In the context of increasingly uncertain maritime logistics environments, container Demurrage and Detention (D&D) charges pose a significant challenge to both carriers and shippers. Traditional policies typically impose separate cost structures for container pickup (demurrage) and container return (detention), yet such separate impositions often fail to capture the interconnected nature of operational delays and the pervasive uncertainty present in hinterland container flows. This study addresses the problem of D&D decision-making under uncertainty by proposing a merged free time policy that integrates both D&D charges into a unified framework. By merging the free time allocated for both pickup and return processes, the proposed policy aims to enhance operational flexibility, reduce overall logistics costs, and provide a more predictable cost structure for carriers while improving service quality for shippers. To achieve these objectives, we develop a mathematical optimization model that incorporates stochastic pickup and return scenarios, thereby reflecting the uncertainties in container availability and transportation delays. The model embeds a strategic decision-making process between carriers and shippers through a hierarchical framework to jointly optimize free time allocations and penalty structures. Numerical experiments based on simulated data demonstrate that the merged free time policy outperforms traditional separate policies by improving container turnover efficiency and mitigating the negative impact of uncertainty on operational performance. Our findings offer valuable insights into cost management and risk reduction in maritime logistics and contribute to the literature by providing a comprehensive strategy for D&D management that supports more collaborative hinterland container operations and enhances overall supply chain resilience.

본 연구는 대학생의 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과 진로관여행동의 관계에서 경험회피와 계획된 우연기술의 매개역할을 검증하고자 하였다. 온라인 설문조사를 통해 총 230명의 데이터가 수집되었고, spss 29.0을 활용하여 기술통계와 상관분석을 실시하였다. 매개효과 검증을 위해 spss process macro에서 부트스트랩을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족이 경험회피, 경험회피 와 계획된 우연, 계획된 우연과 진로관여행동 간의 관계에서 유의한 상 관이 나타났다. 둘째, 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족은 경험회피와 계획 된 우연기술을 거쳐 진로관여행동으로 가는 경로가 유의한 것으로 나 타났다. 본 연구는 대학생의 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과 진로관여 행동 간의 관계에서 나타나는 경험회피와 계획된 우연기술의 역할을 검증한 것에 그 의의가 있다.

This research introduces a novel probabilistic approach to consider the effects of uncertainty parameters during the design and construction process, providing a fresh perspective on the evaluation of the structural performance of reinforced concrete structures. The study, which categorized various random design and construction process variables into three groups, selected a two-story reinforced concrete frame as a prototype and evaluated it using a nonlinear analytical model. The effects of the uncertainty propagations to seismic responses of the prototype RC frame were probabilistically evaluated using non-linear dynamic analyses based on the Monte-Carlo simulation sampling with the Latin hypercube method. The derivation of seismic fragility curves of the RC frame from the probabilistic distributions as the results of uncertainty-propagation and the verification of whether the RC frame can meet the seismic performance objective from a probabilistic point of view represent a novel and significant contribution to the field of structural engineering.

In this study, we attempted to examine how the management commitment and safety communication affect the safety behavior of flight crew members while performing their duties. In addition, we attempted to examine how the individual cultural values ​​of each flight crew are involved and influenced in such influence relationships. As a result of the study, among the sub-variables of safety behavior, the relationship between commitment to safety compliance and communication was found to have no statistically significant effect (∆R2 = .049, p = .5), and the relationship between commitment to safety participation and communication was found to had a statistically significant effect (∆R2 = .088, p < .001). As a result of examining the moderating effect of individual culture values ​​in the relationship between commitment to safety participation and communication, the moderating effect of uncertainty avoidance (β = .256, p < .05) showed statistically significant results, and management's commitment/communication The interaction effect between and uncertainty avoidance had a statistically significant effect when uncertainty avoidance was low, but was not statistically significant when uncertainty avoidance was high.

