본 연구에서는 경피신경전기자극(TENS)을 이용하여 다양한 자극 강도에 따른 뇌혈관에 미치는 영향을 확인하고 자 한다. 특히 비지각적 감각의 전기자극을 통해 총경동맥(CCA)에서의 혈류 변화 및 혈관의 구조적인 변화를 확인 해 보고자 한다. 본 연구에는 20대의 건강한 성인 24명이 참여하였다. 자극 강도는 감각 역치 미만, 감각 역치, 그리 고 감각 역치 초과 세 가지를 각각 랜덤 순서로 적용하였다. 측정위치는 CCA 분기점의 1cm 하단에서 측정하였고, 혈류속도는 C-mode 도플러, 혈관의 구조는 B-mode 영상을 통해 측정하였다. 측정은 각각의 자극별로 중재 전, 중재 중, 그리고 중재 후에 수행하였고 각 세션마다 혈압의 변화를 측정하였다. 그 결과 최고 수축기 속도(PSV)는 역치 미만의 비지각적 감각자극에서 중재 후 유의하게 감소함이 확인되었다(p = .008). 역치 미만의 자극 후 PSV는 자극 전보다 평균 3.04% 유의하게 감소한 것으로 나타났다(p = .011). 반면 CCA의 혈관 직경의 변화는 모든 강도에서 자극 전후 유의한 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구에서 적용한 단시간의 비지각적 전기자극이 혈관의 직경이나 혈 압의 유의한 변화를 주지 않으면서 즉각적인 혈류속도 감소에 효과가 있음을 발견했다. 따라서 본 연구는 경동맥 부위에 환자의 불편함과 부작용이 없는 전기자극을 통해 뇌혈류의 조절이 가능하다는 것을 보여주는 중요한 시도로 평가될 수 있다.

Background: Due to aging, blood flow rate decreases, also posture and chewing habit may be changed. Objective: To identify that changes in blood velocity in the common carotid arteries (CCAs) in old persons with unilateral chewing habit (UCH) and forward head posture (FHP) in the elderly. Design: An observational cross-sectional study. Methods: Chewing habits, FHP, and CCAs velocities were assessed in 85 elderly subjects. Chewing habits were measured by visual observation. CCAs measured the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), minimum diastolic velocity, and resistivity index. The subjects were divided into UCH and bilateral chewing habit groups depending on chewing habit. The subjects were also divided into >49 degrees and <49 degrees for comparison of blood flow between the left and right CCAs. Results: In the UCH, the chewing side had significantly higher EDV (P=.003), PSV (P=.023) than the non-chewing side. There was no significant difference in velocity between the CCAs in the FHP. Conclusion: This study shows that the blood flow velocity of the chewing side of UCH was higher, and unilateral chewing affects the CCAs velocity and thus highlight the importance of chewing habit in the elderly than head posture.

목 적 : 초음파를 이용한 심장 혈류의 정량적 측정은 관측자의 숙련도에 의해 평가결과가 변화할 수 있는 문제가 있다. 이를 보완하기 위해 자기공명 영상 장치의 위상 대조도 자기공명 영상 기법을 통한 심장 혈류의 정량적 측정이 많이 이용되고 있다. 하지만 아직까지 고자기장(3.0T) 자기공명 영상 장치와 저자기장(1.5T) 자기공명 영상 장치의 측정 오차에 대한 기준이 표준화 되어 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 자기장에 따른 심장 혈류의 측정값을 비교하여 분석하고 이에 대한 해결책을 제시하여 검사의 정확성을 향상시키고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 심혈관계 질환이 없는 정상의 남자 지원자 15명(평균연령: 35.4±4.10세)을 대상으로 심장 혈류 평가를 실시하였다. 장비는 초음파 Philips IU-21을 이용하여 심장 상행 대동맥의 최대 혈류속도와 평균 혈류량을 측정 하였으며, 자기공명 영상 장치는 GE Signa HDxt 3.0T/1.5T(GE Medical System Milwaikee, Wisconsin, USA)와 8channel cardiac array 코일을 사용하였다. 2D 자기공명 위상 대조도 영상은 상행 대동맥의 S-T juction과 Aortic valve LV에서 각각 시행하였다. 자기장의 세기에 의한 심장혈류의 차이를 비교하기 위해 1.5T와 3.0T 모두에서 shim을 사용하지 않고(NO shim) 검사를 시행하였으며, shimming에 의한 심장 혈류 차이를 평가하기 위해 각각 Auto shim, Local shim, 그리고 두 가지 shim(auto + local: All shim)을 모두 사용한 상태에서 각각 검사를 시행하였다. 결과 분석은 SPSS 20.0을 이용하여 대응표본 검정(Wilcoxon signed-Rank test), 다중회귀분석, 일원분산분석(ANOVA)을 실시하였다. 유의 수준은 0.05미만으로 하였다. 결 과 : 각각 1.5T와 3.0T에서 얻은 혈류 측정값은 서로 유의한 차이를 보였으며(LV AF: z=-3.409, p=0.001 / AA AF: z=-3.239, p=0.001), NO shim LV 1.5T의 혈류 측정값이 초음파의 혈류 측정값과 가장 높은 상관 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다(t=5.827, p=0.000). 3.0T의 혈류 측정값은 shim을 사용했을 때 NO shim LV 1.5T와 비교해 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결 론 : 자기공명 영상 장치를 이용한 심장 혈류 평가에 있어서 자기장이 높은 3.0T에서 측정한 혈류값은 자기장이 낮은 1.5T에서 측정한 결과와 차이가 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 자기공명 영상 장치를 이용한 심장 혈류의 평가는 저자기장(1.5T) 자기공명 영상장치를 사용하거나 자기장이 높은 자기공명 영상장치를 사용할 경우 정확한 혈류 평가를 위해 반드시 shimming을 통해 자기장의 균일도를 개선해야 한다

