Amid intensifying great-power competition over critical minerals, rare earth elements have become increasingly significant as strategic resources. In recent years, drawing on its structural advantages in the rare earth industry while responding to growing external constraints, China has gradually strengthened its rare earth export controls, attracting widespread international attention regarding the motivations and implications of these policies. Taking rare earth export controls as the analytical entry point, this study develops a Structure–Mechanism– Outcome framework to examine the policy logic underlying these measures from the dual perspective of structural advantages and constraints. The study finds that China’s tightening of rare earth export controls since 2023 should not be understood as a short-term retaliatory measure, but rather as an economic statecraft practice characterized by institutionalization and a defensive orientation, rooted in China’s structural advantages in the rare earth supply chain. Institutionalization is reflected in cross-ministerial coordination and the expansion of control targets from raw materials to technologies and key segments of the supply chain. The defensive orientation is manifested in the use of rule-based policy instruments—such as export licensing and control lists—to manage the cross-border flow of rare earth resources rather than imposing comprehensive trade restrictions. This analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the policy logic and broader implications of critical mineral governance in the context of great-power competition.

This study aims to classify groups of Korean seafood export companies according to their performance levels after obtaining international certifications and to compare and analyze the characteristics of each group. A survey was conducted targeting seafood export companies that possess international certifications. Cluster analysis was performed using 25 performance-related variables associated with international certification outcomes. Subsequently, analysis of variance, independent sample t-tests, and cross-tabulation analyses were conducted to examine differences between the groups. The results identified two clusters based on the level of international certification performance: a high-performance group and a low-performance group. The high-performance group showed higher levels of satisfaction across both financial and non-financial performance outcomes after acquiring international certifications. In particular, significant differences between the two groups were observed in customer-related performance as well as quality and process performance. This group also tended to perceive the importance of certification acquisition factors more strongly and demonstrated greater sensitivity to market requirements, such as overseas buyer demands. In contrast, the low-performance group reported relatively lower satisfaction with certification outcomes and showed higher sensitivity to certification acquisition costs. In terms of firm characteristics, the high-performance group consisted of firms that were relatively recently established and had obtained international certifications more recently, and they were more likely to have dedicated trade departments. Meanwhile, the low-performance group included a higher proportion of firms with larger numbers of employees and greater sales volumes. These findings suggest that the performance outcomes of international certifications are not determined solely by firm size or years of operation but are closely related to firms’ perceptions of certification, their strategic responses, and the organizational capacity to manage and utilize certifications effectively. This study contributes to the literature by empirically demonstrating that heterogeneous groups exist among firms holding international certifications in terms of performance outcomes.

본 연구는 일본의 수산물 수급 구조와 소비 행태의 변화를 분석하고, 일본 시장에서 한국산 수산물의 위상을 검토하여 향후 대일 수산물 수출의 전개 방향을 제시하였다. 일본은 한때 세계 최대의 수산물 수입국이었으나, 고령화, 어업 생산기반 약화, 육류 소비 확대 등으로 수산물 생산과 소비가 지속적으로 감소하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 일본은 여전히 세계 3위의 수산물 수입국으로서 한국의 주요 수출시장으로 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 한국산 수산물은 지리적 인접성, 물류 효율성, 품질 경쟁력 등을 기반으로 다랑어, 넙치, 전복, 굴, 김 등 다양한 품목에서 경쟁우위를 보유하고 있다. 그러나 일본 시장 축소, 위생 및 안전성 문제, 중국과 대만 등 경쟁국과의 경쟁 심화 등은 구조적 과제로 작용한다. 이에 따라 한국은 품목 다양화, 품질·위생 관리 강화, 고부가가치 가공 및 브랜드화, 정부·업계 협력체계 구축 등을 통해 질적 전환과 지속 가능한 수출 기반을 마련할 필요가 있다.

