PURPOSES : This study defines private and public service providers connected to a public data hub in a smart city and examines the information that should be exchanged between them. The information exchange scheme covers data exchange at a minimum level. METHODS : First, we reviewed the entities participating in the emergency charging service and designed the scope of information linkages between the entities. Second, we diagnosed the main information linkages according to a service flowchart. Third, we reviewed the basic information requirements linked to actors participating in the service. Finally, we derived and presented information linked to the subjects. RESULTS : In addition to the basic requirements, the number of data-exchange information sets specified was four, which was the scope of the aforementioned study. We defined and analyzed an efficient information exchange system between various actors involved in emergency charging services. Data were defined based on interactions between service users, operators, providers, and data hubs. Each set had a different scope and purpose. CONCLUSIONS : Information collected and provided by emergency charging service providers in connection with a data hub that manages urban energy was proposed.

Safe radiation management is essential not only for operational nuclear power plants but also for nuclear plants to be decommissioned. When spent nuclear fuel is present on-site, meticulous radiation emergency plans are necessary to ensure safety. In Korea, numerous radiation emergency plans have been established for operational nuclear reactors. These plans delineate distinct response mitigation measures for white, blue, and red emergencies. However, clear regulations are yet to be devised for radiation emergency plans for reactors to be decommission. Therefore, this study investigated the decommissioning plan and status of Kori unit 1 to comprehensively analyze the current status of decommissioning safety in Korea. In this study, radiation emergency plans of decommissioning nuclear power plants abroad were reviewed to confirm radiation emergency action levels. Furthermore, radioactive waste treatment facilities, to be used for decommissioning reactors in Korea were evaluated. Moreover, the study assessed emergency plans (especially, emergency initiating conditions) for operational nuclear power plants in Korea for potential use in the decommissioning phase. This study proposed an emergency initiating condition that can be used for decommissioning reactors in Korea. Considering the anticipated introduction of plasma torch melting facility in Korea, this study examined the conditions of radiation emergency plans can be altered. This study identified effective measures and guidelines for managing radiological emergency initiating conditions, and effective decommissioning of nuclear power plants in Korea.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study was to review roadway management strategies that can be utilized in the event of a radiological emergency, select feasible alternatives, and simulate a portion of the West Coast network to analyze the effectiveness of these strategies. METHODS : The methodology of the study involved reviewing the relevant literature, extracting the implications, establishing an analysis procedure, and selecting an effectiveness evaluation scale. Using a national transportation database, a network was constructed using Toba, a macroscopic model. RESULTS : A reverse-flow lane system was applied to the West Coast Expressway Glory IC–Hampyeong IC (total 25 km), and a plan to increase the number of lanes was applied to the Seokgyo Street–Shinpyeong Intersection on National Route 23 (total extension 28 km). Consequently, both road management strategies were found to be effective. CONCLUSIONS : This study examined roadway management strategies that can be utilized in the event of a radiological emergency, selected feasible alternatives, and simulated a portion of the West Coast network to verify the effectiveness of these strategies. In the case of reverse flow lanes, it is most effective when applied to expressways that can restrict the entrance and exit of vehicles. In the case of increasing the number of lanes, it is most effective when applied to general roads, and institutional arrangements should be made to enable two-way traffic to use the reserved shoulder lanes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of simulation-based Korea advanced life support training on new nurses' knowledge, clinical performance ability, performer confidence, and learning satisfaction. Methods: This is a non-equivalent controlled pre-post quasi-experimental study. A simulation-based CPR training program was applied to 37 new nurses. Results: The experimental group scored lower on emergency management knowledge (83.65±7.61) than the control group (84.55±9.22), which was not significant (t=-4.46, p=.657). However, the clinical performance ability score was significantly higher in the experimental group (109.59±9.98) than in the control group (100.24±11.87) (t=3.581, p <.001). Performer confidence was significantly higher in the experimental group (23.43±3.29) than in the control group (19.90±3.85) (t=3.69, p〈.001). In addition, the learning satisfaction score of the experimental group (96.16±5.64) was significantly higher than the control group (88.42±11.13) (t=3.72, p< .001). Conclusion: This study confirmed that simulation training is an efficient way to improve new nurses' clinical performance ability, and performer confidence. Therefore, applying simulation training in scenarios can improve new nurses' work competence and contribute to improving the quality of patient care.