격납건물은 원자력 발전소의 중대 사고 발생시 방사성 물질의 외부 방출을 막는 심층 방어 체계 중 마지막 방벽이다. 중대사고 발생시 격납건물 내부에선 노심 융해와 수소 발생으로 인한 내압 상승과 증기 폭발로 인한 구조적 손상이 일어나며, 이에 대한 구조적 건전성을 평가하기 위해 격납건물에 대 한 극한 내압 성능 평가를 실시한다. 극한 내압 성능 평가 방법 중 확률론적 평가시 현실적인 제약으 로 인해 고신뢰도 유한요소해석 모델을 이용하며 이때에 불확실성 인자들의 확률 분포 특성을 고려한 데이터 셋을 샘플링 기법을 이용하여 구성한 후 비선형 해석을 실시한다. 도출된 비선형 해석 결과는 취약도 곡선을 도출에 사용되며, 취약도 곡선을 이용하여 확률론적인 평가가 실시된다. 샘플링 기법에 따라 적절한 표본 크기가 아닌 데이터셋을 구성하게 되면 통계적 불확실성으로 인한 취약성 분석의 오차가 증대된다. 하지만 유한요소해석시 발생하는 막대한 계산 비용으로 인하여 기존의 방식은 적절 한 샘플링 크기 선정 및 부적절한 샘플링 크기 선정으로 인한 확률론적인 성능평가에 대한 영향에 대 한 정량화 및 평가를 제한적으로 수행하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 격납건물의 재료적 특성 및 내압 으로 인한 변위 데이터를 기반으로 생성한 인공신경망 모델을 통해 유한요소 해석에 대한 대리모델을 생성한다. 이후 생성한 대리모델을 기반으로 일반적인 불확실성 분포 샘플링에 사용되는 Monte Carlo method, latin hypercube sampling, Sobol sequence을 이용하여 표본 크기에 따른 격납건물 확률론적 인 극한내압성능 평가에 대한 영향을 정량화 및 평가를 실시하겠다. 이를 통해 제한적으로 탐색되었던 불확실성 공간에 대하여, 그 통계적 불확실성 및 전방위적인 탐색이 가능해 질것으로 기대한다.

In this study, data on indication errors within the range of 0 to 10 mm were measured using a dial gauge, which is widely used as a comparative measuring instrument in the field. Using Minitab, a statistical program, measurement conditions were determined during calibration of measuring instruments. Since the P value of the test statistic for the indication error is 0.000 to 0.003, the alternative hypothesis (H1) that no significant difference occurs due to a change in the measurement point at the significance level of 0.05 was adopted.

Bellows expansion joints enhance the displacement performance of piping systems owing to their unique geometrical features. However, structural uncertainties such as wall thinning in convolutions, a byproduct of the manufacturing process, can impair their structural integrity. This study addresses such issues by conducting a global sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of these uncertainties on the performance of bellows expansion joints under monotonic loading. Global sensitivity analysis, which examines main and nth order interaction effects, is computationally expensive. To mitigate this, we employed a surrogate model-based approach using an artificial neural network. This model demonstrated robust prediction capabilities, as evidenced by metrics such as the coefficient of determination. The sensitivity indices of the main effect for the 2-ply and 3-ply bellows at the sixth convolution were 0.3340 and 0.3233, respectively. The sensitivity index of the sixth convolution was larger than that of other convolutions because the maximum deformation of the bellows expansion joint under monotonic bending load occurs around it. Interestingly, the sensitivity index for the interaction effect was negligible (0.01%) compared to the main effect, suggesting minimal activity between uncertainty factors across convolutions. Notably, bellows expansion joints under repetitive loading exhibit more complex behaviors, with the initial leakage typically occurring at the convolution. Therefore, future studies should focus on the structural uncertainties of bellows expansion joints under cyclic loading and employ a surrogate model for comprehensive global sensitivity analysis.

이 연구는 대학생의 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과 취업 스트레스 의 관계에서 희망적 사고와 심리적 안녕감의 순차 매개효과를 확인하 기 위한 목적에서 수행되었다. 이를 위해 2023년 8월 한 달 동안 서울 및 경기도 소재 4년제 대학교 3곳에 재학 중인 대학생 298명을 대상으 로 자료를 수집하고 SPSS 26.0 및 Process Macro 4.1 프로그램을 활용하여 기술 통계 및 상관분석, 개별 매개효과 및 순차 매개효과 분 석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과, 대학생의 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과 취업 스트레스의 관계에서 희망적 사고와 심리적 안녕감 각각의 개별 매개효과는 통계적으로 유의했다. 또한 희망적 사고와 심리적 안녕감을 순서대로 투입한 순차 매개효과 또한 통계적으로 유의했다. 즉 대학생 의 불확실성에 대한 인내력이 부족할수록 희망적 사고가 감소하여 심 리적 안녕감을 저해함으로써 결과적으로 취업 스트레스를 증가시키는 것이 확인되었다. 이를 토대로 현재 취업으로 인해 상당한 스트레스를 경험하고 있는 한국의 대학생들을 도울 수 있는 개입 또는 중재 방안 이 취업 지원 시 중요하게 고려되어야 함을 제언하였다.