본 연구는 우리나라 수산물 수출기업의 디지털 수출 현황과 저해 요인을 분석하고, 온라인 수출 참여 및 디지털 기술 투자 의향을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 1,249개 기업을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 그중 104부의 유효 응답을 확보하였다. 설문은 온라인 수출 참여 여부, 디지털 기술 활용 현황, 향후 참여 및 투자 계획에 초점을 맞추었다. 응답 기업 중 온라인 수출에 참여하고 있는 비율은 23.1%에 불과했으며, 주로 조미김, 참치통조림 등 상온 보관이 가능한 수산가공품에 국한되어 있었다. 참여 기업과 미참여 기업 모두에서 공통적으로 지적된 주요 장애 요인은 플랫폼 활용 지식 및 정보 부족, 물류·마케팅 비용 부담 등으로, 이는 소규모 기업의 구조적 한계를 반영한다. 디지털 기술 활용률은 수출 단계 전반에서 평균 26.3%에 불과했으며, 비참여 기업의 활용 수준은 현저히 낮았다. 디지털 기술 활용 난이도 인식은 5점 만점에 평균 3.5점이었으며, 수출 확대에 대한 유용성 인식은 2.9점으로 비교적 낮았다. 회귀분석 결과, 대도시 소재 기업은 온라인 수출에 참여할 가능성이 더 높았으며, B2B 거래 비중이 높을수록 현재 참여와 향후 참여 의향 모두 낮아지는 경향이 나타났다. 또한 CEO의 연령이 높을수록 온라인 수출 도입 의향이 낮았으며, 학력이 높고 디지털 수출에 대한 인식이 긍정적인 경우 투자 의향이 더 컸다. 이러한 결과는 정보·비용 장벽 완화를 위한 단계적 지원, 경영진과 실무자 대상 디지털 역량 강화, B2B 지향형 디지털 플랫폼, 신선 수산물의 콜드체인 인프라 확충, 온라인 마케팅 지원 확대의 필요성을 시사한다.

This study proposes the establishment of a producer-centered export organization model, the “Mushroom Korea Export Cooperative Marketing Board,” as a solution to stagnating domestic consumption and sluggish exports in the Korean mushroom industry. The research draws on a literature review, statistical analysis, government policy review, and comparative case studies of overseas models such as Zespri, Enza, and The Greenery. The cancellation of K-MUSH’s designation in 2024 revealed the limitations of government-led models, while successful cases emphasized autonomous producer governance, strict quality control, sustained R&D investment, and strategic government support. Based on these findings, this study proposes a phased strategy to establish a cooperative model grounded in democratic governance, legal reform, levy-based self-financing, and collaborative branding and marketing. If implemented effectively, the model is expected to stabilize export prices, enhance quality, increase farm income, and foster sustainable development in the mushroom sector.

본 연구는 기업의 ESG 수준이 수출성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 업종, 기업 규모, 그리고 수출 수준에 따라 분류하여 ESG의 영향을 세부적으로 분석하였고, 특히 환경 부문에서 어떤 세부 요소가 수출성과에 직접적 인 영향을 미치는지 규명하였다. 2011년부터 2022년까지 12년 동안의 유가증권 시장 및 코스닥 시장 상장 기업 을 이용하여 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, ESG 수준이 높을수록 수출성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 특히 ESG 요인 중 환경 요인이 수출성과와 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 제조업, 중소․중견기업 및 전년도 수출 비중이 높은 기업에서 특히 ESG와 수출성과 간 유의한 양(+)의 관계가 확인되었다. 마지막으로, 환경 요인을 구성하는 세부 항목 가운데 환경성과 평가나 환경 회계 등과 같은 환경 관련 성과가 수출성과에 가 장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 우리나라 기업의 수출성과를 높이는 데 있어 ESG의 역할을 규 명하였으며, 특히 중소기업에서 ESG 경영이 더욱 중요함을 실증적으로 확인하였다. 본 실증분석 결과는 국내 기 업의 수출 경쟁력을 강화하기 위해 ESG 역량 제고를 위한 기업 차원의 노력과 함께 제도적․정책적 지원이 이 루어져야 함을 시사한다.