본 연구는 화재, 구조, 구급 등 재난 대응 최일선에서 근무하는 119상황관리사의 직무 역량이 무엇인지 도출하고 델파이 연구로 타당성을 검증하여 해당 직무의 전문성 향상을 위해 발전된 교육훈련 기초자료 를 마련하고자 수행되었다. 이에 국내외 선행연구 및 직무매뉴얼을 분석하여 119상황관리사 직무역량 후 보군을 구성한 후 초점집단면접을 통해 직무역량 개발에 대한 의견을 수렴하는 과정을 거쳐 119상황관리 사 직무역량의 정의를 규명하였다. 마지막으로 2차에 걸친 전문가 패널을 대상으로 델파이조사를 실시하 여 검증한 후 타당성을 확보하였다. 이러한 연구결과 분석을 통해 다음과 같은 결론이 도출되었다. 첫째, 최종 확정된 119상황관리사 직무역량은 8개의 책무영역과 70개의 직무역량으로 구성되었다. 특히 119상 황관리사 직무역량에서 화재, 구급, 구조신고 상황관리 역량이 가장 큰 부분을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 119상황실에 따라 제대로 다루지 못한 스트레스 관리 역량이나 중요한 공통 직무역량의 구체적 내 용을 도출하였다. 셋째, 119상황관리사의 실제 현장 경험이 풍부한 전문가 패널들로부터 현업에 기반을 둔 직무 역량으로 타당성을 확보하였다. 이를 기반으로 119상황실의 지역에 따른 편차를 줄이고, 직무 수 행 수준 향상을 위한 교육과 훈련의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다는 점에서 몇 가지 시사점을 제안하였다.

The objective of this study is to investigate the safety awareness and effectiveness of the education and training for employees engaged in radiological emergency organization of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). In 2022, the questionnaire for the education satisfaction survey was revised to regulary evaluate the effect of edcation on perceptions of importance on emergency preparedness for nuclear research facilities. In line with, a standard questionnaire was created which covers 3 factors and 9 attributes, and the evaluation indicatior is based on a 5-point Likert scale. In 2023, the education on radiological emergency preparedness was conducted for 235 emergency staff. From May 24 to July 13, 2023, data was collected from a total of 235 emergency response personnels, including 28 new staffs and 207 maintenance staffs. Aa a result of response analysis, it was identified that education for radiological emergency response had a significant correlation with the promoting safety culture. It was found that senior emergency personnel with more years of experience are highly interested in radioactive disaster prevention and actively participate in and training. On the other hand, it was presented that new and less experienced groups tend to have a relatively high scored of the risk perception of nuclear research facilitites. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the practical curriculum in order to increase the participation of junior disaster prevention personnel in education and training, ensuring that they correctly recognize the risk of research facilities. This results are expected to be used to improve the quality of education and drills for radiological emergency response at KAERI.

The primary objective of radiological environmental monitoring after a radiological emergency at a nuclear facility is acquisition of background data for the determination of protective actions for the population and the comprehensive assessment of the impact on the population residing in proximity to the nuclear facility. The responsible entities engaged in the conduct of the radiological environmental monitoring encompass government organization and nuclear licensees, operating in strict adherence to the national radiological disaster prevention framework. In accordance with the national radiological disaster prevention framework, radiation environmental monitoring is executed through the deployment of emergency response organization, and recurrent exercise drills aimed at augmenting responsible capabilities. In the context of radiation environmental monitoring, it is necessary to specify measurement parameters, monitoring location, and methodological protocols for each stage, considering potential exposure pathways. In terms of equipment, it is important to utilize mobile assets such as aerial or vehicle surveys for rapid and accurate radiation environment monitoring. Radiation disaster drills are regularly conducted, and the radiation environment monitoring field is also regularly trained to enhance response capabilities. The scale of these drills may vary, ranging from exclusive participation by nuclear licensees to joint exercises conducted by governmental agencies. This iterative process of periodic drills and equipment enhancements has led to a progressive augmentation of environmental monitoring capabilities, ensuring a well-coordinated orchestration of radiation monitoring within the framework of radiation protection. Notwithstanding these achievements, challenges in public communication regarding the decision to take protective actions and the dissemination of information to the public. Considering that the purpose of radiation environmental monitoring extends beyond safeguarding public health; it also serves to alleviate public anxiety. In the future, public communication between these stakeholders should also be included in disaster drill programs to ensure proper consultation between each stakeholder during drills and to build understanding and trust in radiation environmental monitoring. This is expected to improve the quality of radiation environmental monitoring response capabilities.