The present study investigated the blood flow at microvascular network. The role of the blood viscosity and the yield stress of blood on the flow at the microvascular network was examined to find the condition of hemostasis. When the yield stress was less than 0.005Pa, there was no stagnant region in the capillary network used in the study. However, when the yield stress increased to 0.05Pa, stagnant areas began to appear, which grew and expanded rapidly with further increase in the yield stress. From the blood viscosity profile of a patient, one can estimate the yield stress of blood, from which the risk of hemostasis can be determined.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate three different non- invasive blood pressure measurement methods (NIBP) in comparison with direct blood pressure measurements in anesthetized dogs. Ten normal healthy Beagle dogs (mean age; 3.7 ± 1.01 yrs, mean body weight 10.2 ± 1.15 kg) were enrolled in this study. BP was measured using three different methods, i.e., Doppler (DOP), oscillometric, and high density oscillometric (HDO) methods, simultaneously, five times in each subject under anesthesia at three different locations (right, left front legs, and tail). The blood pressure value measured by the Doppler method was the closest to the value measured by the direct method. Although the accuracy and consistency of BP measured by three different non-invasive methods differed according to the method, all methods, except the conventional oscillometric method, were acceptable for monitoring systolic blood pressure in anesthetic dogs. The inter-measurement variations in DOP and HDO were minimal without affecting the consistency of the test results.

The aim of this is to examine the effects of SSP therapy on the internal carotid arteries blood flow of 24 tension type headache patients(study group) and non tension type headache patients(control group), and on the reduction of their headaches, when applied to the acupuncture points. It stimulated the acupuncture point of headache 6 place with the SSP. It measured VAS and the blood flow of the internal carotid arteries with TCD. When the internal carotid arteries blood flow of study group and control group were compared by period, a significant difference was found in the 4th period(p<.05). When the Visual Analog Scale of study group and control group were compared by period, a significant difference was found in the 4th period(p<.05). The comparison of each measurement result of the internal carotid arteries blood flow of the study group found significantly increased. The comparison of each measurement result of the VAS of study group found significantly decreased. With regard to the control group, the VAS significantly decreased. The silver spike point low frequency electrical stimulation treatment, when applied to the acupuncture point, can significantly influence the internal carotid arteries blood flow of headache patients and can significantly reduce their headaches.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of manipulation on the velocity of cerebral blood flow and level of pain in cervicogeinc headache patients. The velocity of cerebral blood flow of 30 cervicogeinc headache patients(male=15, female=15, age=24.00±3.60) and 33 normal subjects(male=15, female=18, age=23.27±3.00) was compared. The 30 cervicogeinc headache patients were divided into suboccipitalis relaxation group, cervical manipulation group, and placebo group, and each were given different interventions. The velocity of cerebral blood flow and pain level was measured before intervention, and 1, 2, 3 weeks after intervention. The velocity of cerebral blood flow was measured with the Transcranial Doppler(TCD), and pain level was measured with visual analog scale(VAS). Blood flow velocity of middle cerebral artery in cervicogeinc headache patients was slower than those in healthy subjects. Physical therapy intervention did not have significant effect on velocity of cerebral blood flow, but slowly decreased at intervention for pain level increased. The suboccipitalis relaxation group and cervical manipulation group showed significant effect in decreasing pain level compared to the placebo group(p＜.05). Directly applied manipulation therapy in the neck area not only has effect on joint of cervical and soft tissue but also on blood vessels and nerves which pass the neck area, and because of those results of manual therapy seems to help recovery.