딸기 수출에 있어서 미숙과 수확은 착색불량, 과실 품질 저 하 등 문제를 야기하지만 단순히 수확 숙도만을 높일 경우 상 품성 유지기간이 단축되는 문제가 발생한다. 따라서 본 연구 는 ‘금실’ 딸기의 수출 확대를 위해 최적의 수확 숙도를 규명 하고, 저장 중 상품성을 유지할 수 있는 수확 용기 변경 효과를 평가하고자 수행되었다. 수확 숙도는 착색도 50%, 70%, 90% 로 설정하였고, 관행적인 과실을 포개서 수확하는 다단 수확 용기와 1단 수확용기를 비교하였다. 1월, 3월, 5월에 걸쳐 수 확 착색도 및 수확용기를 달리하여 수확된 과실은 수출농가와 동일하게 예냉, 선별 및 포장, 저장 과정을 거쳤고 저장 중 1일, 3일, 6일, 12일째에 과실의 착색도, 당도, 경도, 외관지수, 무 게 손실률을 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 착색도 70% 이상에서 수 확한 딸기는 당도가 높고 판매에 적합한 착색도를 유지한 반 면 저장성은 낮아졌다. 하지만 착색도 50% 수확에서는 판매 에 적합한 착색도에 도달하지 못하였다. 다단 수확용기는 과 실 간의 밀착으로 인한 물리적 손상으로 저장 중 감모율이 높 았으며 외관 지수가 더 빠르게 감소하였다. 반면 1단 수확용기 는 외관지수 변화가 적으며 감모율이 낮아 저장 중 상품성을 유지하는 데 효과적이었다. 특히 고온기(5월)에는 90%-다단, 70%-다단보다 90%-1단 처리에서 외관지수가 더 높은 값을 보일정도로 수확용기를 변경하는 효과가 우수하였다. 결론적 으로, 수출 딸기의 고품질 유지와 소비자 만족도를 위해 수확 시 착색도를 70% 이상으로 유지하고, 기존 다단 수확용기에 서 1단 수확용기로의 전환이 필요하다.

In Cambodia, rubber is an important agricultural industry crop that produces latex and rubber wood. Cambodia exports most of its natural rubber to Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, China, and Spain. This study aimed to assess export competitiveness of Cambodian rubber using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Trade Specialization Index (TSI) and to explore strategies for enhancing exports. This research analyzed secondary data from Trade Map and the General Directorate of Rubber (GDR) from 2002 to 2022. Findings show that Cambodia has a significant comparative advantage globally in natural rubber, with an RCA of 18. Particularly, Cambodia demonstrates substantial comparative advantages in its rubber exports to Vietnam, Malaysia, and China. Additionally, it has a high TSI, indicating a strong potential for expanding exports to these markets. However, Cambodia’s reliance on Vietnam for its rubber exports is high, highlighting the need for efforts to diversify its export markets.

본 논문은 최근 6년간(2018년~2023년) 한국의 주력 산업인 반도체, 디스플레이, 전 기·전자, 자동차 등 HS 6단위 기준 총 94개 품목을 대상으로 수출편향지수(EBI), 대 칭적 현시비교우위지수(RSCA), 불변시장점유율(CMS) 등 무역통계지표를 통해 한· 중 양국의 소재·부품·장비의 경쟁력과 수출증감요인을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 반도 체 관련 품목의 대중국 수출편향이 증가한 반면 디스플레이 품목은 EBI 지수 감소 하고 있어 중국 내 품목으로 대체되고 있는 것으로 추정할 수 있었다. 또한 자동차 관련 품목의 EBI 지수가 전체 분석 기간 1 이하로 중국에 대한 수출집중도가 낮을 뿐 아니라 수입 편향에 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 대칭적 현시비교우위지수(RSCA) 분석에서 품목별 차이는 있지만 전기·전자 품목은 세계시장에서 상대적으로 낮은 경 쟁력을 보유하고 있었다. 반면 반도체, 디스플레이 및 자동차 관련 품목은 일부 품목 을 제외하고 중국과 비교하여 비교우위를 나타내고 있었다. 불변시장점유율(CMS) 분석에서 기준년도(2018년) 대비 비교연도(2023년)의 한국의 대중국 감소 요인이 수 입규모요인보다 경쟁력요인과 수입구조요인이 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었 다. 이는 한국의 소재·부품·장비 관련 품목의 경쟁력 감소와 일본 등 제3국의 경쟁력 상승으로 인해 한국의 대중국 수출 감소를 가져온 것으로 추정되었다.