The nuclear licensee must ensure that the nuclear or radiological emergency preparedness and response organization is explicitly defined and staffed with adequate numbers of competent and assessed personnel for their roles. This paper describes the responsibilities of medical and support personnel for the medical action of casualties in the event of a radiological emergency at the KAERI. Currently, there is one medical personnel (nurse) in KAERI, and a total of eight medical support personnel are designated for medical response in the event of a radiological emergency. These medical support personnel are designated as one or two of the on-site response personnel at each nuclear facility, operating as a dedicated team of A, B (4 people each). In the event of a radiological emergency, not all medical support personnel are mobilized, but members of the dedicated medical team, which includes the medical support personnel of the nuclear facility where the accident has occurred, are summoned. Medical and support personnel will first gather in the onsite operational support center (OSC)/technical support center (TSC) to prepare and stand by for the medical response to injured when a radiological emergency is declared. They should take radiation protective measures, such as wearing radiation protective clothing and dosimeters, before entering the onsite of a radiological emergency, because injuries sustained during a radiological emergency may be associated with radioactive contamination. In the event of an injury, direct medical treatment such as checking the patient’s vitals, first aid, and decontamination will be carried out by medical personnel, while support personnel are mainly responsible for contacting the transfer hospital, reporting the patient’s condition, accompanying the ambulance, filling out the emergency medical treatment record, and supporting medical personnel. In order to respond appropriately to the occurrence of injuries, we regularly conduct emergency medical supplies education and medical training for medical support personnel to strengthen their capabilities.

South Korea’s first commercial nuclear reactor, Kori Unit 1, was permanently shut down in 2017, and preparations are currently underway for its decommissioning. After the permanent shutdown, the spent nuclear fuel from the reactor core is removed and stored in a spent fuel storage facility. Subsequently, steps are taken for its permanent disposal, and if a permanent disposal site is not determined, it is stored in an interim storage facility (or temporary storage facility). Therefore, the activation criteria for radiation emergency plans vary depending on the movement of spent nuclear fuel and the storage location. In this study, it reviewed emergency plans in the U.S. NRC Regulatory Guide (Draft) titled ‘Emergency Planning for Decommissioning Nuclear Power Reactors’ to determine the requirements for radiation emergency plans needed for decommissioned nuclear power plants. Additionally, by examining emergency plans applied to decommissioning nuclear power plants in the United States, this study identified emergency plan requirement that could be applicable to future decommissioned nuclear power plants in South Korea. This study will contribute to the establishment of appropriate radiation emergency plans for decommissioning nuclear power plants in Korea for providing accurate information on overseas cases and relevant guidelines.

This study aims to understand the current status of exemptions for traffic accidents during the return of emergency vehicles and to provide suggestions for improvement. A survey was conducted on 3,500 firefighters to investigate the perception of traffic accidents during the return of emergency vehicles, and responses from 505 participants were analyzed. Based On the demographic characteristics and perception of the participants, frequency analysis and variance analysis were used as research methods to analyze basic statistics and the current situation. The results showed that firefighters have concerns and anxieties about traffic accidents during the return of emergency vehicles, and the need for applying exemptions and enacting explicit legal provisions was statistically confirmed. Based on these results, we suggest a policy for exemptions to improve the preparation for re-deployment and to alleviate the concerns and anxieties of firefighters.

대법원 2023. 1. 12. 선고 2021다201184 판결(이하 ‘대상판결’)은 유신 정권 긴급조치로 인한 국가배상청구권의 소멸시효가 완성되지 않았다고 본 판결이다. 대상판결은 긴급조치로 인한 국가배상책임을 인정한 대법원 202 2. 8. 30. 선고 2018다212610 전원합의체판결의 후속 판결이다. 대법원은 대상판결에서 불법행위에 관한 소멸시효 특칙인 민법 제766조에도 권리를 행사할 수 있는 때로부터 소멸시효가 진행한다는 민법 제166조 제1항이 적 용된다고 전제한 뒤, 원고의 국가배상청구가 사실상 불가능한 상황이 장기간 지속되어 왔음에 주목하여 원고가 가지는 국가배상청구권의 소멸시효 기산점 을 뒤로 늦추었다. 이로써 대상판결 사안에서 소멸시효 완성은 부정되었고 피해자의 권리보호 가능성이 확장되었다. 긴급조치라는 역사적 과오에 대한 실질적인 피해 회복도 구현할 수 있게 되었다. 판결 사안에 드러난 피해자와 가해자의 상호관계, 이들이 처해 있던 상황과 이들 각각에 대한 비난 가능성, 나아가 긴급조치가 가지는 역사적, 사회적 맥락 및 그 피해자 구제라는 역사 적, 사회적 요청, 그리고 이에 결부된 공적 가치와 이익을 고려한다면 대상판 결과 같이 소멸시효 기산점을 늦춤으로써 시간의 경과로 발생한 법적 위험을 국가에 종국적으로 부담시키는 것이 타당하다. 국민의 기본권을 보장해야 할 국가가 불법행위를 저지르고도 국가 스스로 오랫동안 그 기본권 침해로 인한 사법적 구제를 막아 왔다는 사안의 특수성에 비추어 볼 때도 그러하다.

