher in the gut tissues of head lice than body lice. Considering that there is no cellular immune reactions in gut tissues, these findings suggest that the higher constitutive transcription levels of major immune genes in head lice can contribute to their initial defense and immune capacity against intestinal bacterial infection.

Runx2 and Osterix, the transcription factors for osteoblast differentiation, are known as fundamental factors to regulate the development of calcified tissues. However, the biological functions of these factors in the development of the periodontal tissues remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the distribution of Runx2 and Osterix during periodontal tissue development of the mice. Mandibles from 14-day-old mice were prepared for paraffin section. Serial sections of the mandible containing 1 st molar tooth germs were obtained as a thickness of 7 μm. Some sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Others were used for immunohistochemistry for PCNA, Runx2, and Osterix. Epithelial cells in growing end of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS) and mesenchymal cells adjacent to the growing end of HERS expressed PCNA. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and hard tissue forming cells like cementoblasts and osteoblasts in early stage of differentiation expressed Runx2. Fully differentiated cementoblasts and osteoblasts secreting matrix proteins expressed Osterix. However, the cells terminated the matrix formation did not express Osterix. Periodontal ligament cells expressed Runx2 and Osterix. Pulp cells expressed Runx2 only.These results suggest that Runx2 and Osterix might regulate the differentiation of cementoblasts in the same manner as osteoblasts. Runx2 might participate in the process of cementoblast differentiation in early stage, whether Osterix might regulate the maturation and matrix synthesis of the cells.

프로테오믹스 기법을 이용하여 벼 고온 스트레스 관련 단백질을 분리 동정하기 위하여 에서 고온처리한 벼의 줄기로부터 단백질을 분리하였다. 분리한 단백질로부터 Rubisco 단백질을 제거하기 위해 15% PEG fractionation을 실시한 후 상등액 분획의 단백질을 이차원전기 영동한 후, CBB 염색을 통해 차별적 발현을 보이는 단백질을 분석하였다. 총 46개의 단백질 spot이 발현양에 변화를 보였으며, 그 중 24개의 단백질이 고온 스트레스에 의해

사과는 전 세계적으로 대표적 과수의 하나로서 우량 사과의 생산을 위하여 신속하고 경제적이며 정확한 사과바이러스 진단이 요구되고 있다. RT-PCR은 사과바이러스 진단을 위한 중요한 기술로 서 우선 시료조직의 분쇄 및 균질화를 통한 양질의 RNA 추출이 필수적이다. 그러나 분쇄작업은 다 량의 시료의 경우 많은 시간과 노동이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 조직 분쇄과정이 없이 단순 가열에 의한 RNA 추출을 시도하였으며 줄기조직이 잎조직보다 약간 더 적합함을 보여주었다. 그러나 RT-PCR에 의한 사과바이러스 진단에서는 모두 동일한 결과를 나타냈다. 이로써 사과 조직에 대한 단순가열로써 매우 간편하게 양질의 RNA추출이 가능함을 제시하였다.

The purpose of present study was to analyze mineral contents in various tissues and investigate theirs relation with bone mineral density (BMD) in rats. Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were fed standard diet for 4 weeks. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency ratio were 41.00 g/week, 171.15 g/week, and 0.24 respectively. Among 12 minerals in serum, Ca is the highest with 6.86 mg/dl. Serum Mg, Se, and Cu were 2.52 mg/dl, 0.23 mg/dl and 0.22 mg/dl respectively. Mg contents in liver, spleen, and kidney were 246.36 μg/g, 105.01 μg/g, and 273.38 μg/g respectively. Tibia contents of Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and V were 194.91 mg/g, 23.10 mg/g, 0.60 mg/g, 0.35 mg/g and 0.14 mg/g respectively. BMDs of right tibia and spine were 122.04 mg/cm2 and 153.61 mg/cm2. There were significantly positive correlations between tibia BMD and Se (p<0.05), tibia BMD and V (p<0.01), spinal BMD and V(p<0.05), respectively. It's expected that these results are used as a reference data in following study to elucidate physiological function of minerals.