In this study, Artemisia capillaris, which has been used as oriental medicine area and folks remedy, was investigated for effective substance (scopoletin) analysis. As an attempt to develop new functional beverage by using medicinal herb, Artemisia capillaris. Therefore we investigate the effect of scopoletin in Artemisia capillaris on vessel and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of rats. Artemisia capillaris extract was significantly decreased vessel constraction and significantly increased rCBF. Artemisia capillaris has often been cited in medical literature for its medicinal effects. Although the Korean Food and Drug Administration indicated Artemisia capillaris as the In-Jin-Sook which was allowed as a food stuff. From the view point of the subjects who eat In-Jin-Sook products, most of them ingested it for a certain pharmacological efficacy rather than as a beverage or a food. According to this facts, we need develop functional foods using In-Jin-Sook. Also scopoletin, get known to smooth muscle relaxation content was 326.13 ug/g. These results demonstrate that Artemisia capillaris has pharmaceutical effects and balanced nutritional contents. In according with Artemisia capillaris has a sufficiency of the terms use of food stuff in functional foods.

The purpose of this present study is to measure the changes of regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) was continually monitored by laser-doppler flowmeter (Transonic Instrument, USA) through the data acquisition system composed of MacLab and Macintosh computer. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducer under 1.5 g loading tension. Rhus verniciflua stokes increased the changes of rCBF in rats, significantly. The rCBF of Rhus verniciflua stokes was decreased by pretreated propranolol, l-NNA and methylene blue. But atropine indomethacin did not change the rCBF. Contractions evoked by PE 0.1μM were significantly inecreased by Rhus verniciflua stokes. Propranolol significantly altered the effect of Rhus verniciflua stokes, but l-NNA, ODQ and indomethacin did not change the relaxation of Rhus verniciflua stokes. These results suggest that Rhus verniciflua stokes can increase the rCBF and relax EP induced contraction of isolated rat aorta, and that is related to sympathetics and nitric oxide.

As an attempt to develop new functional health beverage by using medicinal herb, green ginger(Zingiber officinale Roscoe), we investigated the effect of Zingiber officinale on blood pressure and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of rats with Zingiber officinale extracts. Zingiber officinale extract increase rCBF significantly. The drink produced consisted of Zingiber officinale extract 1.825%, maltitol syrup 17.0%, citric aicd 0.06%, ascorbic acid 0.02%, stevioside 0.001%, ginger flavor 0.11% and water. Brix, pH and acidity of product were 13.7, 4.4 and 0.09, respectively. This drink had good score by the sensory evaluation. The above results showed that development of such functional beverage using Zingiber officinale can used as a functional material improving blood circulation in beverage industry.

The purpose of this study is to measure the changes of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and blood pressure (BP) in rats, following the intravenous injection of Catalpa Ovata Water Extract (COWE). The measurement was continually monitored by laser-doppler flowmeter (Transonic Instrument, USA) and pressure tranducer(Grass, USA) in anesthetized adult Sprague-Dawley rats through the data acquisition system composed of MacLab and Macintosh computer. The result of this experiment was as following : COWE increased the changes of rCBF and BP significantly. After pretreatment with propranolol and indomethacin, the changes of rCBF were inhibited significantly, but not by L-NNA and methylene blue. Also, after pretreatment with propranolol, the changes of BP were inhibited significantly, but not by L-NNA, methylene blue and indomethacin. According to above result, it is considered that Catalpa Ovata increased the rCBF and BP, related to adrenergic β-receptor.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of deep breathing exercise and ankle exercise on blood flow velocity in the femoral vein. Sixteen healthy male students were recruited from Yonsei University, at Wonju. The blood flow velocities in the femoral vein were measured under three different conditions: resting, deep breathing, and ankle exercise. All subjects were given a 5-minute relaxing time in supine position prior to the study. Using a doppler ultrasound with a 8 MHz probe, the peak blood flow velocities were collected in a twenty-second-period at each condition. The subjects took a rest in between trials for the blood flow to return to its resting levels. The result showed a significant difference in peak blood flow velocities under those three conditions (p<.001). The peak blood flow velocity was highest in ankle exercise condition. The peak blood velocity was significantly higher in deep breathing condition compared with the resting condition. As a result, it is revealed that not only the muscular contractions but also the deep breathing exercises induced facilitating effects of venous return. Either of the exercise methods can be recommended to prevent blood stasis in patients with risk of deep vein thrombosis after cardiac or lower extremity surgery.ㅂ

1. Background and Purpose For many years, Sibimikwanjungtang, Yangkyeoksanhwatang and Hyeongbangsabaeksan have been used as a therapeutic agent in constitutional disease. The effects of three prescriptions on the vascular system is not well-known. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of these prescriptions on blood pressure(BP) and regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF). 2. Methods I injected a vein of rat with extracts of Sibimikwanjungtang, Yangkyeoksanhwatang and Hyeongbangsabaeksan with five kinds of dose and measured BP and rCBF. 3. Results After injected Sibimikwanjungtang, BP was not changed but rCBF was increased in a dose-dependent manner. After injected Yangkyeoksanhwatang, BP was elevated and rCBF was increased in a dose-dependent manner. After injected Hyeongbangsabaeksan, BP was not changed but rCBF was increased in a dose-dependent manner.