Employees of nuclear licensees have to take the education for radiological emergency preparedness, as prescribed by presidential Decree. The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), as an educational institution designated by the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC), has been conducting field-oriented workplace education. This aims to enhance understanding of radiological emergencies that may occur in nuclear facilities and to strengthen response capabilities to prevent and deal with accidents in the event of radiation emergencies or radioactive disasters. To accomplish these educational goals, a paradigm shift from the previous theory-oriented curriculum to a participatory curriculum with high field applicability is needed to strengthen the ability to respond to nuclear or radiological emergencies. In addition, a feedback system is required to manage the quality of education and improve the curriculum. In this regard, KAERI sought ways to revitalize the education to strengthen the emergency response competencies. Based on the concept of the Systematic Approach to Training (SAT) methodology, which is recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for the development and implementation of education and training for NPP personnel, an educational model and its feedback system were developed. Then, a field-oriented participatory curriculum operation and satisfaction survey were conducted to evaluate the educational effectiveness. Lastly, the survey results were discussed in a critique session to point out weaknesses and indicate areas for improvement, and then were used as data for educational quality assurance. This paper introduces the composition and effectiveness of KAERI’s SAT-based education model based on its recent three years of experience.

Domestic nuclear power plants have developed radiological emergency plans based on the USNRC’s NUREG-0654/FEMA-REP-Rev.1 report and the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety’s (KINS) research report on radiation emergency criteria for power reactors (KINS/RR-12). NUREG-0654 is a US emergency planning guide for nuclear power plants and provides detailed technical requirements for the content of radiological emergency plans. The document classifies radiological emergencies into three levels: Alert, Site Area Emergency, and General Emergency, which correspond to the white, blue, and red emergency levels used in domestic nuclear power plants. KINS/RR-12 is a technical guidance document published by the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety in 2012, which divides radiological emergency criteria into criteria for pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and criteria for boiling water reactors (BWRs), and describes in detail the regulatory position and implementation of radiological emergency criteria for domestic PWRs and BWRs. The physical protection-related radiation emergency criteria included in the radiological emergency plan are specified in the radiological emergency criteria guidelines. There are two items each related to white and blue emergencies and one item related to red emergencies. Standard order of emergency plan lists the physical protection-related radiological emergency criteria for domestic PWRs and BWRs, which are identical according to the radiological emergency criteria guidelines. To enhance the physical protection regulation, the legal and regulatory basis for target set identification and vital area identification need to be established by considering radiological and physical protection emergency plan.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a very deadly and highly contagious disease that occurs in various cloven-hoofed animals. Korea imports vaccines including non-vaccinated serotype for the vaccine bank. The two company vaccines imported from 2019 to 2021 were evaluated through multiple tests based on national standard assay. SN titers for the vaccine of company A were more than 1.5 log10, those of company B vaccine in the geometric mean were at least 1.72. All imported vaccines exceeded the evaluation criteria, and the potency of each vaccine was above its own company standard. Stockpiled vaccines for emergency may help to control non-vaccinated serotypes of FMD outbreak nationally.

The correlation between accident management plan and radiation emergency plan of Shin-Kori Units 3 and 4 was compared and analyzed from the point of view of the adequacy of facilities, equipments, organization and manpower which are necessary for the related emergency response. It was found the equipment of accident management plan and emergency response facility of radiation emergency plan had different technical contents and scope of application, so there was no risk of mutual conflict and overlapping functions. However, since the accident impact assessment code in accident management plan and computer program of radiation emergency plan were different, it was necessary to ensure the agreement or linkage of the evaluation between them. When a radiation emergency is issued in accident management plan, the composition and mission of the accident response organization were mostly consistent with the contents of the radiation emergency plan, but some corrections and improvement items were identified. Accident management plan specified that the disaster response safety center belonged to the emergency operations facility (EOF), but the radiation emergency plan did not mention it at all. The main tasks of disaster response safety center were the movement, arrangement and connection of mobile emergency response facilities, on-site construction of other emergency response facilities, and on-site road restoration. According to the accident management plan, the movement, arrangement, and connection of mobile facilities (i.e., mobile generators, mobile pumps, multi-purpose communication relay facilities), which were considered very important for the prevention and mitigation of serious accidents, were under the supervision of the disaster response safety center. It was stipulated that the operation was carried out with the cooperation of a regular emergency organization, and that the start, operation and stop of mobile equipments were to be performed under the supervision of the emergency operation team supported by the regular emergency organization. Since this organization structure and assignment of duties could not be confirmed in radiation emergency plan, it was necessary to revise and improve the radiation emergency plan for the successful operation of mobile equipments and to link them with the accident management plan.