Insurance and unit trust (also known as mutual funds) are high-involvement financial products that require investors to hold for long term to gain desired returns. These financial products are also considered unsought products, which require salespeople’s personal touch with their potential customers to make sales. Therefore, the relationship between salespeople and their potential or existing customers becomes crucial in the sales of insurance and unit trust. In theoretical terms, this relationship represents business ties. A strong business ties between the salespeople and the customers enable them to exchange resources and knowledge, and co-create values in their business relationships. Such exchange and co-creation of values are desirable in a business network. Weak ties are irregular and infrequent exchanges, creating structural holes that bring about an opportunity for bridging but have not yet been capitalized.

The aspiration of entrepreneurs to extensively grow their firms has been found to make stronger contribution to economic growth than the entrepreneurship rate in general. Formal and informal institutions shape the business environments in which companies are operating. Thus, they affect entrepreneurs’ beliefs about firm growth. However, prior research gives little attention to the interaction effects of formal and informal institutions on entrepreneurial growth aspiration.

클라우제비츠는 『전쟁론』에서 전쟁은 개별 상황마다 그 본질을 약간씩 변화시키기 때문에 카멜레온과도 같다고 보았다. 클라우제비츠의 이러한 주장은 모든 것이 불확실한 전쟁 상황에서 다양한 요소들이 상호작용을 하여 승패에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 언급한 것이다. 이 글에서는 불확실성 의 요인이 되는 우연과 마찰, 정보, 위험, 육체적 고통을 토대로 이를 해 소하기 위한 5가지 방안을 도출하여 제1연평해전과 연평도 포격전 사례를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 첫째, 실전적 교육훈련, 둘째, 과감한 권한 위임, 셋째, 부대 운용의 융통성, 넷째, 간단없는 작전지속 지원, 다섯째, 피아 전술 전기 숙달 등을 통해 불확실성을 해소하고 전승을 달성할 수 있었음 을 확인할 수 있었다. 이것이 한국군에 주는 함의로는 첫째, 창의적인 사 고력과 탄력적인 부대지휘 능력을 배양하기 위한 교육훈련의 필요성, 둘 째, 전술교리 적용에 융통성 없이 집착하는 문화 지양, 셋째, 군인으로서 ‘인생의 첫 전투’를 어떻게 수행할 것인가에 대한 준비가 필요하다. 비록 군사과학 기술이 발전하여 전장 상황을 가시화할 수 있게 되더라도 전쟁 의 근본적인 본질인 불확실성은 전쟁 수행에 커다란 영향을 미치는 변수 라는 것을 망각해서는 안 될 것이다.

This study was evaluated based on the items of KS B 6389. The study on the calculation of angular error and measurement uncertainty of HRc hardness measurement using statistical techniques using Rockwell measurement specimens with different hardness values ​​was analyzed, and the results were derived according to the change in the angle of the indenter part of the hardness tester and the specimen. As a result of the experiment, the test statistic P values ​​for angle changes such as 0°, 1°, and 2° were all 0.000 using the HRc 30 and 40 measurement specimens, so it was confirmed through the experiment that a significant difference occurred between them. In addition, the extended uncertainty value was calculated as 0.612 at the 95.45% confidence level, and the fact that the hardness test value came out smaller than the existing test value as the inclination angle increased was verified through experiments.

This paper describes the design of H-infinity controller for robust control of a DC motor system. The suggested controller can ensure robustness against disturbance and model uncertainty by minimizing H-infinity norm of the transfer function from exogenous input to performance output and applying the small gain theorem. In particular, the controller was designed to reduce the effects of disturbance and model uncertainty simultaneously by formalizing these problems as a mixed sensitivity problem. The validity of the proposed controller was demonstrated by computer simulations and real experiments. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed controller was confirmed by comparing its performance with PI controller, which was tested under the same experimental condition as the H-infinity controller.

With the advancement of industrialization, modern industry had sophisticated technology, and manufacturers also demanded high-precision measurement accuracy. Improving the quality level by increasing the reliability of measurement results as well as accurate measurement is a key issue to increase the competitiveness of today's manufacturing industry. In general, measurement results depend on tolerances in the industrial field, and it may be difficult to guarantee the reliability of the data in the case of an industry that deals with precision parts. Currently, measurement uncertainty is mainly applied to the calibration and test fields of instruments. This study is aim to apply measurement uncertainty as a way to improve the accurate analysis and reliability of measurement results in the industrial field. For this, precision parts connected by shaft and hole were selected among geometric elements, and roundness and cylindricity were measured using a roundness measuring instrument and CMM. And, taking into account the environment in which these measurements were made, factors affecting the measurement results were derived, and a mathematical model was established to calculate the measurement uncertainty. Applying uncertainty in the field in this way is expected to improve the level of quality and accurate analysis of measurement results.