Since rice is the main food in Korea, there are no regulations on corn milling yet. Corn is known as one of the world's top three food crops along with wheat and rice, and it is known that 3.5 billion people worldwide use corn for food. In addition, corn mills are not developed or sold in Korea, but the use of corn mills is increasing significantly in many countries in Southeast Asia. In the Philippines, as Korea's rice mill import increases, Korea's KAMICO (Korea Agricultural Machinery Industry Cooperative) and domestic company A agreed to develop a corn mill jointly with PHilMech, an organization affiliated with the Philippine Ministry of Agriculture. However, research on corn milling was very insignificant, so the development was carried out based on the technology of Korea's rice mill. Rice milling is performed by peeling off the skin of rice and producing brown or white rice, so it is carried out by removing the skin and cutting the skin. On the other hand, in the corn mill, the skin of the corn is peeled, pulverized and selected to produce main products suitable for edible use. Therefore, in order to develop a corn mill, processes such as peeling, transfer, grinding, sorting, and by-product separation are required, and suitable parts must be developed. In addition, the performance must be gradually improved through experiments in which corn is repeatedly milled. The Philippines produces 7.98 million tons/year of corn, which is about 100 times that of Korea, and is mostly consumed as a staple food. This is about 10% of the total crop production in the Philippines. In addition, the main cultivation complexes of corn are the mountainous regions of Tarlac or Pangasinan, and the produced corn is 72.4% of the so-called yellow corn called Arabel and Sarangani, and the remaining 27.6% are known as white corn. In this study, it was intended to produce grains of 2.5 mm or less suitable for food for yellow corn and to develop a corn mill for 200 kg per hour. Detailed conditions for development are stipulated as more than 55% of the main product recovery rate, more than 31% of the by-product recovery rate, less than 5% of the raw material loss rate, and more than 80% of the embryo dislocation rate. In this study, to achieve this, the overall process of the corn mill was developed, and the optimal conditions for the corn mill were obtained through the development of parts and empirical tests to improve performance. In addition, it was intended to achieve the development goal by evaluating and analyzing the performance of each part so that it did not conflict.

This study explores strategies to expand Korea's top 10 seafood export in the oversea market, with a specific focus on the impact of export concentration. For certain seafood items such as laver, crab, and mackerel, characterized by low export concentration, adopting a focused export expansion strategy is more effective. Conversely, highly concentrated seafood items such as toothfish, cod, pollack, and abalone face high risks in export performance due to their heavy reliance on a small number of key export countries. To ensure export stability, it is advisable to implement a diversified export expansion strategy for these highly concentrated seafood items. In the case of medium-concentration seafood items like tuna, oyster, and flounder, the decision between a concentrated or diversified strategy should be based on their specific export situations. Tailoring strategies to the distinctive market characteristics of each seafood item enables exporters to effectively increase oversea market share, promoting stability and sustained growth in export performance.

Sweet persimmons are valuable commodity in the export market. However, present of insect pest such as Asiacornococcus kaki can cause limit to many export markets. In this study, ethyl formate(EF), as alternative to methyl bromide(MB), was used in scale-up commercial trial(20ft reefer). Application of 50 g/m3 of EF for 6 hours at 5 ℃ showed proven efficacy against all developmental stages of A. kaki without LLDPE-packaging fruits and no phytotoxic damage on sweet persimmons. This study demonstrated that EF fumigation can be effectively control to target A. kaki before packaging with LLDPE-film of fruits.

Emerging markets are experiencing immense institutional transformations, which present substantial opportunities and challenges for entrepreneurial firms attempting to grow their businesses. The main challenges arise from the fact that emerging markets are less productive, and uncertainty and risk are high due to less transparency. Consequently, dissimilar to their counterparts in developed markets, entrepreneurial firms in developing economies are characterised by limited internationalisation knowledge and process, which are pivotal for developing export marketing strategy effectively.

Due to COVID-19, changes in consumption trends are taking place in the distribution sector, such as an increase in non-face-to-face consumption and a rapid growth in the online shopping market. However, it is difficult for small and medium-sized export sellers to obtain forecast information on the export market by country, compared to large distributors who can easily build a global sales network. This study is about the prediction of export amount and export volume by country and item for market information analysis of small and medium export sellers. A prediction model was developed using Lasso, XGBoost, and MLP models based on supervised learning and deep learning, and export trends for clothing, cosmetics, and household electronic devices were predicted for Korea's major export countries, the United States, China, and Vietnam. As a result of the prediction, the performance of MAE and RMSE for the Lasso model was excellent, and based on the development results, a market analysis system for small and medium sellers was developed.

Expanding exports of small and medium-sized companies is crucial for the continuous growth of the Korean economy. Therefore, the government operates various support systems to enhance the export capabilities of these companies. This study aims to analyze the impact of the Korean government's flagship export support system, known as the export initiation support system, on the performance of participating domestic companies. A fixed effect model using panel data was applied to examine the characteristics of 11,099 companies that participated in the export initiation support system from 2016 to 2019. The analysis revealed that the number of exporting countries, employees, and previous export volume had a significant impact on the export amount of participating companies. However, contrary to expectations, the number of overseas marketing participation and the GCL (global competence level) test did not show a significant impact. This study is significant as it provides implications for the development of support projects tailored to the specific needs of small and medium-sized companies, with the goal of improving the export support system.