본 연구는 4차 산업혁명과 팬데믹의 환경 속에서 중소·중견기업 리더의 온라인 코칭행동이 조직성과에 미치는 영향과 그 과정에서 구성원의 직무만족과 정 서적 조직몰입의 매개 여부, 그리고 사업환경 불확실성이 이들 간의 관계를 조절하는지 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 국내 다양한 업종에 속한 중소․중견기업의 구성원 중 온라인 업무 경험이 있는 350명의 자료를 수집하였고, SPSS 23.0, AMOS23.0 과 Process macro 3.5를 사용하여 실증분석을 하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 온라인 코칭행동은 구성원의 직무만족, 정서적 조직몰입과 조직성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 온라인 코칭행동과 조직성과 간에 직무만족과 정서적 조직몰입의 매개 효과를 확인하였다. 셋째, 사업환경 불확실성은 온라인 코칭행동과 조직성과 간의 관계를 조절하는 것으로 나타났으나, 온라인 코칭행동과 직무만족 및 정서적 조직몰입과의 관계는 조절하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과를 통해 온라인코칭행동도 대면코칭행동과 마찬가지로 조직성과에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 따라서 현재와 같이 사업환경이 매우 불확실한 상황에서 중소·중견기업들은 온라인 코칭을 활용하고 직무만족 및 정서적 조직몰입을 증진시킴으로서 성과를 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze structural relationships with regard to the effect of customer integration, which is a type of integration in the supply chain, and market orientation of supply chain on the resulting change in the supply chain and management performance. The results of analysis in this study are as follows: First, customer integration and market orientation had a positive effect on reducing the flexibility and uncertainty of SCM. The decreased flexibility and uncertainty of SCM had a positive effect on non-financial performance, which also had a positive effect on financial performance. Second, customer integration and market orientation had a positive effect on financial and non-financial performance indirectly by decreasing the flexibility and uncertainty of SCM. Third, the effect of customer integration and uncertainty of SCM on the flexibility of SCM changed depending on the position in the supply chain; the effect was larger in the distribution group. The implications based on the analysis results are as follows: It is expected that the ability to deal with market changes in the overall supply chain is improved by laying the foundation for cooperation through establishing information infrastructure, including sharing information with trade partners and integrating systems, and implementing customer integration based on these achievements. It is also necessary to consider the business types and characteristics of individual companies in establishing information infrastructure.

Sea trial tests are necessary to verify speed-power performance, and are an import contract between ship owners and shipyards. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published ISO 15016:2015, which specifies the correlation method between model and full-scale ships. The results of sea trials have been questioned because of the uncertainty of speed and power measurements, especially when sea conditions differ from ideal calm water conditions. In this paper, such uncertainties were investigated by utilizing the standard speed-power trial analysis procedure defined in ISO 15016:2015 through Monte Carlo simulations. It was found that the expanded uncertainty of the delivered power (PDid) at 95 % confidence interval (k = 2) was ±1.5 % under 75 % MCR conditions.

The objective of measurement of bio-signals in measurement uncertainty is not to determine the true value as closely as possible, but to determine a measured value and to assign the interval of the value. The measurement uncertainty is estimated by type A and B evaluations, depending on whether they are evaluated by statistics or the mathematical probability theory. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring is used often for early detection of inherent risk relevant to neurosurgical procedures leading to permanent neurological injury, while it is still potentially reversible. In this study, we evaluated the uncertainties in somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), which are used for monitoring sensory neural pathways. In a 45-year-old man who underwent cervical laminectomy, SSEPs were monitored using the ISIS IOM SYSTEM (Inomed, Emendingen, Germany) to evaluate the uncertainties. Expanded uncertainty were 0.88 mV and 1.22 ms, for amplitude and latency, respectively. Measured values and corresponding uncertainties of amplitude and latency were 2.78 ± 0.88 mV and 24.02 ± 1.22 ms, respectively. The expanded uncertainty (0.88 mV) of the amplitude was approximately 30% of the mean value (2.78 mV). A reasonable explanation for this would be the effects of variables such as electromagnetic waves (diathermy and warming blankets), temperature, blood pressure, sex and body mass index on SSEPs. Careful attention is required in interpreting SSEPs.

This paper reports an uncertainty analysis of quantitative visualization methodology for slug bubble dynamics in downward-facing nucleate boiling condition. Measurement of dynamics of slug bubble, i.e. departing speed, frequency, and diameter, is very important to predict safety margin of thermal systems in moving vehicle. By employing high speed visualization and post-processing, we quantitatively measured the volume and location of slug bubble, so that vapor generation rate and departing speed data were derived from their time differentiation. As a visualization methodology, its reliability was evaluated via uncertainty analysis. For 95% confidence interval, uncertainty of vapor generation rate and departing speed were 3% and 2%, respectively, and which were one order lower than standard deviation of those data.